Saponin Extract Research Articles

Sorption thermodynamic and kinetic study of Cu(II) onto modified plant stem bark.

In this study, four types of "Juá" stem barks (Ziziphus joazeiro) were investigated for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The tested samples included natural coarse barks, and barks washed with water, ethanol-water, and NaOH solutions. The solvent-modified materials simulated the waste of the industrial extraction of saponins from bark. The valorization of these processing residues as sorbents was evaluated. The NaOH-washed sorbent exhibited the highest sorption capacity for Cu(II) (maximum sorption capacity 32mgg-1). Ion exchange process between copper and exchangeable surface cations and electrostatic attraction of copper with carboxylate and phenolate groups were identified as the primary sorption mechanisms. Desorption tests revealed that a large portion of the metal sorbed (80%) was easily released from the sorbent thus suggesting, in line with the proposed mechanisms, the existence of weak sorbate-sorbent interactions. The sorptive process was found to be exothermic (∆H° = - 48.1 ± 13.5kJ.mol-1) and thermodynamically favorable at lower temperatures.

Saponin Molecules from Quinoa Residues: Exploring Their Surfactant, Emulsifying, and Detergent Properties

The indiscriminate use of synthetic surfactants, despite their desirable properties, poses significant environmental risks to ecosystems. This study explores saponins extracted from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) residues as a sustainable alternative. Saponin extract (SE) with 42% purity, obtained through hydrodynamic cavitation and membrane technology, was analyzed to determine its techno-functional properties. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 1.2 g/L, reducing the surface tension (ST) from 72.0 mN/m to 50.0 mN/m. The effects of temperature (30–90 °C), pH (2–12), and salinity (10,000–150,000 ppm NaCl) on ST and the emulsification index (EI) were assessed using a Box–Behnken design. Optimized conditions yielded an ST of 49.02 mN/m and an EI of 63%. Given these characteristics, SE was evaluated as a detergent across diverse swatches. This study showcases the attributes of quinoa-derived saponins, highlighting their potential for eco-friendly detergent applications.

Body and organ weight changes in male Wistar rats treated with saponins extract of <i>Vernonia amygdalina</i> and <i>Vernonia colorata</i>

Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Vernonia colorata (VC) have been reported to have anti-obesity activities attributable to phytochemicals such as saponins. We studied the effect of crude saponin-rich extracts of VA (VACS) and VC (VCCS) on body weight and relative organ weight (ROW) in male Wistar rats fed high-fat diet (HFD). 40 rats were randomly allocated to 8 groups of 5, with average weights of 183g. Group 1; Basal control Diet (BCD), Group 2; HFD only, Group 3 and 4; HFD + 100 mg/kg VACS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VACS respectively, Group 5 and 6; HFD + 100 mg/kg VCCS and HFD + 200 mg/kg VCCS respectively. Group 7; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg, Group 8; HFD + Orlistat 10mg/kg + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). All treatments were administered orally for 10 weeks. The HFD-only group had the highest increase in weight. Administration of VCCS and VACS resulted in weight loss relative to the HFD group only. The effect was not dose-dependent but compared favourably with Orlistat (10 mg/kg). 100 mg/kg VACS produced the highest weight reduction of all the saponins -rich extracts treated groups. There was no difference between the ROW of the treatment groups and the BCD group suggesting there was no organ toxicity. crude saponins. Our findings suggest that saponins-rich fractions from VA and VC may be useful in weight management.

