Sapota Research Articles

EFFECT OF LECTINS FROM SELECTED MALAYSIAN LOCAL FRUITS ON HUMAN BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

Many individuals nowadays enjoy eating various types of local fruits without realising the impact of the fruits on blood group antigens. The fruit lectin can cause damage to the mucosal surface in the gut when the lectin is incompatible with blood group antigens. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the in vitro plant lectins reaction from the extraction of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. (Jackfruit), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex F.A.Zorn), Fosberg (Breadfruit), Carica papaya (Papaya), Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Sapota) and Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss (Salak) with specific human blood group antigens. The local fruit extract was tested with human blood groups A and B for hemagglutination assay. The agglutination titer of the hemagglutination assay results was then evaluated. The total of 3+ reactions for jackfruit was 11%, salak (4%) and papaya(6%) for both blood groups. The breadfruit shows the highest titer reaction, 19% against A and 16% against B. In comparison, 19% was against A for sapota but only 4% towards group B. The highest titer value of erythrocytes by crude lectins of selected local fruits on blood groups A and B was given by extraction of sapota while for blood group B on papaya. This discovery proves that plant lectins from five varieties of local fruits react with blood group antigens and that comparable interactions may occur at the mucosal surface of the gut in susceptible individuals, causing significant inflammation, swelling, and ulceration. The mechanism and effect of fruit lectin on human blood types should be investigated further.

Combined Effect of Operating Parameters and Nanoparticles on the Performance of a Diesel Engine: Response Surface Methodology-Coupled Genetic Algorithm Approach.

This paper's goal is to ascertain the optimum input parameters and nanoparticle concentrations for least emission and better performance by utilizing the genetic algorithm (GA) and response surface methodology (RSM) in a single-cylinder diesel engine running with 20% blend of biodiesel derived from Manilkara zapota seeds. Experiments to be conducted on the engine were designed with a central composite design (CCD) with input parameters of loads (20-100%), nanoparticle concentrations (NPCs, 0-80 ppm), compression ratios (CRs, 16.5-18.1), injection pressures (IPs, 190-230 bar), and injection timings [ITs, 17-29° bTDC (before top dead center)], and the engine response was recorded. The comparative analysis of optimization tools RSM and GA was employed for finding the ideal setting of engine input parameters and nanoparticle concentrations based on the maximization of performance [brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC)] and minimization of emissions [(hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)]. The best result was obtained by the RSM method. The optimized input parameters were recorded at a load of 59.36%, an NPC of 80 ppm, a CR of 18.1, an IP of 192.02 bar, and an IT of 18.62° bTDC. At these optimized settings, the performance and emissions were 32.4767% BTE, 0.1905 kg/kW h BSFC, 26.8436 ppm HC, 0.0272% CO, and 83.854 ppm NOx emissions from the engine. The developed model was validated through a confirmatory experiment, and the prediction error was within 8%. Thus, the applied model is appropriate for improving the engine's emission and performance attributes.

Manilkara zapota L. extract topical ointment application to skin wounds in rats speeds up the healing process.

Poor circulation, unresolved inflammation, neuropathy, and infection make wound care difficult. Manilkara zapota (M. zapota) antibacterial and antioxidant properties may help speed up the healing process. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the wound healing activity of M. zapota bark ethanolic extract (MZE) by employing in-vitro migration scratch assay and in-vivo animal models. Wistar albino rats were used for the in-vivo wound healing models. No treatment was given to Group I; Group II received povidone-iodine (5% W/W); Group III received MZE (5% W/W); and Group IV received MZE (10% W/W). Linear incision models and excision wound models were used to induce injury. The ointments were applied immediately to the wounds after causing the injury. The percentage of wound contraction, the length of the epithelization period, and the wound's tensile strength were all calculated. The scratch assay assessed the test drug's potential for wound healing in-vitro. H2O2 and DPPH scavenging assays were used to measure antioxidant activity. A p < 0.05 was used to define statistical significance. On days 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20, the wound contraction potential of animals treated with MZE ointment was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of the control group. On day 20, the proportion of wound contraction in MZE-treated animals was 99.88%, compared to 83.86% in untreated animals. The test group had a significantly (p < 0.01) faster time to full epithelization than the control group. In the incision model, the control group had considerably lower mechanical strength (p < 0.001) than animals treated with MZE. In addition, MZE caused a significant increase (p < 0.001) in total protein and hydroxyproline levels. In the scratch experiment, test drug-treated cells showed a higher rate of cell migration than untreated cells. Furthermore, animals treated with MZE showed increased levels of epithelial tissue, collagen proliferation, and keratinization. To summarize, the current study found that M. zapota improved wound healing activity both in vitro and in vivo, as evidenced by the study results. M. zapota extract has significant wound-healing potential and could be a viable source of wound-healing nutraceuticals.

