SAP2000 Software Research Articles

The effect of dynamic load on tall building

In this study, the effectiveness of the structure of a tall building (consisting of nineteen floors) was analysed and investigated by the existence or absence of shear walls (SW) to resist loads of wind and earthquake effect. Note that each floor contains four apartments comes under zone 2 Four different styles of shear walls were used in terms of shape and location. The results were analysed and discussed for each case and for each floor, and comparisons were made between those results in terms of (moments, lateral forces, vertical loads, and torsion moments). There are several techniques for solving structural engineering problems, and one of those distinct techniques is the design optimization techniques method. The most complicated high-rise buildings that use design optimization, which includes each of size and topological optimization, are addressed by considering stability, safety, and responsiveness to various sorts of loadings A project includes wall-frame structural optimization. When this wall and core system was subjected to various loadings, it was tested for displacement, internal stresses, and intensities. The SAP2000 Software has made design improvements to the construction of the reinforced concrete plane frame to minimize the costs to beams and columns of the concrete and steel by Using a computer model called an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The concept method is in accordance with ACI-318-08 Code. To improve the design optimization, many variables have been used depth, width, and the steel reinforcing area Including both (longitudinal and shear reinforcement). It can be concluded that by putting the shear walls nearest the structure geometric center the best performance of seismically loaded structure can be achieved; the maximum displacement, bending moment horizontal forced, and torsional moments were decreased.

Analysis on the Mechanical Properties of Viscoelastic Damper and Its Application in Construction Engineering

With the deepening of the structural vibration control technology and theory, all kinds of energy dissipation and vibration reduction equipment have been more and more used in engineering. Using SAP2000 software, the elastic-plastic time period before and after the installation of viscoelastic damper is calculated, and it is compared, which provides a useful example for the future application in high-rise buildings.

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Mega-Frame with Vibration Control Substructure Based on Dual Surrogate Model and Active Learning

Seismic fragility analysis of a mega-frame with vibration control substructure (MFVCS) considering structural uncertainties is computationally expensive. Dual surrogate model (DSM) can be used to improve computational efficiency, whereas the proper selection of design of experiments (DoE) is a difficult work in the DSM-based seismic fragility analysis (DSM-SFA) method. To efficiently assess the seismic fragility with sufficient accuracy, this paper proposes an improved DSM-SFA method based on active learning (AL). In this method, the Kriging model is employed for surrogate modeling to obtain the predicted error of approximation. An AL sampling strategy is presented to update the DoE adaptively, and the refinement of the surrogate models can reduce the error of the probability result computed by the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. A numerical example was studied to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the improved procedure. This method was applied to the fragility analysis of an MFVCS and a mega-frame structure (MFS). The finite element models were established using OpenSeesPy and SAP2000 software, respectively, and the correctness of the MFVCS model was verified. The results show that MFVCS is less vulnerable than MFS and has better seismic performance.

COMPARISON OF WIND INDUCED RESPONSE OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE AND CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

The main objective of this paper is to examine the wind-induced structural response of high–rise buildings constructed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using reinforced concrete and lightweight cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor systems. Two major analyses were performed on two regular reinforced concrete (RC) buildings of 200 m height located in Dhahran and Jeddah. In the first instance, numerical simulations to obtain wind induced displacements and accelerations were conducted using computer software ETABS, SAP2000 and analytical model derived from building code. Then, another simulation of the building models was performed under similar wind conditions and same design criteria but by replacing the RC slabs of the buildings by cross laminated slabs. The wind data used for simulation was based on hourly wind data collection for the last 11 years (2009 – 2019). The results revealed higher story drift for both floor systems, whenever the wind speed is higher. The comparative analysis of the wind induced structural responses of traditional RC and CLT slabs showed greater accelerations at the top of the buildings with CLT floor system. However, the usage of CLT slab seems to be more feasible in the KSA considering adjusting designing lighter beam, column, and shear wall elements due to inherent CLT lightness.

