Santiago De Research Articles

Wealth in stone: building activity of the viscounts of Béarn on the pilgrimage roads of the Atlantic Pyrenees (ca. 1063 – ca. 1130)

ABSTRACT This study examines the phenomenon of “petrification” in the Adour region of the Pyrenees in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, when the area was governed by the viscounts of Béarn. Petrification refers to the building activity undertaken and maintained in both economic and legal terms by this noble family. Here the focus is on a number of monasteries, churches, abbeys, bridges and roads which were a key factor in the improvement of the road network underpinning the pilgrimage route known as the Camino de Santiago. The main objective of their territorial strategy was to provide a means of crossing the gaves or rivers that crisscross the region from southeast to northwest, carving out the fertile valleys of Ossau, Aspe and Barétous.

La capilla de la familia Anaya Enríquez en la iglesia de San Esteban de Salamanca. Los inicios de la actual capilla del Rosario

Within the complex and prolonged process of construction of the new church of San Esteban de Salamanca from the 16th century, the chapel of the Anaya Enríquez family stood out as a space of main relevance. This enclosure is studied as the initial solution given in 1540 by the promoter Fray Juan Álvarez de Toledo to the lineage, which consisted of changing their burials in the old header to a new location added to the layout by Fray Martín de Santiago. With the condition of the patron to the descendants of Gómez de Anaya and Aldonza Enríquez to commission an altarpiece dedicated to the Virgen del Rosario, we witness the origins of the current Rosario chapel, a dedication that would quickly end up becoming an authentic protagonist. Based on the analysis and interpretation of unknown documents and the oldest unstudied images, we reveal another part of the history of the famous Dominican convent in Salamanca. Thanks to these readings, we can conclude that the patronage of the Rosario chapel remained in that family until the 18th century, when it became the property of the convent, at which time the liturgical furniture was refurbished.

Food without nutritional purpose in the medical therapeutics in the modern age at Hospital de Santiago in Vitoria (Alava, Spain)

Introduction: although important, food in medieval and modern hospitals was far from the excellence and abundance suggested by some historians, probably due to an incorrect assessment of hospital documentation, considering all food expenditure to be for food when much of it was destined for the apothecary's shop. Aim/method: to identify the foodstuffs used for non-nutritional therapeutic purposes during the modern age at Hospital de Santiago in Vitoria (Alava, Spain), to describe the system of consignment, and to review the bibliography of the period in order to facilitate documentary assessment strategies for researchers. Results: between 1592 and 1813, 42 groups of foodstuffs acquired for non-nutritional therapeutic purposes were identified. The system of annotation in the expenditure books is neither systematic nor homogeneous, but highly variable and dependent on who made the entry. Twenty-seven terms were identified for the recognition that a given foodstuff was intended for the apothecary's shop and not the kitchen. Fourteen sanitary texts of the period were chosen as clarifying bibliography, finding the 17th century nursing manuals most useful for the proposed purposes. Conclusions: the variety and quantity of foodstuffs destined for the apothecary's shop shows the risk of confusion in unfamiliar researchers when analysing hospital diets from account books. A proposal of terms and strategies for discriminating the nutritional or non-nutritional use of the food acquired, together with bibliographical recommendations, is essential for an adequate assessment of historical hospital diets.

Is the Camino Just? Conclusions Drawn from the Survey Conducted Among Polish Pilgrims

Familiarising the reader with the range of factors connecting Polish pilgrims with others on the Way of Saint James (Spanish: Camino de Santiago) will be grounded on the teaching of Saint Thomas Aquinas on the virtue of justice which will put in order encounters of the Slavic pilgrim with others on the way. The analysis will also be based on the author’s own empirical research on the experience of Polish pilgrims on the Way of Saint James, namely, in-depth interviews conducted in the summer of 2019 in Santiago de Compostela (n=50). The virtue of justice will be shown as the empowering of the pilgrim’s will, thanks to which he can be guided by right principles in his actions and his behavior is good, as well as he is able to give everyone what is rightly due to him under the law. The entire argument will be confronted with manifestations of injustice leading to conflict, discomfort and judgment resulting from significant discrepancies in experiencing the Camino pilgrimage.

