Santiago Research Articles

Estimation of stops of last-mile delivery vehicles: An application in the food industry in the city of Santiago de Chile

The study of vehicle stops in last-mile delivery has gained ground in the specialized logistics literature. An efficient last-mile delivery reduces distribution costs and mitigates negative externalities such as pollution and congestion. This paper estimates the stops of last-mile trucks that deliver food products in Santiago, Chile. The aim is to study last-mile delivery operations using a non-intrusive, low-cost method. Particularly, we devise a novel methodology that employs multiple data sources to detect the primary stops of cargo vehicles. The proposed methodology involves the following two steps. First, we use GPS data to identify all the candidates for stops, that is, clusters of points close to each other in terms of distance and time, and then, these stops are classified as primary according to the proximity to planned visits or check-out markings. Finally, we conduct a case study involving food distribution, deriving managerial and public policy insights. We find that the most adequate time threshold to detect stops in our context is 4 min, which is considerably lower than previous studies. This last may be explained by the last-mile nature of our study. Our results show that primary (i.e., delivery) stops are concentrated mainly in the center of Santiago, with a duration that decreases as the hours go by. This last means that some of the externalities caused by truck stops (e.g., road capacity reduction) are exacerbated during the morning rush hour. We also find that the average duration of the primary stops is 12.5 min, while the mean distance traveled between two consecutive stops is 4.68 km.

The Effects of Lockdown, Urban Meteorology, Pollutants, and Anomalous Diffusion on the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic in Santiago de Chile

A study was carried out in Santiago de Chile, located in a geographic basin, on the sustainability and diffusion of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Hourly measurements were used (carried out for 3.25 years in seven communes of the city) to quantify the accumulated sick (AS) population, urban meteorology variables (MVs) (temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and magnitude of wind speed (WS)), and air pollution (P) (PM10, PM2.5, 03). Time series (TS) were constructed for each commune, which related AS to MVs, called AS/VM, and to P, noted AS/P. Chaos theory was applied to each TS, requiring the following variables: the Lyapunov exponent (λ > 0), the correlation dimension (DC < 5), Kolmogorov entropy (SK > 0), the Hurst exponent (H, such that 0 < H < 1), Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZ > 0), and information loss (<ΔI> < 0). Every TS complied with chaos theory. For each commune, CK was calculated as a quotient between the sum of AS/T, AS/WS, and AS/RH entropies and the sum of AS/PM10, AS/PM2.5, and AS/O3 entropies. The results show that the entropy for the AS/P ratio is lower than that of the AS/VM ratio in three of the seven communes, since between 2020 and early 2022, the population was confined, reducing pollution. The TS of the AS/P ratio is more persistent and complex. The predictability times of the ratios are comparable in four of the seven communes. The TS of the AS/MV ratios shows greater information loss and chaos. According to the calculated CK values, it is possible to relate it to anomalous diffusion (sub/super-diffusion) and the context that favored the expansion of the pandemic: urban densification, pollution, urban meteorology, population density, etc. Using Fréchet heavy-tailed probability, the compatibility of the results with CK is verified.

Perceptions of people with reduced mobility regarding universal accessibility at bus stops: A pilot study in Santiago, Chile

Universal Accessibility is an important condition to promote a better quality of life and well-being, especially in public transport, which allows free mobility, connection with the environment, and occupational participation. The Public Transport System of the “Red Metropolitana de Movilidad” in Santiago de Chile seeks that buses should have measures that facilitate their use; however, bus stops present challenges that people with reduced mobility (PRM) experience each day. The objective is to study their experiences regarding the perceived accessibility at bus stops, and if this influences their mobility in the community, considering the COVID-19 context. The population addressed is PRM who use mobility aids or assistance and need more space to move. The methodology is a qualitative phenomenological study through semi-structured individual interviews. The results showed a negative perception of accessibility, reporting experiences associated with barriers, challenges, and opportunities that influence successful participation in mobility in the community. In conclusion, there is a lack of regulations regarding the characteristics of these spaces, being necessary to incorporate the perception of PRM into the design to guarantee the right to move in equal conditions.

