City Of Santiago Research Articles

Irish Immigrants in Colonial Port Cities of Cuba: Havana, Santiago, and Cienfuegos

Abstract The port city of Havana, central to the Spanish colonial fleet system since the late sixteenth century, remained an important nexus for nineteenth-century Atlantic trade networks of sugar, coffee, tobacco, and the slave trade. Positioning Irish immigrants in this global hub allows us to examine their presence in Cuba and their participation in global circuits of commodities, trade, and labor. Drawing on local colonial sources, we evaluate the opportunities and experiences of Irish immigrants as social actors in the multi-ethnic urban spaces of Havana and other strategically located port cities of Santiago and Cienfuegos. The Irish who converged on Cuba rarely came directly from Ireland. Hence, we explore three migration trajectories mediated through the British West Indies, the Spanish metropole, and globally connected cities of North America. The most prominent were high-ranking military men who arrived in Cuba in the eighteenth century through Iberian-Irish connections; a smaller number of propertied Irish who migrated from the West Indies; and lastly, distinct flows of largely anonymous nineteenth-century immigrants who came through emerging Atlantic networks of colonial labour via the United States. This study explores the entangled histories of Irish, African, and European diasporas in the social and political worlds of three Spanish Caribbean port cities. Through an analysis of how Irish immigrants negotiated processes of class, religion, race, and gender in colonial Cuba, we highlight their participation in key economic and social dynamics of white colonization strategies, plantation slavery, and the Atlantic slave trade.

The transformation of Chacabuco village: From the pre-columbian to the Metropolitan periphery of Santiago, Chile

The process of transformation of the Province of Chacabuco throughout its history according to historical, cartographic and testimonial background, constitutes the central objective in this writing. The facts that describe the process of territorial occupation and the different forms it has taken over time identifying five settlement impulses that are related to the structures that were formed in the territory, with the objective of understanding in detail the occupation of the territory and explaining the causes that impulse it. Since the 17th century, the territory of Chacabuco had scattered human settlements and a countryside organized under the hacienda system for agricultural and livestock use, with a small population around the houses, which after the appearance of the Santiago- Valparaíso railroad generated an agglomeration of dwellings around the stations. From the seventeenth century until the first half of the twentieth century, the territory lacked housing and was mainly devoted to livestock, agriculture or remained unused. However, in the second half of the 20th century, the settlement had an explosive development, linked to urban expansion processes of the city of Santiago, the main metropolis of the country.

The toponymic battle: Renaming streets in Santiago de Chile 50 years after the military coup

ABSTRACT In July and August of 2023, on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the military coup in Chile (September 11, 1973), the Santiago City Council chose to honor the civil-military dictatorship victims by renaming 12 streets in the district. Unexpectedly, the Namur neighborhood, which had a one-block street set to be renamed “Ida Amelia Vera Almarza”—a dictatorship victim—mobilized and vehemently protested the decision. Utilizing a critical approach based on grounded theory and thematic analysis—in which the analysis arises “bottom-up” from an inductive triangulation of various sources—this article examines the reasons for opposing this renaming. The results reveal two primary reasons for opposition: the community’s need to preserve their historical identity embodied in the street’s name (Namur) and their feeling of exclusion and mistreatment. Contrary to some perceptions, this opposition was not driven by denialist or far-right ideologies. Thus, this article offers a novel viewpoint that extends beyond the traditional scholarly understanding of memory politics and suggests that memory battles are not solely about clashes between those for and against victim memorialization. Hence, it urges scholars and practitioners to delve deeper into the motivations behind the opposition to memory and human rights policies.

Spatio-Temporal Behavior of Land Surface Temperatures (LSTs) in Central Chile, Using Terra MODIS Images

Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the most important variables in the physical processes of surface energy and water balance. The temporal behavior of LST was analyzed between the latitudes 32°00′ S and 34°24′ S (Valparaíso and Metropolitana regions of Chile) for three summer months (December, January, and February) in the 2000–2017 period, using the Terra MODIS image information and applying the Mann–Kendall test. The results show an increase in LST in the study area, particularly in the Andes mountain range in January (5240 km2), which mainly comprises areas devoid of vegetation and eternal snow and glaciers, and are zones that act as water reserves for the capital city of Santiago. Similarly, vegetated areas such as forests, grasslands, and shrublands also show increasing trends in LST but over smaller surfaces. Because this study is regional, it is recommended to improve the spatial and temporal resolutions of the images to obtain conclusions on more local scales.