Artificial Intelligence Implementation in SAP

People, both in business and in public life always want to secure their freedom - freedom of expression, communication, and above all, freedom of choice. However, this concept of freedom is rarely extended to the consumer knowledge perspective. After all, customers are human beings and freedom is at the heart of the concept of shopping and food. Welcome to the world of Artificial intelligence (AI). When AI is integrated with customer experience, it can create a customer journey that allows customers to have their own experience, ultimately leading to more agency and more satisfied customers. What matters the most in business efficiency today is customer relation management and the time it takes to provide business solution to them. The profit/loss graph is heavily dependent on users’ trust and experience with the company or organization. Understanding the importance of using ERP systems in various sectors like Education, Bank, Telecom, Software solution company is well known in the IT industry today. From cafeteria income and outcome to company’s revenue and turnover generation to debit and credits; from students’ detail to performance of the student in academics in particular subject, everything can be achieved through Open-source software SAP. Implementing the vast powers of SAP integrated with AI gives boosting efficiency to the company. According to SAP, Gartner's latest report stated, "By 2023, organizations in the advanced stages of digital transformation will find that poor customer experience is their biggest obstacle to continued success. "Client misunderstandings can be the result of inability to effectively manage complaints, misunderstanding of customer feedback, and ignorance of customer preferences. There is a need to close the gap between freedom and technology. If artificial intelligence is integrated with SAP, it can close that gap.

Structural dynamic properties of reinforced concrete tunnel form system buildings

Tunnel form buildings refer to reinforced concrete structures constructed using the tunnel formwork system, which results in a repetitive concrete cellular structure composed only of walls and flat slabs. This widespread low-cost and robust system reaches its popularity for residential buildings in the 70 s and 80 s of the last century. At the time of their design, a 3D finite element analysis has not been conducted. The seismic design relied on building codes that provide approximate fundamental period formula, which commonly depends on structural system type (shear wall, frame), material (steel, reinforced concrete), and the building height. Based on the existing RC tall buildings, both modeling and vibration measurements were carried out to provide a detailed case study as well as to increase the knowledge base of existing buildings frequencies of vibration. The fundamental vibration period obtained from numerical analyses of three real reinforced concrete shear walls buildings (RCSW) located in the Croatian city Osijek, were compared with values obtained using the formulas in the European code EN1998-1:2004 (CEN 2004) and other available literature. Numerical modeling is performed using SAP2000 software. The objectives of the article are experimental identification of the dynamic characteristics (mainly natural frequency) of existing Tunnel form buildings, as well as comparison with values obtained by approximate formulas and a detailed structural model. The results of this study showed a very good agreement between the numerical 3D model and the experimental campaign conducted with the usage of ambient testing. Nevertheless, a serious question arises regarding the confidence of proposed empirical formulas provided in the codes and standards which may lead to imprecise and false results.

Size and Shape Optimization of a Guyed Mast Structure under Wind, Ice and Seismic Loading

This paper discusses the size and shape optimization of a guyed radio mast for radiocommunications. The considered structure represents a widely industrial solution due to the recent spread of 5G and 6G mobile networks. The guyed radio mast was modeled with the finite element software SAP2000 and optimized through a genetic optimization algorithm (GA). The optimization exploits the open application programming interfaces (OAPI) SAP2000-Matlab. Static and dynamic analyses were carried out to provide realistic design scenarios of the mast structure. The authors considered the action of wind, ice, and seismic loads as variable loads. A parametric study on the most critical design variables includes several optimization scenarios to minimize the structure’s total self-weight by varying the most relevant parameters selected by a preliminary sensitivity analysis. In conclusion, final design considerations are discussed by highlighting the best optimization scenario in terms of the objective function and the number of parameters involved in the analysis.

Seismic response of the long-span steel truss arch bridge with the thrust under multidimensional excitation

PurposeUnder different ground motion excitation modes, the spatial coupling effect of seismic response for the arch bridge with thrust, seismic weak parts and the internal force components of the control section of main arch ribs are analyzed.Design/methodology/approachTaking a 490 m deck type railway steel truss arch bridge as the background, the dynamic calculation model of the whole bridge was established by SAP2000 software. The seismic response analyses under one-, two- and three-dimension (1D, 2D and 3D) uniform ground motion excitations were carried out.FindingsFor the steel truss arch bridge composed of multiple arch ribs, any single direction ground motion excitation will cause large axial force in the chord of arch rib. The axial force caused by transverse and vertical ground motion excitation in the chord of arch crown area is 1.4–3.6 times of the corresponding axial force under longitudinal seismic excitation. The in-plane bending moment caused by the lower chord at the vault is 4.2–5.5 times of the corresponding bending moment under the longitudinal seismic excitation. For the bottom chord of arch rib, the arch foot is the weak part of earthquake resistance, but for the upper chord of arch rib, the arch foot, arch crown and the intersection of column and upper chord can all be the potential earthquake-resistant weak parts. The normal stress of the bottom chord of the arch rib under multidimensional excitation is mainly caused by the axial force, but the normal stress of the upper chord of the arch rib is caused by the axial force, in-plane and out of plane bending moment.Originality/valueThe research provides specific suggestions for ground motion excitation mode and also provides reference information for the earthquake-resistant weak part and seismic design of long-span deck type railway steel truss arch bridges.