Characteristics of potential buyers of low-pollution vehicles: the case of Santiago de Chile

Characteristics of potential buyers of low-pollution vehicles: the case of Santiago de Chile

Implementation of an interdisciplinary hospital simulation center: launch of a simulated clinical service

Introduction: clinical simulation as a teaching-learning tool has experienced a significant evolution in recent years in terms of the methodologies it has implemented to achieve learning results in different areas of health professions. Interdisciplinary clinical simulation is the recommendation of the experts. Objectives: implement a simulated clinical service for the learning of intermediate cycle students of Health careers at the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of a private university in Santiago de Chile in the year 2022.Method: 408 students a private university in Santiago de Chile, a student satisfaction survey was applied regarding the learning experience in the interdisciplinary simulation center.Conclusions: the students who participated in the activity valued the experience positively and considered it valuable for their professional training

Use of Abzolem ® in Pressure Injuries: Experience of an Exploratory Study

Introduction: Pressure injuries represent a significant and prevalent public health problem in bedridden and institutionalized patients. The correct management of pressure injuries is essential for preventing complications, enhancing patient well-being, and reducing the overall burden on healthcare systems. It underscores the importance of a holistic and patient-centered approach to wound care. Preventive measures and the action of a multidisciplinary team are essential to the correct treatment of pressure injuries. There are multiple active dressings and topical solutions to treat and protect the wounds, among them the hyperoxygenated fatty acids, such as Abzolem®. Objective: Evaluate and verify the effectiveness and safety of the use of Abzolem® in the treatment of patients with pressure injuries grade I and II. Materials and methods: an exploratory study was carried out on 6 patients residing in a long-term establishment in Santiago of Chile with grade I and II pressure injuries in which Abzolem® was used for twice-daily dressings. Results: The use of Abzolem® led to a significant improvement in grade I pressure injuries in 10 ± 3 days and grade II pressure injuries in 15 ± 3 days, without related adverse events and with good tolerance by patients. Conclusion: The use of hyperoxygenated fatty acids, such as Abzolem® corresponds to a safe therapeutic alternative, easy to apply, and effective in the treatment of grade I and II pressure injuries.

Navigating Spaces of Everyday Peace and Violence: Societal Protest, Care, and Solidarity in Post-18O Chile

ABSTRACT Social justice protests that began on 18 October 2019 in Chile were greeted enthusiastically around the globe. The mobilisation ‘woke up’ society and contributed to the collective drafting of a new constitution for the country. Building on ethnographic insights gathered in January–February 2020, this paper analyses forms of violence together with relations of care and solidarity that emerged within the mobilisation. It walks the reader through central Santiago de Chile and discusses the praxis of conducting research in a non-war conflict site, embedded in relations of claiming space (both figuratively and concretely) and creating practices that contribute to greater social justice. Simultaneously, they are enmeshed with manifold forms of violence that need to be addressed for peace to become possible. This paper seeks to contribute to debates on the entangled forms of everyday peace and violence, drawing on feminist research and connecting these with critical geographies of peace.

Visual-functional impact of people affected by severe ocular trauma during social protests in Chile in 2019.

To determine the impact on the functionality associated with visual loss (VFIP) in people with severe ocular trauma (SOT) caused by kinetic impact projectiles used in police crowd control through a prioritization tool in people admitted to a rehabilitation program in Santiago de Chile from December 02, 2019, to November 13, 2020. Across-sectional descriptive study of SOT victims (N = 85), average age 31.4 ± 11.9. The data were recorded through a new 9-item screening instrument for assessment and prioritization of rehabilitation created for this emergency scenario. The impact of the use of kinetic weapons resulted in monocular blindness in the majority of those affected (n = 68; 80.0%). The highest VFIP observed was among young men from lower social strata. There were extreme difficulties in the performance of productive tasks (occupational and/or educational) (n = 42; 49.4%) and the pursuit of hobbies and pastimes (n = 23; 27.1%), as well as a high difficulty in adapting to changes in brightness (n = 29; 34.1%) and handling objects accurately (n = 22; 25.9%). The use of kinetic weapons for crowd control resulted in high and extreme VFIP and, in most cases, monocular blindness, causing major difficulties in work, study, and development of hobbies and pastimes in the affected population, highlighting the urgent need for effective rehabilitative care, which requires special attention in order to generate an adequate rehabilitation program. The use of kinetic weapons for crowd control contravenes international goals, policies, and plans set by the WHO and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness on strategies to prevent avoidable blindness worldwide until 2020. It is essential to ban the use of these weapons in Chile and worldwide, as well as to revise police protocols for crowd control.