Gymnetis litigiosa Gory & Percheron, 1833 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Gymnetini): first occurrence of this exotic species in Chile

The subfamily Cetoniinae, the genus Gymnetis MacLeay, and the species Gymnetis litigiosa Gory & Percheron are recorded for the first time in Chile, based on specimens collected in the cities of San Felipe de Aconcagua, Los Andes (Valparaíso Region) and Santiago (Metropolitan Region). This new record increases to four the number of exotic scarab beetles introduced and established in the country and extends the known distribution area of the species to the western slope of the Andes mountain range. A brief diagnosis for recognition of the species, adult photographs, distribution, and natural history data are provided. The possible route of entry of this cetoniid into Chile is discussed.

Mineralized structures from the Alhué mining district, Chile: Using fluid inclusions and textures

The Alhué mining district (AMD) of the Coastal Range in Central Chile is situated approximately 70 km southwest of the city of Santiago and hosted in stratified Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sequences which are common in central Chile. More than 79 faults and veins are recognized in the AMD hosted in andesites and tuffs with clear structural control showing two distinct trends. Precious‐metal mineralization locally extends over strike lengths of up to 1000 m along these structures with grades averaging at 5 ppm gold and 23 ppm of silver. In this study, a University of Chile – YAMANA GOLD joint research project was created to better understand this particular deposit and explore the origin of gold anomalies found in the district using drill core, mine, and surface samples. Wide internal variations in homogenization temperature and electrolytes were observed at all scales: on the district scale, in mineralized structures intersected in drill core, and in hand specimens. This variability may reflect the diversity of ore-forming conditions in the mining district in addition to the different processes (including fault motion over time) and geochemical components within the district. Textural analyses and fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA) provide evidence for boiling and flashing mechanisms at several localities. Raman spectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS techniques allowed a better characterization of the fluid composition and mineral paragenesis. The presence of gold (∼3.8 ppm) and silver (∼1424 ppm) in both vapor-rich only FIAs (i.e. that contain 99 % vapor) hosted in quartz and liquid-rich FIA hosted in sphalerite implies that gold was transported as sulfide and chloride complexes. The AMD shows a transition from a high temperature environment (sometimes containing calc-silicate minerals) to a low temperature (epithermal) system. This mineralization depended on the type of vein system which tend to be mineralized in strike slip faults e.g. Maqui and Lorena structures. The consequence of flashing documented at dilational jogs, structural intersections and fault bends was likely an important outcome leading to the precipitation of metals at the AMD.Coexisting liquid-rich and vapor-rich fluid inclusions contained in a FIA were observed at the deepest levels in the Chilco vein and the proportion of samples showing boiling increases with depth, indicating that additional precious metal resources may be present below current exploration depths. In summary, our new results reveal that gold, silver and base metal veins found at the AMD in Chile are unique hydrothermal polymetallic ore deposits that are structurally controlled and related to an orogenic environment. A general model for the AMD is one where high temperature fluids from deep crustal mafic magmatic systems, probably as products of a devolatilization and far-from-equilibrium conditions, reach subsurface conditions along faults and are mineralized along these faults. Because having a truly unique ore deposit in the geologic record is very unlikely, the AMD forms an important case study that helps understand structurally controlled ore deposits. Thus our work can form a model for future exploration in the AMD and provide insight into exploration in other sites in Chile and along continental margin settings worldwide, in both poorly characterized known deposits and at greenfield sites.

