SAP2000 Software Research Articles

Analysis of the Space Frame Structure of the Cileungsi Fly Over Tower Bogor Regency

This research is part of the plan of the Bogor Regency government, especially Cileungsi District, in arranging the Cileungsi flyover which is currently filled with garbage and used as a shadow terminal, making the area look slum. The arrangement effort is made to create a comfortable, neat flyover that can become an icon of Bogor Regency. The research aims to produce a portal tower flyover design that is aesthetic, unique, sturdy, and meets the strength and stability standards of the structure according to local conditions. The analysis was carried out using SAP2000 software to model the three-dimensional space structure and identify the strength, stability, and deflection of the structure. The LRFD (Load Resistance Factor Design) method is used in calculating the bearing capacity of the structure. The results of the analysis show that the space frame structure made of steel pipes has stable and rigid behavior, meeting all work loads, including dead loads, live loads, wind, and earthquakes. The design of the 13-meter deep pile foundation has also been proven to be able to withstand loads safely. The design of the space frame structure made of steel pipes for the Cileungsi flyover portal tower is declared strong, stable, and safe to implement. This structure can be used as a new icon for Bogor Regency, especially Cileungsi District. The implementation of this design requires detailed depiction as a construction guideline in the field.

PERBANDINGAN KINERJA STRUKTUR KOLOM BULAT DAN KOLOM PERSEGI BETON BERTULANG TERHADAP BEBAN GEMPA DENGAN ANALISIS PUSHOVER

Column is a vertical structural element that functions to absorb axial loads and transfer them to the foundation. The structure of this column consists of reinforcement and concrete which is a combination of tensile and compression resistant materials. The column carries a combination of axial loads and ultimate moments simultaneously. The column must have strength where the strength of the column must exceed the working load. The purpose of this study was to obtain differences in the performance of reinforced concrete building structures using circular and square columns due to earthquake loads. The research method used is a quantitative method with the help of SAP2000 software with nonlinear Pushover analysis. There are two models in this study, namely Model M1 is a square column model and model M2 is a circular column model. The results of the analysis show that the behavior of the structure for lateral deformation in the X direction of the square column is stiffer than the round column, while the lateral deformation in the Y direction of the circular column is stiffer than the square column. This is influenced by the inertia of the cross-section and the number of columns in each direction is different. The forces in the square column are 1% greater, the shear force is 62% smaller and the axial force is 24% greater than the circular column. The square column model with IO performance level has the ability to accept lateral loads and deformations on a larger capacity curve compared to circular columns for X and Y direction earthquakes.

Comparative Analysis of Soil-Piles Structure Interaction of Framed Structure

This study presents a comparative analysis of a 15-story building with two foundational approaches: a fixed- base foundation and a pile foundation incorporating soil- structure interaction (SSI) in sandy soil conditions. The research investigates the dynamic behavior of each foundation type under varying conditions, specifically examining the effects of different pile spacings and relative densities of sandy soil on the building’s fundamental frequency, time period, lateral displacement, and overall structural stability. The SAP2000 software is used for numerical study. Key Words: Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI), frequency, time period, displacement, Lateral Displacement, Seismic Analysis, G+14, SAP2000, sandy soil

Modal testing and analysis of high-rise laminated timber building

To enhance the design and research work on dynamic characteristics of high-rise laminated timber buildings, this paper carried out a modal analysis study on one of the largest laminated timber buildings in China. The finite element calculating modal analysis was carried out using SAP2000 software, and the experimental modal analysis of the building was carried out via environmental excitation. The calculating modal results and the experimental modal results showed good agreement. The calculating modal frequency values were generally lower than the experimental modal frequency values. The natural frequencies obtained by the two methods appeared in the Y-direction first-order bending mode and had values of 2.03 and 2.5 Hz, respectively. The corresponding frequencies of the first-order torsional mode were 2.82 and 3.25 Hz, respectively. The distribution of the CLT core tube along the length direction of the building has an impact on the vibration mode. The six-story part shows the second-order bending form, while the four-story section only shows the first-order bending form. The above work provides a case study and reference for the simulation and modal analysis of high-rise laminated timber buildings, demonstrating the critical role of the core tube structure in such wooden buildings. This insight contributes to a better understanding of structural performance and design considerations in similar projects.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAIN COLUMN STRUCTURE USING THE FREESTANDING METHOD & STUDY OF LAP SPLICE CONNECTIONS ON THE GGM MAJALENGKA BUILDING PROJECT IN MAJALENGKA DISTRICT