Od turysty do pielgrzyma – wyzwania teologiczno-pastoralne

Artykuł przedstawia analizę wyzwań związanych z tożsamością pielgrzyma chrześcijańskiego w obliczu dynamicznego rozwoju turystyki religijnej. Inflacja semantyczna określająca mianem pielgrzyma każdego wędrowca oznacza nową konfigurację działań duszpasterskich, zwłaszcza sposoby radzenia sobie z konsumpcjonizmem sacrum, jaki wiele osób dostrzega. W kontekście obserwacji Zygmunta Baumana o przekształceniu pielgrzyma w turystę, artykuł proponuje refleksję odwrotną: W jaki sposób turysta staje się pielgrzymem w realiach współczesnych szlaków pielgrzymkowych? Za punkt odniesienia wybrano Camino de Santiago i przeanalizowano aktualnie prowadzone działania duszpasterskie, zarówno w wymiarze instytucjonalnym, jak i indywidualnym. From tourist to pilgrim – theological and pastoral challenges: This article presents an analysis of the current challenges to the identity of the Christian pilgrim in the face of the dynamic growth of religious tourism. The semantic inflation that results in every wanderer being described as a pilgrim implies a new configuration of pastoral care, especially in terms of responding to the perceived “consumerism of the sacred.” In the context of Z. Bauman’s observations concerning the transformation of the pilgrim into the tourist, the article proposes a reverse type of reflection, that is, how the tourist can become a pilgrim in the reality of modern-day pilgrimage routes. The Camino de Santiago was chosen as the point of reference, and current pastoral activities – both institutional and individual – were analyzed.

Adaptation of blueberry crop (Vaccinium corymbosum) under macro-tunnel in Valle de Santiago, Gto.

In order to evaluate the adaptation of Ventura variety blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) cultivation under macro tunnel, an experiment was established at the Southwest Technological University of Guanajuato from January to April 2022. The study was established based on a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and four repetitions. The treatments to be evaluated were four foliar fertilizers: Citan® (rooting hormones); formula 20-30-10 (N, P, K + Microelements); Bayfolan Forte® (N, P, K + Microelements); Demeter Poto® (K, B, Zn, P), applied weekly and an absolute control. The number of green sprouts developed three months after the first application was evaluated. The statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences (p = 0.01) between the foliar fertilization treatments; however, an average of 13 to 16 green sprouts was counted, all with good development, vigor and physical appearance; largely due to foliar fertilization as a complement to nutrition via irrigation. The adaptation of the blueberry crop was achieved, as a recently introduced species in Valle de Santiago, under macro tunnel conditions, the microclimate and implemented agronomic management; however, it is necessary to improve some management aspects such as nutrition and above all, provide optimal protected conditions for cultivation.

Historical rural architecture of North Portugal and Spanish Galicia: local vernacular forms and concept of adaptation, case study of Porreiras

Vernacular forms which can be found in North Portugal and Galicia (region of Western Spain) can be traced down up until times, when this geographical area was bound together through Celtic influences. Wood, stone, and clay, used for local constructions, appear in many forms which are until now well preserved around the area. The main objective of research was to identify vernacular forms, focusing on granaries, commonly found in the study area, and creating the proposal of their reuse. Development and roots of those buildings is researched, showing their historical origin, locally sourced materials used in the region, as well as the state of the buildings nowadays and legal ways of their protection in Spain and Portugal. The base of the project was a village renewal concept which aims to adapt the ruins of unused agricultural settlements located in Porreiras for cultural tourism needs, with a proposal of reusing granaries as pilgrim units. Minimal intervention is made thanks to creating interior of a granary as a piece of furniture, filling, but not interfering with existing construction. Concept of safeguarding granaries through giving them new function is proposed to be implemented on Camino de Santiago tail, since the granaries are commonly found in rural landscape of North Portugal and Spanish Galicia.