The Traditional House in North Sumatera Against the Earthquake: A Case Study of Karo and Toba

Indonesia is one of the countries that are susceptible to earthquakes. The traditional houses in Indonesia are generally able to resist the earthquake. They have a non-engineered structural system that was handed down from ancient traditions. Most of the damaged or collapsed houses were made of concrete. Meanwhile, the traditional house is made of wood or bamboo tend to survive. Karo and Toba regency is one of the areas in Indonesia which is known to be prone to earthquakes. Because it is located near Sibayak Mount and Sinabung Mount which is an active status. But the traditional houses there are still withstanding now. In this paper, we will analyze the traditional houses against the earthquake with the case study in Karo and Toba. These structures will be analyzed by the MDOF method and using SAP2000 software. The results are the structural concept of the traditional houses is relatively the same, only the type of the roof is significantly different. The traditional houses have symmetrical structures. There is no horizontal irregularity, but vertical irregularity exists. Furthermore, the earthquake performances show that the structures of the traditional houses in Karo and Toba are safe in terms of the period, the base shear force, the friction force, and the story drifts.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR SLAB ON PILE STUDI KASUS JALAN TOL SEMARANG – DEMAK SEKSI 2

<strong><em>Slab on pile is one of the bridge structures used in the Semarang Demak Toll Road Project Section 2. The slab on pile structure consists of a slab, pile head, and piles. There are 2 (two) typical slab on pile bridges at this location, which are distinguished by the number and distance of the piles. 5 (five) piles in 1 (one) pile head with a spacing of 3.5 meters are used for piles with a freestanding of less than 6 meters. This pile configuration is located at STA 19 +658 to 19+793. Meanwhile, 6 (six) piles with a space of 2.8 m are used for piles with freestanding of more than 6 meters. This pile configuration is located at STA 19+800 to 19+894. At STA 19+674 there is an expansion joint that functions to accommodate all forms of movement that occur in the slab on pile structure. In addition, the span between the piles in the longitudinal direction is 7 meters. This slab on pile planning (SNI 1725:2016) "Loading for Bridges" and "Bridge Planning for Earthquake Loads" (SNI 2833:2016). Slab on pile planning is carried out with the help of SAP2000 software to determine the internal forces that occur in the slab on pile structure. The foundation system used in the modeling is a pile with spring support where the function of the spring support is to represent the nature of the soil. The result of this plan is to obtain a slab on pile structure design along with shop drawings.</em></strong>

Static and dynamic analysis of telecommunication towers subjected to wind

The expansion of the telecommunications sector in Brazil in recent years and the consequent increase in demand for telecommunication towers open space for a discussion about the guidelines to be taken during the execution of projects of this type of structure. Because they are light and slender structures, wind loads become preponderant for the design of these towers and wind analysis is an important topic to be discussed. Thus, this work analyzes design aspects employing numerical modeling and parametric studies. The Brazilian standard NBR 6123:1988 was used to obtain the wind speed and its static and dynamic loads, to compare the responses generated by each of the methods. Then, this process was repeated following the European standard IEC 60826:2017, to compare the results between the two standards methods. A parametric study was also performed with towers of different heights to better understand the structure behavior. The tower responses were obtained using the finite element software SAP2000, in which a lattice tower model with a constant square section was developed, to which the wind loads calculated according to the aforementioned standards were applied. The results showed that each analysis method generates considerably different results, revealing that this is a point that should be very well studied during the design of telecommunication towers.

Fragility curves for different classes of existing RC buildings under ground differential settlements

Existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings can be affected by different actions that can induce permanent or transient effects on them. While applications concerning the seismic vulnerability of existing RC buildings have been largely proposed in literature, the evaluation of the structural vulnerability because of hazards different from earthquake has been less dealt with. The focus of this work is to estimate the probability that the simulated RC buildings stock could reach a given Limit State for a certain intensity of imposed monotonically increasing ground differential settlements. A set of simulated FEM models, considering the geometrical and mechanical uncertainties in the representation of the existing RC frame buildings designed only for gravitational loads, has been created. The structural frames differ from each other for geometrical features and mechanical materials properties, obtained through a simulation process. The non-linear behavior of columns and beams is considered by applying a modeling approach specifically elaborated for RC members with plain bars. A FEM model for each simulated structural frame has been developed using the Open Application Programming Interface by using the programming and numeric computing platform MATLAB to run the modelling software SAP2000. Time by time, by scaling up the amplitude of the imposed base displacements, a non-linear static incremental procedure has been implemented. At each step of the analysis, a code-based seismic safety assessment has been carried out with reference to a specific ultimate Limit State considered in the Italian and European codes. The goal of the analysis has been to find the values of the significative structural response parameters (identified in this work as the maximum differential settlement and the deflection ratio) at the onset of the selected Limit State by using the critical demand to capacity ratio. Considering that these values are lognormally distributed, the structural fragility is then derived, showing how the vulnerability of the considered RC buildings stock is affected by the impact of the geometrical features and by the application direction of the differential settlements.