Tension between judicial practices and the procedural iter regarding domestic violence judicial cases involving women

Violence within the family is a global problem that addresses with special concern that relapse against women. International guidelines point to professionalized care for women in different areas of public life, including access to justice, promoting the generation of specials data. The objective of the study is to characterize the judicial cases on domestic violence against women and referred to the Legal Clinic of the Finis Terrae University from the Center for Precautionary Measures of the Family Courts of Santiago de Chile, between the years 2017-2021, providing a better knowledge and understanding of the development of this phenomenon, from the judicial process. The methodology used has been quantitative and includes a universe of 553 causes. The results project to the need for fluid interaction between Family Courts and Regional Governments, as well as the importance of complying with legal procedures. Judicial practices require judges and officials of the Family Courts who are educated and attentive to considering timely attention in the various phases of the trial, as part of the guarantee of access to justice.

Participation in multiple policy venues in governance of Chile's Santiago Metropolitan Region: When institutional attributes can make the difference

AbstractThe complexity of metropolitan polycentric governance is still challenging scholars and practitioners, who have mostly been engaged in a normative debate in which scant attention has been paid to the coexistence and interdependence of institutional solutions. The ecology of games framework (EGF) can be used to remedy this gap. By incorporating the analysis of institutional variation into EGF propositions about venues' interdependence, this article examines the mechanisms of metropolitan governance configuration resulting from institutional complexity at the inter‐municipal level. Provincial forums, municipal associations, and inter‐municipal agreements are the policy venues studied in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. Official documents reporting formal agreements in 2017–2021 help to capture the inter‐municipal governance network to which we apply exponential random graph models (ERGMs). The results show the positive effects of mandated provincial venues on inter‐municipal ties and the absence of the effect of self‐organized municipal associations, tendencies that prevail even when incorporating other relevant covariates into the models. These results nourish the EGF debate about interdependencies between coexisting policy venues, emphasizing the role of the different institutional attributes framing the policy venues and the effects of these differences on governance formation.

Opposite Responses of Native and Nonnative Birds to Socioeconomics in a Latin American City.

Due to the massive increase of the urban population, a global target is to achieve sustainable cities that are sensitive to nature and environmentally just for urban dwellers. To accomplish this, it is important to understand the responses of native and nonnative birds, identify the environmental variables that promote native species and limit nonnative species, and understand how they vary among socioeconomic groups. Although many cities in the Global South exhibit strong social and environmental segregation, few studies have investigated the relationship between socioeconomics and biodiversity. Therefore, to help promote ecological justice and biodiversity conservation in the developing world, we investigated the influence of socioeconomic level and woody cover on bird species richness and abundance in the city of Santiago de Chile. We also investigated whether bird response changes with species provenance-it is important to understand the response of native birds separately from nonnative birds because they imply opposite management strategies (e.g., conservation vs. species control/eradication). Thus, we surveyed 120 sites located in residential areas of high, medium, and low socioeconomic levels across the city and fit generalized linear (mixed) models that described bird species richness and abundance for total, native, and nonnative birds according to socioeconomic level and woody vegetation cover. We found that both socioeconomic level and woody vegetation cover influenced the bird community, but their effects changed with bird species origin, having opposite effects on native and nonnative birds. Residential areas where wealthier people live supported greater species richness and abundance of native birds than residential areas where people of lower socioeconomic status live. In contrast, residential areas where vulnerable people live had greater bird abundance that was mainly composed of nonnative birds. Therefore, affluent neighborhoods provide more opportunities to encounter native birds and experience nature close to home than poorer neighborhoods. Due to woody cover having positive effects on native birds and a negative influence on nonnative birds, increasing tree and shrub cover will contribute to supporting more native birds in residential areas deprived of woody vegetation, which are commonly low socioeconomic areas. Additional variables that can explain bird response among residential areas of different socioeconomic levels need to be investigated to better understand the factors influencing the distribution of birds in cities and promote a more biodiverse and environmentally just city.