Studies on the Sensory Quality of Milk Pudding Blended with Sapota Pulp (Achras sapota L.)

Milk pudding was prepared from buffalo milk (standardized with 6 per cent fat and 9 per cent solids-not-fat) with constant level of sugar (8 per cent by volume of concentrated milk) and different levels of (10, 15, 20 and 25 per cent) sapota pulp. It was observed that the overall acceptability score for treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were 7.20, 7.55, 7.92 and 7.43 respectively. As the level of sapota pulp in milk pudding increases the overall acceptability score also increases upto treatment T3, thereafter it was decreased. The treatment (T3) comprises sapota pulp @ 15 per cent secured maximum score with 7.92 and lowest score was found to be 7.20 in treatment T0.

Integrating Computational Methods in Network Pharmacology and In Silico Screening to Uncover Multi-targeting Phytochemicals against Aberrant Protein Glycosylation in Lung Cancer.

Glycoproteins are an underexploited drug target for cancer therapeutics. In this work, we integrated computational methods in network pharmacology and in silico docking approaches to identify phytochemical compounds that could potentially interact with several cancer-associated glycoproteins. We first created a database of phytochemicals from selected plant species, Manilkara zapota (sapodilla/chico), Mangifera indica (mango), Annona muricata (soursop/guyabano), Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit/langka), Lansium domesticum (langsat/lanzones), and Antidesma bunius (bignay), and performed pharmacokinetic analysis to determine their drug-likeness properties. We then constructed a phytochemical-glycoprotein interaction network and characterized the degree of interactions between the phytochemical compounds and with cancer-associated glycoproteins and other glycosylation-related proteins. We found a high degree of interactions from α-pinene (Mangifera indica), cyanomaclurin (Artocarpus heterophyllus), genistein (Annona muricata), kaempferol (Annona muricata and Antidesma bunius), norartocarpetin (Artocarpus heterophyllus), quercetin (Annona muricata, Antidesma bunius, Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica), rutin (Annona muricata, Antidesma bunius, Lansium domesticum), and ellagic acid (Antidesma bunius and Mangifera indica). Subsequent docking analysis confirmed that these compounds could potentially bind to EGFR, AKT1, KDR, MMP2, MMP9, ERBB2, IGF1R, MTOR, and HRAS proteins, which are known cancer biomarkers. In vitro cytotoxicity assays of the plant extracts showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol leaf extracts from A. muricata, L. domesticum and M. indica gave the highest growth inhibitory activity against A549 lung cancer cells. These may help further explain the reported cytotoxic activities of select compounds from these plant species.

The effect of potassium permanganate concentration and storage time after harvesting fruit on physiological ripeness on the quality of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota L. cv. Dawan) during storage

Climacteric fruit is a type of fruit that will continue to undergo a respiration process after the fruit is harvested, ethylene gas increases so that the fruit ripens more quickly than non-climacteric fruit. Sapodilla is a climacteric fruit, so a proper postharvest handling technique is needed to prolong ripening and damage to the fruit relatively quickly. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of potassium permanganate and the best degree of fruit ripeness to maintain the quality of the sapodilla cv. Dawan fruit during storage. This research used a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is the concentration of potassium permanganate with four levels, i.e., control level (P0), concentration of 75 mg/100 ml of water (P1), concentration of 90 mg/100 ml of water (P2), and concentration of 105 mg/100 ml of water (P3). The second factor was the level of maturity with three levels, i.e., physiological immature fruit (Tk), fruit with physiological ripeness level (Tm), and fruit with a degree of maturity after physiological maturity (Ts). The results showed that the concentration of potassium permanganate and the level of maturity and the interaction had a significant effect on the quality of sapodilla during storage. On the first factor, the concentration of potassium permanganate 105 mg/100 ml of water gave the best sapodilla quality with the lowest decrease in fruit weight, the lowest increase in weight loss, and the lowest decrease in fruit water content. On the second factor, the level of physiological immature fruit gives the best quality of sapodilla with the lowest decrease in fruit weight, the lowest increase in weight loss, and the lowest decrease in fruit water content.