Efficient enrichment and characterization of triterpenoid saponins from Platycodon grandiflorus roots

Platycodon grandiflorum roots (PGR), a widely recognized edible herbal medicine, are extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine for respiratory ailments. PGR are rich in bioactive compounds, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which possess significant pharmaceutical properties, including anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. Despite their recognized bioactivity, the purification and enrichment processes of triterpenoid saponins remain underexplored. This study aimed to optimize the extraction and purification of triterpenoid saponins from PGR to enhance resource utilization and minimize waste. Our method involved n-butanol extraction and macroporous adsorption resin, yielding four extracts with varying saponins contents. Qualitative analysis using LC-MS identified 8 triterpenoid saponins across the extracts. Further fragmentation analysis delineated characteristic ion patterns and cleavage pathways for these compounds. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that the separation and purification process effectively increased the triterpenoid saponins content, with the highest levels obtained through 30 % ethanol elution. Notably, the absence of Platycodin D in the 30 % ethanol eluate highlighted potential variations due to the origin, processing, and purification methods. These findings provide theoretical support for the development and utilization of triterpenoid saponins in PGR.

Enhanced and Green Extraction of Saponins from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Pods by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization and Comprehensive Characterization

Enhanced and Green Extraction of Saponins from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. Pods by Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvents: Optimization and Comprehensive Characterization

Extraction and Surface Activity of Australian Native Plant Extracts: Alphitonia excelsa

Saponin surfactants extracted from plants have significant potential applications in many industries. The interfacial properties of extracts of Alphitonia excelsa, a native Australian plant rich in saponins, have been characterised to assess their suitability as dual-purpose foaming and antibacterial additives. Two sources of the plant (Adelaide Botanic Gardens and homelands of Chuulangun Aboriginal Corporation) were investigated to look for alteration of properties as a result of differences in cultivation and geographic location. Two methods of saponin extraction (water and water/ethanol mixtures) were investigated to determine differences in extraction efficiency and performance. Distinct differences were observed between the traditional analytical analysis (for saponin content) of the extracts based on source and extraction method; however, these differences were not as stark when considering the effect of the extracts on air–water interfacial tension and dilatational rheology, with extraction method proving to be the single biggest factor in extract efficacy. The data obtained point toward the presence of an altered array of surface-active species (different relative amounts of particular saponins in the water/ethanol extracted material) as a function of the extraction method. All extracts presented some antibacterial effect, albeit modest. This work highlights that the extraction method needs to be carefully considered and tailored for a given application.

Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Different Extracts of Walnut (Juglans regia Linn.) Kernels

The walnut tree (Juglans regia Linn.) is a valuable medicinal plant. Almost all parts of this plant have significant nutritional and curative properties. The walnut fruit has been claimed to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antimicrobial properties and high nutritional value. The present work is focused on the phytochemical screening and study of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Juglans regia kernels extracted from four different solvents; methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane. The highest yield of extract was obtained with methanol. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, quinones, reducing sugars, and saponins in methanol extract. The total phenolic content was higher in methanolic extract. Methanolic and chloroform extracts possessed more flavonoid content than ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the IC50 value of methanolic extract was 78.77 μg/mL with TPC 67.65 mg GAE/g and TFC 391.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value obtained for ethyl acetate extract was 135.28 μg/mL with TPC 36.56 mg GAE/g and TFC 212.00 mg QE/g. The IC50 value for chloroform extract was 313.72 μg/mL with TPC 13.08 mg GAE/g and TFC 393.73 mg QE/g. The IC50 value of hexane extract was 898.99 μg/mL with TPC 6.26 mg GAE/g and TFC 77.82 mg QE/g. Only methanolic extract showed the antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Induction of Apoptosis and ROS Production in Liver Cancer Cells by Saponin Fraction from Alcea rosea L. Seeds

Background: Natural compounds are essential targets in anticancer research due to the toxic effects of current chemotherapy and drug resistance. Methods: Saponin extraction from Alcea rosea L. was carried out using 20% methanol and liquid-liquid extraction coupled with the Solid phase extraction (SPE) approach. The saponin fraction was explored for its cytotoxic activity against Huh-7 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines and a non–cancer cell line (HUVEC). The cytotoxic activity and oxidative stress were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and 2,7 dichlorofluorescein diacetate dyes respectively. The apoptotic potential was investigated using DAPI and acridine orange-ethidium bromide dual staining. Result: The saponin fraction exhibited cytotoxic potential against the cell lines investigated. The IC50 values of the saponin fraction were 49.02, 300 and 325 µg\mL against Huh-7, MDA-MB-231 and HUVEC cell lines, respectively. The cytotoxicity for the extract was dose-dependent. The saponin fraction calculated selectivity index (SI) value indicated high selectivity towards Huh-7 cells (SI = 6.62) compared with normal HUVEC cells. Huh-7 cells treated with saponin fraction showed cellular and nuclear morphological changes, such as apoptotic body formation and chromatin condensation, as observed using light and fluorescent microscopy. However, further investigation is required to assess the the saponin fraction as a potential therapeutic agent.