Reduced Equations for K UTM Scale Factor and GNSS Usage in Chilean Cadastral Environments

Topographic distances from global navigation systems (GNSS) equipment are being progressively involved in legal land parcel registration applications (Bramanto et al., 2019; Dabove, 2019; Pullar and Donaldson, 2022; Roberts, 2005; Tamrakar, 2013), a practice not entirely reliable from the surveying point of view of legal land registration. GNSS observations expressed as Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, are cartographic projection data and are not exactly what horizontal ground topographic distances indicate, which are valid for land tenure, deeds, rights purposes. A method for converting GNSS positions to horizontal topographic distances in cadastral environments preserving metric accuracy standards fixed for parcel registration according to Chilean authorities, is presented here. Complex equations to determine scale factor K from the UTM projection have been reduced to a set of constant coefficients, allowing replicating electronic distance measurement (EDM) performance in horizontal distances used in other experiences as Australia, by just providing coordinates and observed accuracies. All assumptions are aimed to simplify the property registration procedures in singular geographic environments like Chile, where urban settlements can be found at heights 2,000 m or more, being of utmost relevance to bear in mind differences between projected and ground coordinates. Applied experiences performed near Santiago de Chile at heights of 600 m over the MSL, yielded 3 mm difference in 500 m distance compared to measurements carried out by means of GNSS equipment in static mode.

Urban Building Energy Modeling to Support Climate-Sensitive Planning in the Suburban Areas of Santiago de Chile

Greenhouse gas emissions depend on natural and anthropic phenomena; however, to reduce emissions, we can only intervene in terms of anthropic causes. Human activity is very different in various countries and cities. This is mainly due to differences in the type of urban environment, climatic conditions, socioeconomic context, government stability, and other aspects. Urban building energy modeling (UBEM), with a GIS-based approach, allows the evaluation of all the specific characteristics of buildings, population, and urban context that can describe energy use and its spatial distribution within a city. In this paper, a UBEM is developed using the characteristics and consumption of eight typical buildings (archetypes) in the climate zone of Santiago de Chile. The archetype-based UBEM is then applied to the commune of Renca, a critical suburb of Santiago, with the use of QGIS to analyze the energy demand for space heating and the potential for energy saving after four retrofitting interventions. Knowing the costs of the retrofitting interventions and the energy price, the simple payback time was evaluated with the reduction in GHG emissions. Starting from the actual building stock, the results show that the most effective retrofitting intervention for the commune of Renca is the thermal insulation of walls and roofs; due to the type of dwellings, this particular intervention could be more convenient if associated with the installation of solar technologies. This methodology can be replicated with the data used by urban planners and public administrations available for many Chilean cities and in other countries.

The legacy of Santiago de Chile in ICOM publications

In recent years, the Round Table of Santiago de Chile has been mentioned a lot, particularly in light of its 50th anniversary in 2022. These multiple celebrations might suggest that its values have been in the international spotlight since its promulgation in 1972. However, the lively debates in Kyoto in 2019 over the proposed modification of the definition of the term “museum” suggest the opposite, demonstrating a less-than-unanimous acceptance of the Round Table’s values and almost suggesting its late arrival on the international scene. To gain a better understanding of the impregnation of its values, we have carried out the exercise of counting mentions of the Santiago Round Table within ICOM publications. This work provides a partial but revealing overview of the phenomenon and demonstrates that that the statements formulated at the Santiago Round Table seem to be gradually being largely integrated into the field of museology.

Evaluating accessibility to underground transport systems: analysis of the Santiago - Chile metro

Considering that a significant part of the world's population lives with some disability and life expectancy is increasing, accessible transportation would allow people to improve their quality of life and access more socioeconomic opportunities. Based on a mixed descriptive design (qualitative, ethnographic, and quantitative), this article presents a tool for evaluating the level of accessibility to subway trains for people with visual, physical, cognitive, and hearing disabilities. Data from 30 Metro stations in Santiago de Chile were analyzed, studying movements into the station, permanence in the payment area, and movements toward platforms and connecting lines. Among the indicators evaluated, those related to getting to the platform have the lowest levels of accessibility, as they do not meet all the needs of the different types of disabilities analyzed.

Autonomy in labour and delivery in a Latin American urban centre: a qualitative phenomenological analysis

The medicalisation of childbirth has diminished the role of labouring people. We conducted an exploratory phenomenological qualitative study, using purposive sampling, and then conducted 17 semi-structured interviews between December 2016 and October 2017 with people who had recently given birth in a public hospital in the Northern Metropolitan area of Santiago, Chile. The sufficiency of the study group was determined according to saturation criteria. Triangulated content analysis was applied to explore the clinical relationship and processes of autonomy and decision-making. The predominant clinical relationship observed was paternalism. The participation of labouring people in decision-making is scarce, with no evidence of ethically valid processes of informed consent.