Performance enhancement and emission reduction of CRDI diesel engine fueled using Manilkara Zapota biodiesel blend with TiO2 nanoadditive

The serious issues faced in recent years, globally, are the environmental pollution concern and fuel resource depletion. In this work, the effect of TiO2 nanoadditive in the optimized biodiesel blend of 15% fueled in a stationary single cylinder, 4-stroke naturally aspired CRDI diesel engine to assess the engine performance as well as the combustion and emission characteristics. The results of the prepared fuel samples are compared against using neat diesel fuel. Initially, a Soxhlet apparatus is used to extract the oil from the grounded Manilkara Zapota seed. Moreover, the oil derived from the Soxhlet method would be more viscous and a standard transesterification process is employed to reduce the viscosity. The M. Zapota biodiesel are characterized, and the analysis such as GC–MS (Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry), FT-IR (Fourier transform Infra-red spectrum), NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) are performed. Similarly, the TiO2 nanoparticles are characterized based on surface morphology (FESEM, EDX, and XRD analysis). Three different concentrations of nanoparticles, namely 25, 50, and 75 ppm, are added to a 15% biodiesel blend in diesel fuel. The properties of the prepared fuel samples such as kinematic viscosity, calorific value, cloud point, flash point, cetane index are measured and compared with diesel fuel. The in-cylinder pressure developed during the combustion are lowered with increased TiO2 concentration and moreover, the neat heat release rate by the biodiesel blend using 50 ppm TiO2 nanoadditive is lowered to 29.9 J/oCA whereas, further addition increased the net heat release rate to 31 J/oCA which might be due to higher flame temperature during combustion. The HC emissions are lowered for S15 biodiesel blend with TiO2 NP's in the concentration of 50 ppm and moreover, the NOx formation from the engine for biodiesel blend with 50 and 75 ppm TiO2 nanoadditives are almost similar and significantly lowered. The formation of NOx using neat diesel, biodiesel, and biodiesel with 25, 50 and 75 ppm TiO2 nanoadditives in the engine are found as 600, 609, 556, 509 and 505 ppm, respectively. From the experimental analysis, it is found that the formation of NOx and CO emission reduces during the part load application of diesel engine with slight increase in CO and CO2 emissions and a reduction in cylinder peak pressure and net heat release. Manilkara Zapota seed oil biodiesel blend with diesel at 15% volume proportion along with 50 ppm TiO2 nanoadditive was proven to be a potential replacement for CRDI diesel engines with reduced HC and NOx emission with a slight compromise over the performance of engine.

Effects of seedling conspecific density and heterospecific frequency on insect herbivory in a tropical dry forest

Abstract Conspecific plant density and heterospecific frequency are key drivers of herbivore damage. However, most studies have investigated their effects separately and for single (rather than multiple) focal plant species. We conducted an experiment involving three tree species, namely: Cordia dodecandra (Boraginaceae), Manilkara zapota (Zapotaceae), and Piscidia piscipula (Fabaceae). We manipulated understory densities of M. zapota and C. dodecandra (focal species) and their frequency relative to P. piscipula. Three months after planting, we surveyed insect leaf chewer and sucking damage on the former two. Because these species are attacked by different herbivores, we predicted a negative effect of heterospecific frequency on herbivory. Density and frequency varied in the direction and function of their effects on herbivory depending on the plant species and attacking herbivore. As expected, Piscidia piscipula frequency had a negative linear effect on M. zapota leaf‐chewer damage, whereas conspecific density did not affect chewer damage on this species. In contrast, density and frequency had non‐linear effects on C. dodecandra chewer damage, namely positive (hump‐shaped) and negative (U‐shaped) relationships, respectively. In addition, density and frequency had positive linear effects on C. dondecandra damage by leafhoppers. These findings call for more work jointly assessing plant inter‐specific variation in density‐ and frequency‐dependent variation in herbivory and its underlying drivers.