Historical rural architecture of North Portugal and Spanish Galicia: local vernacular forms and concept of adaptation, case study of Porreiras

Vernacular forms which can be found in North Portugal and Galicia (region of Western Spain) can be traced down up until times, when this geographical area was bound together through Celtic influences. Wood, stone, and clay, used for local constructions, appear in many forms which are until now well preserved around the area. The main objective of research was to identify vernacular forms, focusing on granaries, commonly found in the study area, and creating the proposal of their reuse. Development and roots of those buildings is researched, showing their historical origin, locally sourced materials used in the region, as well as the state of the buildings nowadays and legal ways of their protection in Spain and Portugal. The base of the project was a village renewal concept which aims to adapt the ruins of unused agricultural settlements located in Porreiras for cultural tourism needs, with a proposal of reusing granaries as pilgrim units. Minimal intervention is made thanks to creating interior of a granary as a piece of furniture, filling, but not interfering with existing construction. Concept of safeguarding granaries through giving them new function is proposed to be implemented on Camino de Santiago tail, since the granaries are commonly found in rural landscape of North Portugal and Spanish Galicia.

Marian Devotion on the Camino de Santiago during the Middle Ages

This article presents the theological basis of Marian devotion on the medieval Camino de Santiago and its manifestation in the form of Marian advocacies (Virgen Peregrina, Virgen del Camino). The presence of the cult of the Virgin Mary on the pilgrimage route to Compostela, closely linked to the Jacobean tradition from the very beginning, grows out of the main Mariological trend in the Middle Ages, expressed in the synthesis of Thomas Aquinas. However, a special relationship must be sought in the Mariology of the Hispanic–Mozarabic rite, which created the spiritual climate for the Compostela pilgrimages in the first centuries of their existence.

Titration of Trimeric Antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 in Hemodialysis Patients at the Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), Dominican Republic

Titration of Trimeric Antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 in Hemodialysis Patients at the Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS), Dominican Republic

Exceptional Human Experiences Among Pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago: A Study of Self-Reported Experiences and Transformative Aftereffects

The Camino de Santiago pilgrimage is an extraordinary endeavour that tends to trigger exceptional human experiences. Following our previous investigation of this topic, we conducted an online survey of 501 pilgrims in order to assess the frequency of different exceptional experiences (EEs) on the pilgrimage and their transformative aftereffects (TAs) in everyday life afterwards. More than 70% of the respondents reported improvement in terms of self-confidence, personal relationships and letting go of emotional “baggage”. The results show strong correlations between the observed EEs and the (consequent) TAs. We contend that walking the Camino de Santiago often produces exceptional experiences that lead to positive long-term psychosocial effects.

The Traspena meteorite: heliocentric orbit, atmospheric trajectory, strewn field, and petrography of a new L5 ordinary chondrite

ABSTRACTThe Traspena meteorite fell on 2021 January 18 about 20 km south-east of the city of Lugo (Galiza, Spain), shortly after a huge and bright fireball crossed the sky for 4.84 s. Astrometric measurements obtained from the fireball cameras of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC) as well as from many casual videos were used to determine the atmospheric trajectory of this meteoroid which penetrated the atmosphere and generated sound waves that were detected at three seismic stations. The original meteoroid had a diameter of about 1.15 m and a mass around 2620 kg. It impacted the Earth’s atmosphere with a steep entry angle of about 76${_{.}^{\circ}}$7 from a height of 75.10 km until fading away at 15.75 km with a velocity of 2.38 km s−1. Before the impact, this small asteroid was orbiting the Sun with a semimajor axis of 1.125 au, a moderate eccentricity of 0.386, and a low inclination of 4${_{.}^{\circ}}$55. A weak evidence of dynamic link with the PHA (Potential Hazardous Asteroid) Minos was investigated. During the atmospheric entry, two major fragmentation events occurred between heights of 35 and 29 km at aerodynamic pressures between 1 and 5 MPa. The strewn field was computed after calculating the individual dark flights of the main body along with two smaller fragments. Fortunately, 2 month after the superbolide, a 527-g meteorite was found. It was examined using several geochemical and petrographic analyses which allowed us to classify it as a moderately shocked (S3) L5 ordinary chondrite with a bulk density of 3.25 g cm−3.