Digital Divide among Education Teachers in Northeastern College of Santiago City

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been revealed as key potential factors for economic growth and social development. The diffusion of ICTs drives access to information and knowledge; the uneven distribution of ICTs within or between societies may result in their having a very uneven impact on economic development and wealth. The digital divide has become an extremely important issue for many international organizations and a major challenge for policymakers and academic researchers. To gain insight into the digital divide among basic education teachers in Northeastern College Santiago City, the researcher a quantitative approach where all the education teachers in Northeastern College Santiago City were the respondents of the study. In gathering the data and information needed for the study, the following instruments are used: questionnaire and structured interview. The researcher used Simple Frequency and Percentage Count and Weighted Mean. Initiatives aimed to equip classrooms and build teacher capability in technology use encounter acceptance, sustainability, and scalability challenges. Among all these issues, the most critical challenge is meeting digital equity among students, teachers, and administrations. For ICTs to empower education, there is a need to launch policies and initiatives that provide students and teachers with equitable access to digital technologies. The first and foremost prerequisite for the exploitation of ICT in education is ensuring adequate ICT access by teachers as well as by students. Keywords: Digital Divide, Information Communication Technologies

BURNOUT AND WORKPLACE CONFLICTS: A FACULTY'S PERSPECTIVE FROM SANTIAGO CITY HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Background Job burnout happens when a person is unable to satisfy constant job demands, is emotionally exhausted, or feels overwhelmed. Several factors contribute to burnout, including job-related stress, a heavy workload, an uncomfortable work environment, and insufficient organizational support. The study sought to understand educator views on burnout and workplace problems, as well as their relationship to demographic characteristics. Method: The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional quantitative research design to determine the perspective of 183 full-time faculty on burnout and workplace conflicts at Higher Education Institutions of Santiago City. Findings: The study found out that faculty somewhat disagrees with the perceptions on burnout and workplace conflicts in terms of burnout syndrome, workplace conflicts, and burnout due to conflicts. Furthermore, results revealed that there is a significant relationship between the three categories and sex Recommendation: The study encouraged increasing pleasant connections between faculty and clients and students, as well as encouraging collaboration and teamwork when assigning duties. Also, appropriately manage the workload, prioritize duties, and recognize and appreciate the achievements of educators. KEYWORDS: Burnout, Employees, Perspective, Workplace Conflicts

5S Strategy Practices Kontra Dengue in the Selected Barangays of Santiago City in 2022: Basis in the Dengue Enhancement Program and Public Advocacy

Dengue is a rapidly spreading vector-borne disease endemic in 100 countries, with complex factors contributing to its occurrence. In Santiago City, the City Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit (CESU) conducted a survey in 2022, revealing 603 cases of Dengue from 2018 to 2022. Thus, the researchers are determined to know the reasons behind the high incidence of dengue cases in Santiago City. The study aimed to determine the practices affecting respondents from barangays Rizal, Plaridel, and Patul to acquire Dengue disease. The data was collected using a survey questionnaire. The results showed no significant difference between the profile variables of respondents and the 5s practices against Dengue. Additionally, there was no significant relationship between the 5s practices against Dengue and the profile variables of the respondents. Profile variables such as age, sex, educational attainment, occupation, and place of work were found to be unimportant in the 5s practices against Dengue. Moreover, the study revealed that most respondents answered sometimes in 5s1 practices, such as searching and destroying breeding sites, participating in public activities, and being aware of the 5s strategy. They also answered sometimes in using mosquito nets before going to sleep, putting screens on windows and doors, and using electric rackets to kill mosquitoes. In 5s2 practices, respondents often sought early consultations for Dengue symptoms, rarely in fogging conducted by the barangay, and sometimes in contacting the health center for questions about fogging. In 5s5 practices, respondents often and always sustained their hydration by drinking enough water and eating fruits rich in water. The researchers concluded that the 5S practices kontra Dengue was not really practiced, improperly practiced or their neighbors do not practice the 5S strategies as it was reflected on the answer of the respondents and observation of the researchers. Furthermore, the researchers concluded that the local government unit’s lack of attention in proper fogging and spraying in each barangay may contribute to the incidence of Dengue in Santiago City. Therefore, by spreading awareness through information dissemination and taking part in the shared responsibilities of the citizens and the government in doing the 5S Strategy Practices Kontra Dengue will lower the incidence of Dengue in Santiago City.