Use of Chitosan and Essential Oils as Edible Coating for Sapodilla Fruit (Manilkara zapota)

Sapodilla fruit (Manilkara zapota) is one of the annual tropical fruit plants that have a shelf life of only 3-4 days at room temperature. One way to extend the shelf life of fruit is by coating. Chitosan has an excellent potential to be applied as an edible coating. The addition of essential oils, namely Vanilla and Betel, is expected to improve the characteristics of the edible coating and act as an antimicrobial and antioxidant. This research was conducted to extend the shelf life of Sapodilla fruit using Chitosan, adding Vanilla and Betel as a coating material. This research was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single factor design consisting of four treatments with three replications. The treatments included: K0 = Control, K1 = Chitosan, K2 = Chitosan+Vanilla, K3 = Chitosan+Betel. The results showed that using edible coatings can reduce fruit weight loss, maintain vitamin C levels, and lower reduced sugar levels. And did not reveal its effect on the fruit hardness, total titrated acid, and total dissolved solids. Edible coating with Chitosan+Vanilla is the most effective treatment to extend the shelf life of Sapodilla fruit, maintaining a shelf life of seven days.

The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

Biodiversity of edible fruit sold at Pasar Gede, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Sagitarian DGF, Astikasari L, Rahmayani D, Armando MF, Nugroho GD, Himawan W, Mutaqin AZ, Md. Naim D, Setyawan AD. 2023. Biodiversity of edible fruit sold at Pasar Gede, Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 7: 57-68. The market is a place to purchase numerous varieties of goods. Pasar Gede is a traditional Indonesian marketplace in Surakarta City, Central Java, Indonesia. It is the earliest and the largest fruit market in Surakarta. This study was conducted to ascertain the variety species of fruits sold at Pasar Gede from 12 to 16 December 2022. Direct interviews with Pasar Gede administrators and sellers conducted the sampling. This study uses primary data from interviews and secondary data from literature studies to support the primary data, while descriptive analysis was performed on the collected data. The results revealed that the fruit sold at Pasar Gede comprised 82 species from 25 families, with information on local name, price, seasonality, rarity according to vendors, and conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. In Pasar Gede, fruits with conservation status Least Concern (LC) based on the IUCN Red List were found, namely juwet (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels), matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. &amp; G.Forst.), jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.), pir packham (Pyrus communis L.), srikaya (Annona squamosa L.), jeruk bali (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.), delima arab (Punica granatum L.), sirsak (Annona muricata L.), sawo (Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen), asam jawa (Tamarindus indica L.) and kesemek (Diospyros kaki L.f.). Jeruk (Citrus sp.), apel/pir (Pyrus sp.), pisang (Musa sp.), mangga (Mangifera sp.), and alpukat (Persea sp.) are the dominant fruits (the most available and frequently sold by every vendor in his stall) in Pasar Gede. Anggur autum (Vitis vinifera L. cv. autumn) are the most expensive products at 180,000 IDR per kilogram, while jambu biji is the least expensive at 8,000 IDR per kilogram. The production cost, seasonality, and fruit quality determine whether fruit prices are costly. The abundance of fruit indicates that Pasar Gede is a comprehensive fruit market center in Indonesia, particularly in Surakarta.

Proximate Composition and Phytochemical Analysis of Six Minor Fruits of Bangladesh

Nutritional composition of six minor fruits of Bangladesh namely, Annona reticulata L., Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen, Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa, Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel., Averrhoa carambola L. and Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex Buch-Ham. were studied. Dry matter, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibre and crude carbohydrate contents largely varied among the studied fruits. All fruits exhibited the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins. At premature stage, total phenolics and tannin contents varied from 14.59 to 1.32 and from 9.76 to 0.29 (mg GAE g–1 DW), respectively while at mature stage, these ranged from 9.82 to 0.87 and from 5.98 to 0.23. At premature and ripening stages, the maximum chlorophyll content was detected in A. reticulata and M. zapota, respectively. Based on the calorific value, Garcinia pedunculata performed better followed by M. zapota, and A. carambola the least among the studied fruits; although, A. reticulata possesses the largest amount of crude protein and crude fibre. Bangladesh J. Bot. 52(1): 111-118, 2023 (March)

The Relationship Manilkara zapota, Tumor Necrosis factor Alpha (TNFα) Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ), and Gastric Ulcers

The Relationship Manilkara zapota, Tumor Necrosis factor Alpha (TNFα) Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ), and Gastric Ulcers

The Determination of Tannin Content and Larvicidal Activity Test Of Ripe Sapodilla Fruit Peel (Manilkara zapota)