The GGM Building is a circular sports building, has 2 floors with circular columns. Columns are the most important structural part for a building to stand. In accordance with SK SNI T-15-1991-03 what is meant is a building structural component column whose main task is to support axial, compressive and vertical loads. In this report study, the method used for the main column reinforcement work is Free Standing which can be interpreted as a structure that is strong and stands upright. The GGM Building is a high-rise building which of course has a structure that can stand perfectly upright at any height. The type of connection used in column cuttings is a contact lap splice which is a passing connection between two reinforcing bars that touch each other and are tied with concrete wire. SAP2000 software is used to analyze the values ​​of the forces acting on the main structural columns. Based on the results of analysis of the main structural columns using SAP 2000, the load distribution value was obtained, namely 22.81 KN/m with an axial force value of -229.220 KN for column type K1-1. 27.14 KN/m with an axial force value of -272.97 KN for column K1-2 and 31.86 KN/m with an axial force value of -320,150 KN for column K2. Then with manual calculations related to the self-load value of the main structural columns, namely 1,189.56 KN in column K1-1, 1,614.14 KN in column K1-2 and 1,981.11 KN in column K2. Keywords: column, lap splice, selfweight calculation, SAP 2000.

Particle damping equivalent method based on force chain for high frequency vibration reduction: Mechanism analysis and experimental verification

A particle damping equivalent method based on force chain is newly proposed for simulating the behavior of particle damper (PD) with higher accuracy. Compared with other existing equivalent methods, this method considers the contact between particles and evaluates the particle motion state. Firstly, the particle damping equivalent method based on the theory of force chain and contact model is proposed, and the simulation process of the equivalent method is described. Then, this equivalent method is adopted to simulate the high frequency vibration of pipe installed with PD using SAP2000 software. The simulated vibration response exhibits excellent agreement with experimental results, validating the effectiveness of the proposed equivalent method. Finally, based on the calculation results, it is observed that the particle motion state of the PD in the experiment is quasi-static. This further shows that the particle chain in the damper under high frequency vibration can ignore the wave propagation behavior, which aligns with the assumption of the particle contact model.

Analysis of the response of wind-induced vibrations on flexible photovoltaic mounts

Abstract This article investigates a flexible photovoltaic bracket’s response to wind vibration. A finite element model is established using SAP2000 software for time course analysis. Representative units and nodes were selected to analyze internal force response, displacement response, and acceleration response. The prestress and span change rule of the flexible photovoltaic bracket are also explored, and quantitative research is conducted on the size of prestress and span size. The magnitude of the prestress affects a structure’s responsiveness to wind vibration. As prestress grows, so do deflection and acceleration, and the rate at which axial force is increasing also increases. Conversely, when prestress increases, the rate of deflection reduction falls. Consequently, considering the prestress size, it is advised that 50-kN prestressing be used for the support and wind cables. As the span rises, so do the mid-span span and the axial force of the wind cables, while acceleration also increases. The rate of mid-span deflection increases gradually with the flexible PV mount span, but the rate of axial force increase decreases. It is recommended to limit the span to below 50 m.

Analysis of Girder Deflection in a Simulated Bridge Using SAP 2000: Study Case of Nongsa Pura Bridge

Within structural engineering, bridges demonstrate how the practical import of scientific hypotheses becomes clear to humanity. Engineers use computer simulations and models to anticipate how the bridge will react under various stresses and what its response is likely given all sorts of environments over its life span. The construction of the Nongsa Pura Bridge in Batam, which showcases cutting-edge civil engineering accomplishments customized to local requirements, represents a critical turning point in the region's infrastructure improvement. This paper aims to analyze the deflection of a Nongsa Pura Planning Simulation using SAP2000 software. This research uses secondary data and the author's assumptions as necessary data to design a bridge. The results of this research are deflection values for the main girder, transverse girder, and longitudinal girder. In the main girder, the most considerable deflection value is 0,0778724 m. In contrast, in the transverse girder, the most considerable deflection value is 0,034118 m, and the longitudinal beam has the most considerable deflection value of 0,077809 m.