Relationship of the Perceived Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Digital Printing Businesses

The study investigates the relationship between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction among digital printing businesses in Santiago City. The relationship between the demographic profile and customer satisfaction was also examined. This cross-sectional study is based on primary and secondary data. A sample of 369 respondents who availed of the service at least once from the various digital printing businesses in Santiago City participated in the study. A non-probability sampling technique, specifically quota sampling, has been used in identifying participants for the current study. The researchers used the Pearson correlation coefficient to test hypotheses and provide statistical results. The study found essential implications on the relationship between the perceived service quality and customer satisfaction in digital printing businesses; the customers perceived all the service quality dimensions, especially the Empathy dimension. Participants are “Very Satisfied” with the service they received rendered by the Digital Printing Businesses. Service quality and customer satisfaction have a moderate positive correlation. The perceived service quality has a weak positive correlation with the participant’s demographic profile, except the gender. Customer satisfaction has no significant relationship with the participant’s demographic profile. The study presented an analysis of the relationship between perceived service quality and customer satisfaction among digital printing businesses that would be relevant in increasing the level of satisfaction experienced by the customers. Therefore, there is an essential contribution towards providing best practices for operational efficiency, workflow optimization, and quality control, resulting in improved processes and customer satisfaction.

Testing Housing Price Drivers in Santiago de Chile: A Hedonic Price Approach

Hedonic modelling is an empirical analysis technique that is widely used to review the housing market and unpack the main determinants of price. A correct determination of housing price drivers allows a weighted prediction of the value of each dwelling for sale or rent. This paper reviews the fundamental determinants of housing prices that have been published in the literature to see which ones have a better predictive fit for the case of the housing market in the city of Santiago, Chile. From a record of 456,000 property transactions, a dataset composed of 11 explanatory variables is elaborated. Through a semi-logarithmic regression, 4 variables that contribute to explaining the formation of housing prices in Santiago, Chile, are identified. The results indicate that the socioeconomic characterisation of urban areas where housing is traded, the price of copper on the London Metal Exchange, the mortgage interest rate, the age of residential buildings are the main drivers for the main drivers of prices in Santiago. Given the crisis of access to housing in Chile, the article provides relevant information for decision-makers in housing policy.

The impact of electromobility in public transport: An estimation of energy consumption using disaggregated data in Santiago, Chile

Electromobility in public transport has become a promising way to reduce environmental pollution. Several contributions have sought to estimate the energy consumption of buses in public transport. However, most of these efforts use measurements collected from controlled or simulated experiments, or that do not characterize the entire bus network. Unlike these studies, this article estimates the energy consumption of all the electric buses that circulate in the city of Santiago, Chile, during the studied period using full disaggregated GPS data and empirical measurements on some sensorized electric buses. The methodology considers a feature selection phase and the development of energy consumption prediction models using physics based and machine learning approaches. The performances of both models are compared with each other, and then, the best one is used to measure the impact of electromobility in the city. This analysis allows decision-makers to target investment by determining the buses with higher energy consumption savings in the face of budget constraints.

Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives on the Financial Performance of SMEs

This study examines the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives on the financial performance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), focusing on their financial aspect rather than examining larger industries' CSR practices. A cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used for this study. A sample of 77 wholesalers and retailers from Santiago City owners or appointed representatives by the business owner responded, given that such a representative is a continuing employee with at least three years of service in the business. The study finds a strong positive relationship between CSR initiatives and the financial performance of SMEs, wherein CSR initiatives serve as a business strategy to improve their business operations. It further suggests that CSR does not lead to financial gain but engagement in various economic, social, and environmental activities that significantly indirectly affect SMEs’ financial performance. The paper discusses the role of CSR initiatives in SMEs' business strategies, highlighting their potential to enhance operations, financial performance, competitiveness, and revenue growth, contributing to the business industry, economics, and environment.