Infrastructural inequality: exploring the emergence of digital classes in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile

This paper examines the digital divide in the city of Santiago, Chile. The research uses the density of mobile phone antennas as a proxy for digital infrastructure. The findings show that there is a strong correlation between the density of mobile phone antennas and socio-economic status. Areas with higher incomes and more mobile phone antennas have better Internet connectivity than areas with lower incomes and fewer mobile phone antennas. The objective is to shed light on the power dynamics and invisible networks that shape the configuration of infrastructures, highlighting the need for equitable access to the digital world as a fundamental democratic right. The conclusions indicate that communication infrastructures are unevenly distributed and that the transition from analogue to smart cities risks exacerbating social inequalities. Rectifying these disparities is essential to avoid leaving the most vulnerable behind in technological transitions.

Development of a grocery POS system for local businesses: “El manantial” case study from Santiago Centro, Tamazunchale, S. L. P.

The main characteristics of grocery establishments are to fulfill the needs of customers related to basic goods basket. The process of the establishments operates as follows: At first, someone acquires the products (supplier), then the products are exhibited (warehouse) and finally the stock is sold (customers). In Mexico, there are two distribution channels which are Self-service (Retail) and Wholesale Channel (Abarrotero.com, 2017). Companies with a wholesale channel are established in large populations and strategic places, while self-services are established in places with little attendance; especially in rural communities. The management and strategies of companies depend on the technological tools and instruments they have. Computer systems allow these companies to have useful, fast, fluid information focused on their tactics and strategies, information that allows a timely change of course in a changing world. In this sense, information is a main weapon that helps management, products, and services to enter a competitive world. This work is the result of the development and implementation of a computer system according to the conditions in both infrastructure and level of computer knowledge of the grocery establishment located in a community.

Analysis and Modeling of Residential Energy Consumption Profiles Using Device-Level Data: A Case Study of Homes Located in Santiago de Chile

The advancement of technology has significantly improved energy measurement systems. Recent investment in smart meters has enabled companies and researchers to access data with the highest possible temporal disaggregation, on a minute-by-minute basis. This research aimed to obtain data with the highest possible temporal and spatial disaggregation. This was achieved through a process of energy consumption measurements for six devices within seven houses, located in different communes (counties) of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. From this process, a data panel of energy consumption of six devices was constructed for each household, observed in two temporal windows: one quarterly (750,000+ observations) and another semi-annual (1,500,000+ observations). By applying a panel data econometric model with fixed effects, calendar-temporal patterns that help explain energy consumption in each of these two windows have been studied, obtaining explanations of over 80% in some cases, and very low in others. Sensitivity analyses show that the results are robust in a short-term temporal horizon and provide a practical methodology for analyzing energy consumption determinants and load profiles with panel data. Moreover, to the authors’ knowledge, these are the first results obtained with data from Chile. Therefore, the findings provide key information for the planning of production, design of energy market mechanisms, tariff regulation, and other relevant energy policies, both at local and global levels.

The paradoxes of inclusion: cognitive and socio-emotional developmental trajectories of deaf and blind primary education students in mainstream and special schools

IntroductionStudents with special educational needs (SEN) have historically found participating in the regular education system challenging. Since the 1990s, inclusion has been considered the optimal strategy for their development. However, the effects of inclusive education on deaf and blind students are still little studied.MethodsIn the present article, we report the results of a longitudinal study on the cognitive and socioemotional developmental trajectories of 23 deaf and 29 blind primary education students attending mainstream (8 deaf and 10 blind) and special schools (15 deaf and 19 blind). The study was conducted in Santiago de Chile between 2018 and 2019.ResultsOur descriptive results suggest that deaf students attending special schools perform better on most of the variables studied. For blind students, those attending traditional schools generally perform better than those attending special schools. However, in the case of socio-emotional variables, blind students attending special schools tend to show fewer problems. However, almost all of the indicated differences are not statistically significantly different.DiscussionWe then discuss the need to consider the characteristics of each group of students with SEN when defining an adequate educational system for their optimal development.