A case study comparing seismic retrofitting techniques for a historically significant masonry building’s minaret

Historical masonry structures are extremely susceptible to earthquakes due to their characteristic features. Seismic performance and corresponding damage patterns vary between these buildings. Even though the main structure was undamaged, many minarets suffered damage or collapsed due to the transmission of large forces from the main mass to the minaret and the abrupt changes in cross-section due to the geometry of the minaret. This study uses an ancient masonry mosque as a case study, whose minaret and main building are constructed as a single structure. The mosque’s minaret under seismic excitation is the focus of this study. The adopted model is called Alaeddin Bey Mosque in Muş, Türkiye. The seismic performance assessment of the minaret, considering various retrofitting options, is mainly based on four critical parameters: base shear, acceleration, displacement, and maximum tensile forces in all three dimensions. The analyzed retrofitting methods include base isolation located in the basement of the mosque, viscous dampers placed only in the upper part of the minaret, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer fabric fitted to only the minaret, and steel plates applied to only the minaret. Representative structural models of the mosque have been modelled with SAP2000 software. The main novelty of this study is the use of viscous dampers in the minaret. It is the first time a design methodology has been introduced for viscous damper applications in minarets. This methodology aims to prevent local damage to the minaret due to the forces generated by the dampers, while also considering the constraints of limited internal space within the minaret. The finding of this study shows that viscous damper application yields significantly better results compared to the application of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer fabric and steel plates. However, although base isolation reduces the tensile stress values throughout the entire mosque to levels well below the material’s strength, viscous damper application in the minaret significantly reduces tensile stresses only in the minaret. As a result, viscous dampers are recommended for damage reduction in the minaret only. Otherwise, base isolation should be considered for reducing stress values throughout the entire mosque including the minaret. This study contributes towards the development of new seismic retrofitting methods for historic masonry buildings ‘minaret.

A Vibration and Crack Assessment on Precast Pre-stressed Hollow-Core Floor

Hollow core concrete floors are usually used in high-rise buildings, shopping malls and parking garages due to their sustainability advantage in the construction industry. However, in certain conditions, hollow core concrete floors can be sensitive towards vibration due to long span. The floor vibration issue is crucial and must be managed properly during the building design phase, as addressing this issue becomes significantly more challenging after the structure has been constructed completely. Thus, this study aims to determine the vibration and crack behaviour of precast hollow core concrete floors. 3D finite element models of the floor were developed using SAP2000 software to obtain the vibration parameters of the hollow core concrete floor subjected to vehicle-induced vibration. The specifications of the floor materials are based on the hollow core concrete floor manufacturer, Eastern Pretech, and the acceleration time history from testing was applied to the analysis. Modal analysis and time history analysis were analysed to investigate the vibration behaviour of the hollow core concrete floor. Modal analysis revealed a fundamental frequency of 23.52 Hz for the floor with actual dimensions. The fundamental frequency of the floor was compared to the standard guideline for human vibration sensitivity, which is 10 Hz. Time history analysis was employed to assess floor deformation based on the vibration waves generated by vehicle movement on the floor.The crack assessment analysis on concrete topping of precast hollow core slab in the warehouse flooring system was carried out. The cracks that appeared on the concrete topping were investigated using vibration testing and finite element analysis. Acceleration data from the damaged area was captured and transformed into the frequency domain using ME’Scope to analyse the natural frequency behaviour. The preliminary finite element analysis was performed by SAP 2000 software. Normal attenuation was observed on the surface with a crack at 50 mm, as the pattern of the time series data at this location was similar to other sensor positions. Analysis of the frequency domain of the wave confirmed this observation, revealing a dominant frequency of 23.741 Hz and no abnormal event occurred during testingon the surface crack.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORT, PEER SUPPORT, AND STUDENT SATISFACTION ON ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING

Business needs enterprise resource planning (ERP). SAP is the market leader of ERP. Due the importance of ERP in business, higher education implements in curriculum. that require internal cross-disciplinary coordination. Students must acquire and understand cross functional business processes while implementing the SAP software. It is challenging for students to be successful in this class. Based on the conditions, the purpose of study is finding the effect of instructor support and peer support toward student satisfaction. This is quantitative research. The research design is collecting primary data using online survey for students. There were 104 students as respondents. The students conduct ERP class by hybrid, online and offline methods. SPSS was used to analyse data using multiple regression. Data was running for validity and reliability test. The result is data could analyse further for the model. Based on F test, the model fits. Regression analysis indicated that instructor support and peer support are positively related to student satisfaction. This study demonstrated the importance for building support for student satisfaction. The result aligned with prior studies.

Evaluasi Rasio Kapasitas Plat Lantai Jembatan Pangwa Berdasarkan Mutu Beton Aktual

This article reviewed the effect of decreasing quality of concrete in the vehicle deck on Pangwa bridge located in Trienggadeng, Pidie Jaya district, Aceh Province. The bridge deck was planned to use concrete with a quality of 30 MPa, however in practice, it was estimated that only 18.8 MPa was achieved. Based on the actual concrete quality, this article reported a reanalysis of the bending and shear capacity ratio. Structural analysis was carried out using SAP2000 software referring to engineering design data. The stages include modeling the bridge as a space frame steel construction with a deck using reinforced concrete material, loads calculation, internal force analysis, and checking the structural capacity. Load calculations and load combinations refer to the standard Loading for Bridges (SNI 1725: 2016). The bridge deck was analyzed as a one way slabs using D16-150 reinforcement with steel grade fy = 320 MPa. The loads taken into structure analysis include: self weight, additional dead load, truck load, and wind load. Based on the loads on the bridge, it is estimated that the possible forces arising from certain conditions are calculated based on the ultimate load combination of Strength-I, Strength-II, Strength-III, Strength-IV and Strength-V according to the provisions of SNI 1725-2016. Based on the results of the structural analysis recapitulated from the value of the load combination, the maximum and minimum moments were 388.68 kN.m and -391.22 kN.m while the maximum shear force were 169.60 kN. The planned bending capacity was 396.303 kN.m (design) and was achieved at 365.568 kN.m (actual) or 7.75% less than the ultimate moment. The pons shear force arising on the bridge deck was Vu = 169.6 kN with pons shear capacity, ØVn = 874.895 kN in the design data and was achieved by 703.811 kN (actual). Based on the results of these calculations, it can be concluded that Pangwa bridge still meets the level of safety for the use as a vehicle traffic lane.

Evaluating the response modification factor (R) for reinforced concrete and steel structures equipped with TADAS devices designed for high seismic hazard in Colombia

Colombia is a country with high seismic activity due to its location at the convergence of the Nazca and South American tectonic plates, making structural safety a key priority in the design, construction, and retrofit of buildings. Currently, one of the most used seismic resistance systems are moment-resisting frames, due to their easy construction and good behavior under vertical loads, however, they are susceptible to structural damage when subjected to moderate to high-intensity earthquakes, which makes the use of seismic protection systems an adequate alternative to prevent damage during seismic events. The Colombian seismic design code NSR-10 proposes a design methodology using a linear structure that represents a non-linear behavior of the building when the expected design earthquake occurs through the response modification factor R. However, the NSR-10 seismic design code does not contemplate the response modification factor for structures with seismic protection systems. Therefore, in this research, a design procedure was configured for buildings with moment-resisting frames of reinforced concrete and steel equipped with TADAS (triangular-plate added damping and stiffness) dampers. The procedure evaluated the developed response modification factor of structures located in high seismic hazard areas in Colombia and considered regular buildings with varying numbers of stories and special energy dissipation capacity. The capacity of the structures was evaluated through nonlinear static analysis using the Pushover method in SAP2000 software. Finally, the response modification factors were calculated for regular buildings with moment-resisting frames and different numbers of stories.