Franciscanos en Valdivia, Chile (1769-1848). Practicas de conversion y la civilizacion al interior de las misiones huilliches

The aim of this article is to understand the work of Christianisation in the missions of the Colegio de Propaganda de San Ildefonso de Chillán in Valdivia between 1769 and 1848. It investigates the spaces of evangelisation, particularly the daily experience inside the missionary establishments. The methodology contemplated the review of the Miscellaneous Affairs Fund of the College of Chillán, especially letters from the religious of the interior missions to the Prefect and annual reports of missionaries from Valdivia. Other materials on the process of Christianisation in Valdivia come from the Archivo Histórico de Santiago, the Revista Chilena de Historia y Geografía and the Publicaciones del Archivo Franciscano. The analysis of these writings shows the forms adopted by the internal regime of the missions of the Colegio de Chillán, when putting into practice the rules of the Regulations of Missions of 1775 (Iturriaga, 1992), which ranged from violent coercion -evidenced in the control of bodies by means of punishment and the retention of children and women- to multiple forms of persuasion and symbolic domination that were appropriated, adapted and resisted by different means by the Mapuche-Huilliche subjects who lived temporarily in the missions.

From the Camino de Santiago to English Cathedrals

In this article I analyse my experiences of conducting fieldwork in four English cathedrals: Canterbury, Durham, Westminster and York. The focus will be on various challenges related to carrying out fieldwork in sacred spaces. I will also reflect on my role as a researcher and pilgrim/visitor and compare it with my previous experience of researching the Santiago pilgrimage. I explore the following: similarities and differences between conducting fieldwork on the Camino and in cathedrals; and how what I have learned in the Camino context is (or is not) transferable to the Cathedrals context. I will also reflect on how some of the practicalities of conducting fieldwork—such as the location of our workspace in the cathedral—can lead to wider understanding of several topics, for instance, what defines a sacred space, and how different sources of information interact methodologically.

Understanding people’s motivations for a long-distance hiking trip

ABSTRACT This research examines the process behind the decision to undertake a multi-week hiking trip. It analyzes memoirs to understand people’s interest in, preparation for, and consumption of three long-distance thru-hiking trails – the Camino de Santiago, the Appalachian Trail, and the Pacific Crest Trail. The study reveals that the inspiration for long-distance hiking often arises as a vague notion, serendipitously through accidental exposure. This idea may incubate for years as people add the idea to a mental ‘bucket list’. Most typically, an important event triggers the decision to attempt the trail. Once people commit, preparatio requires information and intensive planning. The trip itself is typically a time of self-discovery. Finally, some hikers become devotees and serve as online evangelists to other potential hikers. These narratives provide an understanding of the psychological aspects behind the consumer journeys and the value of examining people’s narratives as a source of this understanding.

Practices of Teachers and Parents of Learners with Special Educational Needs During Pandemic

The research focused on the practices of teachers and parents of learners with special educational needs during pandemic employing descriptive-correlational research design. It specifically sought the demographic profile of the teachers and parent-respondents. Using purposive sampling, the respondents of the study consisted of 22 teachers and 26 parents from Academia De Santiago of Tarlac, and Angel Beats Play and Development Center, Manila, Philippines. The frequency count, percentage weighted mean, and correlation analysis were used to treat the data gathered from the survey-questionnaire. Results revealed that that the teacher-respondents “greatly encountered” behavioral problems and “encountered” cognitive development problems in handling LSENs; parent-respondents “encountered” both behavioral and cognitive development problems. There was a “great extent” of practices of teachers while “little extent” in parents’ practices. There was a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the teacher-respondents and the extent of teachers’ practices. Based from the significant findings drawn, this study recommends to upskill teachers’ competencies in handling learners with special education needs. Finally, implementation of the action plan is hereby recommended to improve the behavioral and cognitive aspects of the learners and to further improve practices of teachers and parents of the home-schooled learners with special educational needs during a pandemic and its aftermath.