FE Analysis of FGM Plates on Arbitrarily Orthotropic Pasternak Foundations for Membrane Effects

In this study, the finite element analysis of sigmoid functionally graded material (S-FGM) plates resting on orthotropic Pasternak elastic foundations with different material angles is presented. For modelling, SAP2000 software package is used in which the required adjustments are made to obtain the expected behaviour of the plate-foundation system. The plate is modelled both using solid elements and layered shell elements by defining a number of solid elements and layers in the thickness direction having elastic properties equivalent to the properties of the S-FGM plate. The interaction between the plate and the foundation is treated by equalizing the vertical displacements of the plate and foundation nodal points. The orthotropic Pasternak foundation is modelled using plane strain elements with some adjustments to the elastic properties. The membrane effects of the simply supported S-FGM plate on Pasternak foundation are considered by assigning the edge boundaries of the system as pinned supports and these effects are excluded by converting all boundary nodes into roller supports except one of the corner nodes of the plate and the foundation due to the stability requirement. A number of verification examples are performed to demonstrate the convenience and robustness of the proposed model. This work can be easily extended to static and dynamic analyses of FGM plates with various geometries resting on arbitrarily orthotropic Pasternak elastic foundations for further studies.

Incremental Dynamic Analysis Considering Main Aftershock of Structures Based on the Correlation of Maximum and Residual Inter-Story Drift Ratios

Aftershocks often occur after strong earthquakes and aggravate structural damage. Commonly, the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) considering the main aftershocks only used a single index such as the maximum or the residual inter-story drift ratio. However, results of IDA using different indices may suggest that a structure has collapsed but is still repairable, which is not realistic. Given these shortcomings, this paper proposes selecting two indices in the IDA method based on the correlation between the maximum and the residual inter-story drift ratio, considering the main aftershocks. The influence of the double-indices model on the structural vulnerability analysis was discussed by establishing a commercial building in SAP2000 software, and single-index and double-index IDA were carried out, respectively. The joint distribution probability of the two indices under fixed seismic intensity was also calculated. The difference between the single-index and double-index IDA results was compared considering both the main shock and the main aftershock. The results showed that the effect of aftershocks would improve the correlation coefficient between the maximum and the residual inter-story drift ratio, and the building model has a higher probability of overrun after considering the correlation of the two indices. This paper provides a new method for IDA and vulnerability analysis using multiple indices.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Implementation of an Integrated Production Software in the Raw Materials Sector of A Pharmaceutical Industry

The pharmaceutical industry currently has computer systems that seek to optimize processes and allow the maximum performance of its resources through the use of computer tools. The objective of the work was to determine the costs and benefits of two different software in management of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. Methods: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, study that compared ONDANET and SAP software in positive and negative costs inferred in the implementation of the tools and the benefits in terms of the profitability of the management of raw materials for the elaboration of pharmaceutical products. Results: it has been observed by using direct costs and benefits that the benefit-cost ratio of the SAP software implementation yielded a result of 15.37, whereas the ONDANET software presented a cost-benefit ratio of 0.05, which could have been demonstrated Conclusion: A widely favorable cost-benefit ratio was found for SAP Software compared to the previously used ONDANET Software, indicating that the new software used is profitable. It is desirable to periodically carry out this type of analysis to guarantee not only that the Pharmaceutical Industry has a greater profitability, without also being able to provide its products with continuity and at affordable prices for the population.

Seismic performance of regular frame under near field and far field earthquakes

In the past few decades, it is observed that the occurrence of earthquakes is in the form of sequences where the mainshock is followed by one or more aftershocks. The earthquakes excite the foundation of a structure in sequence over some hours/days, out of which few seismic sequences may last for years. The aftershocks that accompany the mainshock take a toll on the seismic demands of the buildings which go on increasing in each successive event as the building may not be retrofitted or strengthened after the mainshock due to time constraints or some other reasons. The seismic design codes consider only a single seismic event of earthquake i.e., mainshock and neglect possibility of the aftershocks. Under a strong mainshock event, even a regular structure may be severely damaged and is highly vulnerable under subsequent events may get the severity of its damage worsened and even collapse. In the present study, an 11-storey RC 2-D frame has been analyzed under10 different episodes of sequential earthquakes with each with the same mainshock followed by six aftershocks of increasing PGA from 0.1 g to 0.6 g of near field and far field following nonlinear time history analyses using SAP2000 software. Inelastic response of the structure is studied with respect to the location of plastic hinges, maximum top displacement, residual displacement, and storey drift. Fragility curves for damaged states are plotted for the far-field and near field sequential earthquakes and discussed.