Optimization of Hanger Spacing of Steel Arch Bridges Using Dynamic Loads

Bridges are basic infrastructure that must be met to create regional connectivity in Indonesia. One type of bridge that is often used is a curved bridge, which has the advantages of high strength, attractiveness, aesthetics and economy. In order to accelerate the development of bridge infrastructure, an efficient innovation in curved bridge design is needed. The development of curved bridge structures to achieve efficient designs has received much attention in several decades. However, researchers have only focused on optimising the geometry variation of the arch height. Therefore, the aim of this research is to innovate the optimisation of the hanger spacing on the arch bridge structure. In order to obtain optimal results, a bridge model is carried out by varying the hanger spacing of the centre model with a hanger spacing ratio of (1.3 - 1.1 - 0.9 - 0.7), a flat model with a hanger spacing ratio of (1 - 1 - 1 - 1) and an edge model with a hanger spacing ratio of (0.7 - 0.9 - 1.1 - 1.3), so that from the three models, the effect of hanger location on three conditions is obtained. Each model is modelled in the SAP2000 software and given a bridge service load to obtain the internal forces and deflections that occur. The output of the internal force and deflection is then analysed to determine the effect of the location of the bridge service hanger. The serviceability of the bridge is also analysed by calculating the ratio between the weight of the bridge and the deflection that occurs. The results of the analysis show that the location of the hanger affects the performance of the arch bridge structure. The centre model bridge design produces the most efficient structural performance in resisting the compressive axial forces and moments that occur, and produces the least deflection. Meanwhile, the edge model will provide the most efficient structural performance in resisting tensile axial forces. By referring to the results of the bridge weight to deflection ratio analysis, it can be concluded that the centre model produces the most efficient structural design when compared to other curved bridge models.

Seismic Fragility Analysis of Existing Old Newari Brick Masonry Building in Pokhara Valley

Most of the building stock in Nepal is based on masonry construction, which includes monumental, administrative, and residential structures. These structures are vulnerable during earthquakes, as evidenced by the massive structural damage, loss of human life, and property damage due to a lack of proper assessment and appropriate strengthening measures. An analysis of the seismic vulnerability of existing old Newari brick masonry buildings in the Pokhara Valley is presented. These buildings were built using indigenous knowledge and technology. The investigation is based on analytical studies, with some material properties obtained from field tests. Proper modeling of a masonry structure is crucial for reliable seismic resistance and structural design. However, modeling a real masonry structure is a challenging and computationally demanding task due to its complicated framework, requiring in-depth knowledge, realistic material properties, and relevant information. The aim of this research is to assess the seismic performance of old Newari masonry buildings using stress level and fragility curves. The research issues are addressed analytically through linear time history analysis using the finite element program-based software Sap 2000 v20. In dynamic analysis, numerical building models were subjected to three synthetic earthquakes. The performance status of the building based on various stress levels is evaluated, and weak regions are identified. The fragility curve of the structure is assessed, considering the ground motion parameters in the locality. The fragility function is plotted with the probability of failure at an interval of 0.10 g. The results of the analysis highlight that the studied structure is vulnerable compared to the codal provisions and standard recommendations.

Evaluation of The Success of Using a SAP-Based ERP System With Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) Model

PT. XYZ has implemented System Application and Product in data processing (SAP) software to support business processes in the company. The success or failure of system implementation can be assessed from non-technical aspects, namely that users can accept and use the SAP system well. The aim of this research is to evaluate the use of SAP software through Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) modeling. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intentions, and behavior are the variables used in this modeling. This TPB modeling explains the factors that influence an individual's interest and behavior in using SAP software. An individual's intention to use SAP software is influenced by attitudinal variables, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, while a person's influence to use SAP software is influenced by intention. This type of research is quantitative research through data collection using a questionnaire with 30 respondents coming from SAP users at PT. XYZ. Data analysis was carried out using the SmartPLS application. The results obtained are that attitudes have a positive and significant effect on behavioral intentions, behavioral intentions have a positive and significant effect on behavior, subjective norms have a positive and significant effect on behavioral intentions, and perceived behavioral control has a negative effect on behavioral intentions in using SAP software.