Ilex cornuta leaves extracts ameliorate hyperuricemia by modulating uric acid transporters

Ethnopharmacological relevanceIlex cornuta is a valuable species of the Holly genus (Aquifoliaceae), and mainly distributed in eastern China. It is not only made into tea, namely Kudingcha, but also used as traditional medicine to relieve cough, headache, gout, and nourish liver and kidney. Aim of the studyThe purpose of this study was to explore the exact efficacy of different extracts from Ilex cornuta in the treatment of hyperuricemia in vitro and in vivo, and to explore its pharmacological mechanism, so as to bring new ideas for the development of new drugs for reducing uric acid (UA) and anti-gout. Materials and methodsFive crude extracts from Ilex cornuta leaves were extracted by different methods. Then, the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant capacity of 5 extracts in vitro were compared to screen the extract with the most UA regulating potential. In vivo experiment, hyperuricemia model of mice was established by intragastric administration of potassium oxonate and feeding high yeast diet. Biochemical indexes such as serum UA level, xanthine oxidase activity, liver and kidney index of mice in each group were detected. The pathological sections of kidney and liver tissues were also observed and compared. The mechanism of Ilex cornuta leaves (western blotting, and RT-qPCR) in the treatment of hyperuricemia was further explored by targeting UA transporters ABCG2, GLUT9, and URAT1. ResultsThe in vitro results of inhibitory activity of xanthine oxidase showed that the crude saponin extract was the best, followed by crude flavonoids extract. Then, the in vivo results reflected that both crude saponins and crude flavonoids extracts could significantly reduce the serum UA level, inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase in serum and liver, and maintain serum urea nitrogen and creatinine at normal level. Meanwhile, there was no liver and kidney injury in mice. Through the comparison of the mechanism results, it was found that both extracts could up-regulate the expression of ABCG2 protein and mRNA related to UA excretion, and down-regulate the expression of GLUT9 and URAT1 protein and mRNA. ConclusionThe crude flavonoids and saponins of Ilex cornuta leaves not only inhibited XOD activity in vitro, but also significantly controlled XOD activity and reduced UA level in hyperuricemia mice in vivo. One of the potential mechanisms was to regulate UA level in vivo by regulating ABCG2, GLUT9, and URAT1 transporters directly related to UA transport, thus achieving the effect of intervening hyperuricemia. This study provided a preliminary experimental basis for the development of new drugs of Ilex cornuta leaves for treating hyperuricemia.

Optimizing the extraction process of total saponins from Panax vietnamensis based on response surface analysis and backpropagation neural network-genetic algorithm