Behaviour analysis of building column structure with retaining wall due to explosion load in front and side a construction

Analysis of the impact of explosion loads on buildings to determine the structural column reaction conditions as a result of the blast loads. The model building structure is a three-story structure with a height of 10.5 meters. At distances between 10 and 15 meters from the source of the blast, the analysed explosive weight of 500 kg TNT was converted to a static load. SAP2000 software was used to conduct the analysis. The analyses’ results in the form of a moment force that compares a building’s column structure’s response. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that the conditions in the structure without restrained walls are insufficient to withstand the blast load, while the structure with restrained walls is capable of receiving explosive loads.

Vulnerability study of a two-story reinforced concrete school building structure in Banda Aceh toward earthquakes and tsunami hazards

Banda Aceh city is an earthquake-prone area. One is the phenomenon that a magnitude 9,3 Mw and subsequent tsunami wave occurred in 2004. The incident caused casualties and damage to facilities including educational facilities such as school buildings. After the 2004 Tsunami, affected school was rebuilt in same location as before, therefore necessary to conduct an assessment of school building to ensure safety and comfort of learning process in affected area. The purpose of this study was to determine structure capacity of reinforced concrete school building structure toward earthquake and Tsunami in Banda Aceh, so it can see contruction vulnerability based on table of damage state. Objects in this study was a typical two-story reinforced concrete school buildings in Banda Aceh. The chosen building were SDN 48 and SDN 8. Structures were modelled by using SAP2000 software. Earthquake load data using the 2004 Sumatera-Andaman earthquake and Puskim earthquake-predictions which were analyzed using pushover method, and tsunami loads based on the height of inundation at location of school building. As a results, it has been developed capacity curve and spectrum capacity curve to determine damage limit and probability due to earthquake and tsunami hazards. It was found that based on spectrum capacity curve both school buildings in slight damage, while based on fragility curve it was found that both school building have a risk of light damage and moderate damage. Based on tsunami load, it has been found that both school building has inter-story drift that exceeds allowable limit, and based on tsunami fragility curve both school building were predicted complete damage.

Strengthening capacity study of reinforced concrete school building structure in Banda Aceh toward earthquakes and tsunami hazards

Banda Aceh City was a high level areas of the earthquake and tsunami damage that occurred in 2004. Building damage prevention can be done by planning earthquake-resistant school building structures. The rebuilding needs to be reviewed for its capacity structure because of the high risk building location of earthquake and tsunami hazards. This study aims to determine the behavior and capacity of the school building structure using the earthquake and tsunami scenario in 2004 in Banda Aceh. Capacity analysis by column enlargement of the existing building is one of the research variables. Earthquake load refers to data from the Sumatera-Andaman earthquake on December 26, 2004 and tsunami load refers to FEMA P646. Two typical school buildings were taken from data recapitulation of 100 buildings survey, namely SDN 48 and SDN 8, which represented the overall typical school building in Banda Aceh. This study uses the pushover analysis method on the SAP2000 software. Based on the capacity curve, the value of displacement in the x-y directions in the existing building are greater than the column variation building at SDN 48 and SDN 8. While the shear force value in the existing building are smaller than the column variation building. This shows that with the addition of column dimensions, the cross-sectional area gets bigger and affects the capacity of the building structure.

UTILIZATION OF THE INFLUENCE LINE OF DISPLACEMENT TO IDENTIFY A DECLINE IN THE STIFFNESS OF BEAMS

The purpose of this work is to offer a method for detecting structural damage utilizing the standardized index of the beam’s deflection influence line difference as input data for the evaluation procedure. The displacement influence line used in the evaluation is calculated using the findings of the behavior analysis of the reinforced concrete beam’s finite element model when subjected to a moving load. SAP2000 software is used to simulate reinforced concrete beams. The mobile load is then assigned to move along the beam from its starting position to its ending position. For each mobile load example, the displacement at each survey node will be output to draw the influence line. The displacement analysis of the beams is compared before and after assuming damage for each mobile load instance in order to determine the location of the stiffness drop. From then, the findings of beam damage diagnosis are reviewed and evaluated, as well as the methods’ practicality in real implementations.