Mobility-as-a-Service and the role of multimodality in the sustainability of urban mobility in developing and developed countries

Mobility as a service (MaaS) is an emerging framework that integrates multiple transport services into a single and intuitive platform. This paper contrasts the urban passenger transport markets in developed versus developing economies to understand the challenges of integrating mobility services using the MaaS framework, with a focus on decarbonization and sustainability as societal goals. In addition, we conducted a Life Cycle Assessment of carbon emissions and energy requirements of travel alternatives in the city of Santiago, Chile, to shed light on the effects of multimodality as an environmental tool. A summary of findings follows. Data sharing and open data are new in developing countries, and thus more investment in data infrastructure is required so that MaaS can leverage digital technology and network optimization. If the scalability of MaaS is an open question in developed countries, it is more so in developing countries, owning to institutional and financial constraints that are present in the latter. The lack of public subsidies to support formal public transport is a key limitation for the implementation of MaaS schemes and multimodal frameworks in the developing world. Regarding formality, in countries with an informal public transport sector, a potential implementation of MaaS will be spatially constrained to those locations where public transport operates formally and frequently (BRT and rail lines), limiting its spatial coverage and posing social equity issues. In countries with scarce or no public funds available for the transport sector, MaaS could be used as a catalyst for a broad environmental and equity-seeking transport pricing reform which requires a direct involvement of public sector in both regulation and financial backing. We conclude that the formalization and general improvement of the public transport sector, the regulation of shared-mobility platforms including the formalization of the work of drivers, and the setting of proper pricing and subsidization instruments in the direction of internalizing the social costs of motorized traffic, are all prerequisites for any MaaS system that aims to improve economic efficiency, social equity, and sustainability.

Operation of unified financial assistance system for tertiary education in selected private institutions in Santiago city, Isabela

This study examines the implementation of the tertiary education subsidy as mandated by Republic Act No. 10931. A descriptive-comparative research design was used for the investigation. It polled 347 student-grantees chosen purposefully from Northeastern College and the University of La Salette, Inc., sampled using the proportional stratification technique. The respondents believed that the Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) should be implemented in order to encourage student perseverance, academic achievement, and administrative capacity. Regarding financial ability, the respondents overwhelmingly concurred that the subsidy reduced their financial stress while attending school, helped them pay their tuition on time, and helped them purchase supplies for their studies. The respondents also concurred that TES provided advantages such developing responsibility and money management skills, aiding in the understanding of the worth of money, and providing motivation to spend prudently. Regardless of their profiles, all of the respondents generally agreed on how well the Tertiary Education Subsidy (TES) had been implemented. When categorized according to their profiles, certain specific indications were found to be considerably different. Finally, the respondents felt that the late delivery of essential money and severe deadlines for the criteria were the most frequently encountered issues in the implementation of TES.

New Observations of the Meteorological Conditions Associated with Particulate Matter Air Pollution Episodes in Santiago, Chile

The meteorological factors of the severe wintertime particulate matter (PM) air pollution problem of the city of Santiago, Chile, are investigated with newly available observations, including a 30 m tower measuring near-surface stability, winds and turbulence, as well as lower-tropospheric vertical profiles of temperature and winds measured by commercial airplanes operating from the Santiago airport (AMDAR database). Focusing on the cold season of the years 2017–2019, high-PM days are defined using an index of evening concentrations measured in the western part of the city. The diurnal cycles of the different meteorological variables computed over 25 PM episodes are compared against the overall diurnal cycles. PM episodes are associated with enhanced surface stability and weaker surface winds and turbulence during the evening and night. AMDAR vertical profiles of temperature and winds during episodes reveal a substantial lower-tropospheric warming attributed to enhanced regional subsidence, which is consistent with the shallower daytime boundary layer depth and the increased surface thermal amplitude observed during these days. An explanation for the weak surface winds during PM episodes was not evident, considering that these are clear days that would strengthen the local valley wind system. Two possible mechanisms are put forward to resolve this issue, which can be tested in the future using high-resolution numerical modeling validated with the new data described here.

Vantage Points

A distinctive trait of the Chilean art scene, its insular condition came about as a consequence of the 1973 coup d’état, which interrupted foreign relations for a long time. The situation is only now being reversed, with local artistic production still being restricted to a homegrown market and audiences. Within this national circuit of the arts, almost entirely centered in the city of Santiago, artistic work is mostly limited to the activity of graduates and faculty from metropolitan universities, such as the Universidad de Chile and the Universidad Católica. The trend is now being reversed thanks to recent social events, primarily the 2019 uprisings or the increased market value of lithium, which put Chile back at the center of the global geopolitical agenda. In addition, a shift in media attention toward the art of indigenous peoples, which peaked in 2022, with examples such as the Venice Biennale, has allowed artists like Cecilia Vicuña, active since the seventies, to enter the so-called star system of art.