Panax vietnamensis (PV), a member of the Araliaceae family, is noted for its saponin-rich roots and rhizomes. Recent pharmacological studies have shown its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-myocardial ischemia, and hypoglycemic effects, establishing PV as a highly valuable variety of ginseng worldwide. Herein, we used an ultrasound-assisted method to optimize the extraction of total saponins from PV, and developed a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize the backpropagation (BP) neural network model and predict the best process conditions. The best process with an ethanol concentration of 65.8 %, extraction times of 4.0, ultrasonic temperature of 40.7°C, and an extraction rate of 4.4103 % was achieved through response surface optimization. Conversely, the best process optimized by the GA-BP neural network model had an ethanol concentration of 70.0 %, extraction times of 4.0, ultrasonic temperature of 41.0°C, and an extraction rate of 4.5492 %. Moreover, 254 terpenoids, consisting of 182 triterpenes, 33 monoterpenes, 19 sesquiterpenes, and 20 diterpenes, along with various types of saponins, were identified through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS). Specifically, 87 dammarane-type saponins were detected, including 46 protopanaxadiol types, 41 protopanaxatriol types, 5 octilonol types, and 18 oleanolic acid types. The total saponin extraction rate achieved through the GA-BP neural network model surpassed that of the response surface optimization process, indicating the superiority and stability of the GA-BP neural network optimized process and thus revealing the optimal method for PV total saponin extraction. The comprehensive analysis of PV saponins using UPLC-MS/MS enhanced our understanding of total saponins in PV, laying the foundations for the strategic development and utilization of PV plant resources.

Cytotoxicity and Chemotaxonomic Significance of Saponins from Wild and Cultured Asparagus Shoots.

The shoots of Asparagus L. are consumed worldwide, although most species belonging to this genus have a restricted range, and several taxa remain unstudied. In this work, a total of four taxa from different locations were scrutinized and compared with cultivated A. officinalis. All shoots were screened for saponins via LC-MS, and in vitro antiproliferative activities against the HT-29 colorectal cancer cell line were assessed via the MTT assay. The total saponins (TS) contained in the crude extracts ranged from 710.0 (A. officinalis) to 1258.6 mg/100 g dw (A. acutifolius). The richness of the compounds detected in this work stands out; a total of 47 saponins have been detected and quantified in the edible parts (shoots) of five taxa of Asparagus. The structure of all the saponins found present skeletons of the furostane and spirostane type. In turn, the structures with a furostane skeleton are divided into unsaturated and dioxygenated types, both in the 20-22 position. The sum of dioscin and derivatives varied largely among the studied taxa, reaching the following percentages of TS: 27.11 (A. officinalis), 18.96 (A. aphyllus), 5.37 (A. acutifolius), and 0.59 (A. albus); while in A. horridus, this compound remains undetected. Aspachiosde A, D, and M varied largely among samples, while a total of seven aspaspirostanosides were characterized in the analyzed species. The hierarchical cluster analysis of the saponin profiles clearly separated the various taxa and demonstrated that the taxonomic position is more important than the place from which the samples were acquired. Thus, saponin profiles have chemotaxonomic significance in Asparagus taxa. The MTT assay showed dose- and time-dependent inhibitory effects of all saponins extracts on HT-29 cancer cells, and the strongest cell growth inhibition was exercised by A. albus and A. acutifolius (GI50 of 125 and 175 µg/mL). This work constitutes a whole approach to evaluating the saponins from the shoots of different Asparagus taxa and provides arguments for using them as functional foods.

Optimization of saponin extraction from the leaves of Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium and evaluation of their antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities

Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolium are important economic plants that utilize dried roots for medicinal and food dual purposes; there is still insufficient research of their stems and leaves, which also contain triterpenoid saponins. The extraction process was developed with a total saponin content of 12.30 ± 0.34% and 12.19 ± 0.64% for P. notoginseng leaves (PNL) and P. quinquefolium leaves (PQL) extracts, respectively. PNL and PQL saponin extracts showed good antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and RAW264.7 cells. A total of 699 metabolites were identified in PNL and PQL saponin extracts, with the majority being triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids and amino acids. Fourteen ginsenosides, 18 flavonoids or alkaloids, and 16 amino acids were enriched in both saponin extracts. Overall, the utilization of saponins from medicinal plants PNL and PQL has been developed to facilitate systematic research in the functional food and natural product industries.