This study aimed to determine the results of total tannin content determination of sapodilla peel extract (Manilkara zapota) and the effectiveness of sapodilla peel extract (Manilkara zapota) as a Aedes aegypti mosquito larvicide. The method used was a quantitative descriptive with a purposive sampling method. The sample was ripe sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) peel. The determination of tannin content in sample extracts was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extraction of tannins from sapodilla peel (Manilkara zapota) was carried out by maceration method using 70 % ethanol. Based on the research results it was found that the total content of sapodilla peel extract was 3,058 mg GAE/g extract. The results of the larvicide test showed that the sapodilla peel extract could be used as an Aedes aegypti larvicide with the most effective concentration in killing 50% of the larvae at a concentration of 20,000 ppm.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of fruit and leaf extracts of Manilkara zapota against A431 skin cancer cell lines

Evaluation of Antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activity of fruit and leaf extracts of Manilkara zapota against A431 skin cancer cell lines

The mealybug is a dangerous pest that attacks Sapota, Manilkara zapota (L.) tropical trees under Egyptian Agro-ecosystems

The mealybug is a dangerous pest that attacks Sapota, Manilkara zapota (L.) tropical trees under Egyptian Agro-ecosystems

Fructobacillus trapaeoli - A fructophilic lactic acid bacteria isolated from Manilkara zapota

The study was undertaken to isolate and characterize fructophilic lactic acid bacteria from the fruit Manilkara zapota (chikoo). Microscopic, phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characterisation of the isolates was done. The Gram-positive thin rods (5 μm length and 0.25 μm thickness) were catalase and oxidase negative and did not hydrolyze arginine. The carbohydrate fermentation studies showed that the isolate preferred fructose similar to glucose as an energy source. The isolate had an optimum growth at 37ºC and also had grown at 45ºC. 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the isolate as Fructobacillus tropaeoli DMM03 (NCBI accession number MT158673). There are very few reports of isolation and characterization of Fructobacillus from India. The osmotolerant nature of the isolate was established by its ability to grow in pH 5, 8 per cent NaCl, 35 per cent D-Fructose and 50 per cent D-Glucose. The isolate had also shown growth in the presence of heavy metals with a maximum concentration of 60 ppm cadmium and 2425 ppm lead. An autoaggregation of 46.3 per cent and cell surface hydrophobicity value of 22 per cent with apolar solvent xylene suggested the high adhesion potential. The isolate was found to be non-haemolytic and not liquefying gelatin which implies its safety in use for product preparation. The results point out a prospective area for future research in Fructobacillus tropaeoli DMM03 for tapping its potential in the field of probiotics and bioremediation.

Evaluation of performance of maltodextrin and gum Arabic usage on volatiles profile of Spray-dried powders of sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit

Evaluation of performance of maltodextrin and gum Arabic usage on volatiles profile of Spray-dried powders of sapota (Manilkara zapota) fruit

Effect of organic based post-harvest treatments on biochemical changes of Sapota fruit (Manilkara zapota (l.) royen) at ambient storage

Effect of organic based post-harvest treatments on biochemical changes of Sapota fruit (Manilkara zapota (l.) royen) at ambient storage

Evaluation of Four Types of Kilns Used to Produce Charcoal from Several Tree Species in Mexico

Charcoal production is an activity that dates back over the years. The objective of the study was to determine the temperature and heating ramp in industrial carbonization processes using different kiln types and to quantify its impact on yield and quality of charcoal from different firewood species. The selection of sites, kiln types, and species investigated was based on those with highest production in Mexico. Brazilian beehive kilns using Arbutus xalapensis, Quercus durifolia, and Quercus sideroxyla species were analyzed; modified Brazilian beehive kilns with Pithecellobium dulce and Tamarindus indica; Argentine half-orange kilns with Quercus magnoliifolia and Q. sideroxyla, industrial metal kilns with Brosimum alicastrum, Vitex gaumeri, Manilkara zapota, and Pouteria unilocularis. The process time, temperature, heating ramp, production yield, and quality of charcoal produced were determined. Data were analyzed in a completely random statistical design. The industrial type kilns showed the highest production yield (&gt;35%), and the Brazilian beehive kilns obtained the longest carbonization time (&gt;240 h). On the other hand, the modified Brazilian beehive kilns obtained the best energetic characteristics (&gt;75% fixed carbon and &lt;16% volatile material). A carbonization process with a slow heating ramp (&lt;1 °C min−1) and temperatures of 500–600 °C can generate a charcoal with export quality.