Impact of Inventory Management on Financial Performance of MSMEs in Santiago City

The study aims to investigate the impact of inventory management on the operational efficiency and financial performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Santiago City. A correlational descriptive cross-sectional survey design was utilized on a sample of randomly selected 314 participants belonging to the merchandising MSMEs from Santiago City. Primary data was collected using self-administered questionnaires analyzed using frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviation, and linear regression. The results showed that MSMEs are efficient in inventory management, operation and have good financial performance. It further suggests a strong positive relationship between inventory management and operational efficiency and a moderate positive relationship between inventory management and financial performance. The study offers practical guidance to MSMEs on optimizing their operational efficiency and maintaining good financial performance through effective inventory management practices. It gives owners and managers valuable insights into specific areas that need improvement and the underlying factors that inventory management affects. Furthermore, the research deepens the understanding of the intricate relationship between inventory management, operational efficiency, and financial performance within the context of MSMEs in Santiago City, thus enriching the existing knowledge for researchers and practitioners.

CRY FROM WITHIN: THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SME OWNERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has widely diverse effects on businesses worldwide, particularly Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) that began with debt and continue to operate with debt. Before the outbreak, SMEs have already difficulties managing their existing debts. Hence, this study was designed to identify the debt management strategies of SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative-narratology research design was employed. In order to gather data, the researchers utilized semi-structured, in-depth interview to a sample of 10 SMEs owners from Santiago City selected through purposive sampling. The gathered data were analyzed though NVIvo. It was found out that due to indebtedness, SMEs experienced business shutdown, resorted to informal money lenders, insolvency, unsettled loans and repetitive borrowing while their coping mechanisms towards indebtedness were personal saving scheme, debt-settlement budget allocation, putting eggs in other baskets and responsibility and accountability. It was also found out that frugality, financial planning, working capital management and business liquidity management were their debt management strategies. While the factors attributing to these strategies were effective cash reserve handling, conservative credit management and discipline. The study recommends SMEs to restructure their budget, control their cash flow, maintain cash reserves and opt for debt consolidation loan.

Cut-off points for isometric handgrip and low limb explosive strength in relation to indicators of overweight/obesity in people with intellectual disabilities: analysis by age groups.

The prevalence of overweight/obesity has been increasing globally and in people with Intellectual Disabilities (IDs), this problem is exacerbated even more, which added to a low physical condition that contributes to the deterioration of functionality and increases the risk of developing chronic diseases in the course of life. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish cut-off points for levels of isometric handgrip and low limb explosive strength in children, adolescents and adults, which identify overweight/obesity in people with IDs and their respective associations. The sample was made up of 131 individuals with IDs, belonging to four special and community educational centres in the city of Santiago, Chile. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were used as indicators of overweight/obesity. Handgrip strength was used as a measure of isometric strength, and countermovement jump was used as a measure of low limb explosive strength. For the comparison of variables by age group, the analysis of Ancova, Kruskal-Wallis and chi-square tests were used. The total area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of isometric handgrip and low limb explosive strength was identified as an indicator of overweight/obesity according to age groups. A logistic regression model was used to quantify the effect that strength categories below the cut-off point have on the risk of overweight and obesity. Significant differences were observed between the age groups for body weight, height, BMI and WHR, as well as in the levels of absolute handgrip strength and vertical jump with countermovement (P≤0.05). Children showed the lowest cut-off points for absolute and relative strength. The adolescent group showed the highest cut-off points for relative strength and countermovement jump and adults showed the highest value for absolute strength as indicators of overweight/obesity. Different associations between cut-off points with BMI and WHR were found. Adolescents showed the highest cut-off point for relative strength and countermovement jump, and adults showed the highest value for absolute strength, according to overweight/obesity indicators (BMI and WHR). It is suggested to adjust resistance training programmes according to age categories for the prevention of overweight/obesity in people with IDs.