KAJIAN TEKNIS GEDUNG BETON BERTULANG DAN PERENCANAAN PERKUATANNYA

Changes in the function of existing buildings with changes in load functions that exceed the design load cause structural failure. The impact of structural failure varies from light to moderate, to severe damage and collapse. Thus, structural failure requires efforts to strengthen the structure with good reinforcement methods that are easy to carry out on-site. The existing building studied is the Villa Minggu Seminyak building, which is located on Jl Kunti, Gg Mangga, Seminyak, Kuta, Badung, Bali. To get good and easy-to-do reinforcement results, an investigation is carried out to obtain data on damage to existing buildings, and then analysis and evaluation are carried out. Models and analyses were carried out in 3D using SAP2000 software. The purpose of this research is to determine the behavior of existing structures before and after strengthening. The strengthening method used for column structural components is the Concrete Jacketing method. The results of the analysis show that the capacity of the existing beams and columns is insufficient, where the existing beam B1 reinforcement area of 896.47mm2 is smaller than the required reinforcement area of 1023 mm2, the axial force capacity and ultimate moment of column K1 are outside the interaction diagram and the structure's vibration time is 1.193 seconds smaller than allowable vibration time of 0.351 seconds. Thus, strengthening of the beams and columns is required. The results of the analysis and design show that concrete jacketing reinforcement requires 10 cm thick concrete with 16D13 mm main reinforcement and Ø10-75 mm stirrup reinforcement. This reinforcement can increase the axial load capacity of the column by 314.5%. Strengthening the beam with the addition of WF Steel was able to increase the ultimate moment of the support by 38.7% and the ultimate moment of the field by 39.6%. The ultimate shear force increases by 121.4%. By strengthening the columns and beams, the vibration time of the structure has a shorter duration of 48%, so the structure becomes stiffer.

Case Study of ITB Cirebon GOR Building Beam Structure Checking Against Torsion Loads

In this analytical study, a building structure planning analysis will be carried out as well as checking the beam structure for torsional loads at the ITB Sports Arena (GOR) Building located in Cirebon. Analysis and planning refer to SNI 1726:2019, SNI 2847:2019 and SNI 2020. Modeling analysis and checking of torsion beams using the SAP2000 program as well as manual calculation analysis. Torque is almost the same as design for bending and shearing when the factored torsional moment load applied to a section exceeds the torsional resistance that can be provided by the concrete section itself. The results of the analysis and calculation of the beam structure using the SAP2000 program were obtained: from reinforcement calculations and analysis using SAP2000 software on the beam structure, as well as checking the beam for torsion, the value was taken with the largest torsion force of 91.3673 KN for beam B1A (600 x 450): Top reinforcement with supports 5D22, field 3D22, Support 3D22 ; Bottom reinforcement with support 4D22, Field 4D22, Support 4D22; Web reinforcement with support 4D16, Field 4D16, Support 4D16; using 3 foot stirrups with support D13-100, Field D13-150, Support 13-100.

Seismic Performance of Offset Irregular Building

Abstract: Here in this offset irregularity, the vertical members bearing horizontal force are located on other axes rather than its own axes. A 15-storey offset irregular building is modelled in SAP2000 software based on the codal provisions. Then pushover analysis is performed in which spectral displacements and base shears are examined in both X and Y directions. Fragility curves are developed to determine the failure probability of offset irregular building in slight, moderate, extensive and complete damage states.

Effects of innovative reinforced concrete slit shaft configuration on seismic performance of elevated water tanks.

Elevated water tanks are considered crucial infrastructure due to their significant role in supporting essential services. A strong ground motion may result in a failure or significant damage to a reinforced concrete shaft of an elevated water tank because hysteric energy dissipation is limited to the formation of plastic hinges at the base of the shaft, while the nonlinear properties of the rest of the shaft remain underutilised. The innovative system of assembling RC shafts for elevated water tanks using a slit wall technique was developed to enhance energy dissipation along with the shaft height by introducing slit zones. The comparative nonlinear dynamic analysis between three-dimensional models of elevated water tanks with different shaft diameters and heights was conducted using SAP2000 software. The results of elevated water tanks with slit and solid reinforced concrete shafts were compared. The research findings showed that during a seismic event, the slit zones increased the ductility of the shaft, reduced stress concentration in the lower part of the shaft, and provided uniform stress distribution throughout the shaft's height. The effect of the innovative system is especially noticeable in the elevated water tanks with tall and slender shafts.