Visual communication and the management of passenger conduct: A visual analysis of transit etiquette posters by Japanese railway companies

The visual communication of behavioural expectations plays an important role in the management of contemporary urban spaces. This is evident in mass transit settings where posters and signage promoting good mobility practices are a common sight. Despite the prevalence of such semiotic interventions in passenger conduct in public transport environments globally (see Bissell’s Transit Life: How Commuting Is Transforming Our Cities, 2018; Moore’s ‘Preventing anti-social behaviour on public transport: An alternative route?’, 2010; and Ureta’s ‘Waiting for the barbarians: Disciplinary devices on Metro de Santiago, 2012), their visual structure has only received limited scholarly attention. This article seeks to address this oversight through a visual analysis of ‘manner posters’ issued by Japanese railway providers. Using a two-pronged content analysis approach, the author examines the design strategies employed to problematise passenger misconduct and solicit desirable mobility practices while simultaneously protecting customer sensibilities. Focusing on character figuration, image–viewer relations and the portrayal of misconduct, the article argues that manner posters inscribe behavioural expectations into the physical transport environment by modelling their narrative visual content after actual commuter experiences and using salience-increasing design techniques to highlight etiquette transgressions. As an in-depth visual analysis of transit manner posters, the article thus advances our understanding of the strategic use of visual communication for the management of everyday behaviour and the production and maintenance of public order in contemporary cities.

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Cities of The French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) in Castilla y León according to The Spanish Urban Agenda

The emblematic French Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago Francés) crosses towns, cities, and Spanish regions to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain), However, where is The French Way of Saint James going with respect to the urban sustainability of its host cities? As each city is unique and urban sustainability favors the revitalization and transition of urban areas, to know where to go, it is first necessary to establish a diagnosis that makes the different urban situations visible. In this article, the behavior of urban sustainability is analyzed in the six host cities of The French Way of Saint James in the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León, a region characterized by its link with the rural environment and its current depopulation problems. The data and indicators used are officially provided by the Spanish Urban Agenda, which, through the normalization of its values, are able to territorialize the SDGs at the local level and reflect the realities of the cities of Burgos, Astorga, Cacabelos, León, Ponferrada, and Valverde de la Virgen. The results make it possible to diagnose and compare these host cities, identifying weaknesses, skills, and opportunities that favor the promotion of action plans, local or joint (favored by The French Way of Saint James), in the multiple aspects of sustainability. In addition, they show that Valverde de la Virgen is the city with the best performance in terms of urban sustainability.

An Interdisciplinary Design of an Interactive Cultural Heritage Visit for In-Situ, Mixed Reality and Affective Experiences

Interactive technologies, such as mixed-reality and natural interactions with avatars, can enhance cultural heritage and the experience of visiting a museum. In this paper, we present the design rationale of an interactive experience for a cultural heritage place in the church of Roncesvalles at the beginning of Camino de Santiago. We followed a participatory design with a multidisciplinary team which resulted in the design of a spatial augmented reality system that employs 3D projection mapping and a conversational agent acting as the storyteller. Multiple features were identified as desirable for an interactive experience: interdisciplinary design team; in-situ; mixed reality; interactive digital storytelling; avatar; tangible objects; gestures; emotions and groups. The findings from a workshop are presented for guiding other interactive cultural heritage experiences.

Paso a paso se va muy lejos: Traveling the Path with AFS

<i>Paso a paso se va muy lejos</i>: Traveling the Path with AFS