Study on efficient extraction of saponins from Polygonatum sibiricum by enzyme assisted cold isostatic pressing technology

Saponin is one of the main active ingredients of Polygonatum sibiricum. In this study, the method of enzyme-assisted cold isostatic pressure extraction (EACIP) of Polygonatum sibiricum saponins was established. The effects of different cold isostatic extraction pressures, pressure-maintaining time times, enzymatic temperatures and enzymatic pH on the yield of saponin were investigated, and the factors were simplified by single factor experiments and Box-benhken design (BBD). Under the best extraction conditions, the EACIP method achieved the best possible results and extraction rate was 11.45 % ± 0.017. In addition, SEM-Mapping, XRD analysis and FTIR analysis proved that EACIP treatment increased the extent of cell deformation and improved the mass transfer system between solvent and active substance. Furthermore, by comparing different extraction methods, EACIP was found to have a higher extraction rate due to the synergistic effect of cold isostatic pressure extraction (CIP) and enzymatic hydrolysis extraction (EH). In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays demonstrated that EACIP extracts have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Therefore, EACIP is a method to extract natural products from plants with increased extraction rate.

Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activities of Ilex aquifolium Silver Queen in the Context of Chemical Profiling of Two Ilex Species.

The leaves of Ilex paraguariensis (known as Yerba mate), used as a popular beverage, are a very well-recognized plant material with various biological activities, including analeptic (because of caffeine), anti-obesity (phenolics, saponins), antimicrobial, and antiviral (phenolics, saponins). Here, the chemical compositions of the leaves of two European Ilex species (× meserveae and aquifolium) with three varieties each were investigated. The terpenoid, saponin, and polyphenolic fractions were submitted for LC-MS or GC-MS analysis against a standard Mate leaf. In addition, the aroma profiles of all the species were analysed using HS-SPME-Arrow prior to GC-MS analysis. All fractions were subjected to antiviral and cytotoxic assays. We found 86 compounds in all accessions, with limonene, linalool, and p-cymene being predominant. There were minor similarities between the volatile compositions of the European and South American species. We found ursolic and oleanolic acid to be the main compounds in the terpenoid fraction. Mono-caffeoylquinic acids and di-caffeoylquinic acids were the main constituents of the polar fractions. About 180 compounds from the saponin group were tentatively identified, of which 9 and 3 were selected as distinctive markers for I. meserveae and I. aquifolium, respectively. Based on chemical screening, I. aquifolium Silver Queen was chosen as the source of terpenoid and saponin fractions and polyphenol extracts. The most substantial inhibition of cancer cell growth was observed with saponin in the case of the MCF7 (human breast cancer) cell line, while for LoVo and L929 cell lines (human colorectal cancer and reference mouse fibroblasts), it was slightly weaker. These results should be analysed further as a promising chemoprevention of colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. Saponin and polyphenolic extracts exhibited similar activities against HSV-1 and HAdV-5, with 4-log reduction in virus titres. This study focuses our attention on a field of potential antiviral formulations derived from European holly.

Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and Saponins from Xao Tam Phan Plant Parts: Optimization and Comparison of Extraction Efficiency

Aqueous Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics and Saponins from Xao Tam Phan Plant Parts: Optimization and Comparison of Extraction Efficiency

A high-permeability method for extracting purple yam saponins based on ultrasonic-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent

The extraction of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine has received considerable attentions. In this study, 16 kinds of natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) with ultrasonic were selected to extract saponins from purple yam root and the extraction mechanism was investigated. The results showed that chloride/acrylic acid (1:2; n/n) had the highest extraction yield for saponins. The optimal extraction process parameters were 24% water content, 20 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, and ultrasonic extraction for 85 min (81 °C, 600 W). The extraction rate (ER) of purple yam saponins was 0.935%, close to the fitted result of 96.5 mg/g. Molecular dynamics simulations and FT-IR results showed that the NADES may extract the saponin constituents from purple yam through hydrogen bonding. Compared with traditional extraction methods and molecularly imprinted polymer methods, NADES has a higher ER and lower cost (1.53 $/g), which provides a reference for subsequent industrial quantitative production.

Free Radical Scavenging Effect and Immunomodulatory Activity of Total Saponins Extract of Ginseng Fibrous Roots.

Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is known for its rich saponin compounds and tonic effects. To better utilize the medicinal value of ginseng, this study investigated the extraction process, components, free radical scavenging ability, and immunomodulatory activity of total saponins of ginseng fibrous roots. The response surface methodology was employed to optimize the extraction process of total saponins, and Q-Orbitrap high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents in the total saponins extract of ginseng fibrous roots (GRS). The results showed that the optimal extraction process was achieved with an ethanol concentration of 68%, a material-solvent ratio of 1:25 mL/g, and an extraction time of 20 min, yielding a total saponin content of 6.34% under these conditions. The extract contained four terpenoid compounds and four polyphenolic compounds. GRS exhibited considerable scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals, with IC50 values of 0.893 and 0.210 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, GRS restored immune suppression in mice by increasing white blood cell, red blood cell, and neutrophil counts, and improving the lymphocyte. It also promoted immune system recovery, as evidenced by elevated serum levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β in mice. GRS is a natural compound with promising potential for developing antioxidants and immunomodulatory foods.

Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network to optimize the extraction of saponins and polyphenols from North Atlantic sea cucumber

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were employed to optimize saponin extraction from North Atlantic Sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa). Ultrasonication-assisted ethanol-based extractions were used in a second-order polynomial and 3n full factorial RSM interconnected with neural design ANN model. A 3-10-2 neural network architecture was constructed to predict the relationship between the independent variables and bioactive compounds adequately. The extracts with the highest frondoside A yield were characterized for different triterpene glycosides (saponins) by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). A total of ten saponins were detected and tentatively identified including fallaxoside, frondoside, cucumarioside, cercodemasoide, colochiroside, and lefevreioside, with two unknown saponins. Six of the saponins were detected in C. frondosa extracts for the first time. The extract of body walls have a higher concentration of frondoside A (0.73 mg/g DW) than internal organs and tentacles (flowers or aquapharyngeal bulb). The optimized extracts exhibit a significantly higher concentration of polyphenols and saponins when compared with extracts prepared from conventional methods. The ANN model demonstrated a low p and high f values to indicate a perfect good fit for RSM model. The advanced knowledge of saponins of C. frondosa can contribute to the development of novel functional foods and ingredients from C. frondosa and their processing byproducts.

Extraction and Identification of saponin extracts from Lepidium aucheri Boiss and antifungal properties evaluation

Extraction and Identification of saponin extracts from Lepidium aucheri Boiss and antifungal properties evaluation

Comprehensive characterization of hemicelluloses obtained from Gleditsia sinensis Lam. pods and the application of moderately degraded hemicelluloses in galactomannan film

The Gleditsia sinensis Lam. pods (GSP) are consistently discarded as waste after saponin extraction due to a lack of industrial or high-value utilization. Herein, the hemicelluloses were extracted from two varieties of GSP and subjected to comprehensive characterization. The molar mass of DMSO-soluble hemicelluloses (53.3–66.0 kDa) was higher compared to that of alkali-soluble ones (24.9–32.6 kDa). The presence of minimal acetyl substitution (3.85–4.49 %) on xylan was unequivocally confirmed. NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the hemicelluloses in GSP predominantly consist of a 1,4-β-ᴅ-Xyl backbone with arabinose substituents at O-3 and 4-O-methyl-α-ᴅ-GlcA substituents at O-2 of the xylose residues. p-Coumaric acid substitution also occurred on the 1,4-β-ᴅ-Xyl backbone. Hydrothermal treatment significantly reduced the hemicelluloses' relative molar mass and produced 7–10 % xylo-oligosaccharides. Furthermore, the moderately degraded hemicelluloses exhibited significantly enhanced biological activity. Finally, the incorporation of the moderately degraded hemicelluloses imparted the galactomannan film with exceptional antioxidant properties (81.1 % DPPH scavenging activity), while negligibly affecting its transparency. Our study's findings will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the structural and biochemical properties of hemicellulose in waste G. sinensis pods, thereby facilitating their enhanced utilization in industrial applications.