Santa Catarina Coast Research Articles

Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Santa Catarina Coast, Southern Brazil, with Notes on Their Abundance and Spatial Distribution

Sea cucumbers are important components of marine ecosystems and also highly valued commodities in Asian markets because of their use in oriental cuisine and traditional medicine. The increasing demand for sea cucumbers has elicited intense worldwide capture and many species are currently considered vulnerable or threatened due to overexploitation. The coast of Santa Catarina State (South Brazil) is the distribution limit of several tropical species in the Western South Atlantic, but little is known about the sea cucumber species occurring in this region. This study aimed to identify the holothuroids occurring in the littoral of Santa Catarina State and to survey their abundance and distribution along the coast. Visual and tactile inspections were carried out following transects in the intertidal zone of 11 locations and subtidal surveys were carried out by diving in two sites. The surveys indicated the occurrence of three species: Parathyone braziliensis in the intertidal zone, Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea in the intertidal as well as in the sublittoral, and Isostichopus badionotus in the sublittoral. The most abundant species was H. (H.) grisea, which occurred in several sites along the coast, up to Lat. 28° 01′ 07.67″ S, its likely southern limit of distribution. The species I. badionotus was for the first time recorded to occur on the continental coast of the State, expanding its area of distribution. This study registers for the first time the occurrence of P. braziliensis in southern Brazil, expanding its limit of geographic distribution.

A Farra do Boi: humanidade, animalidade e as sensibilidades jurídicas em uma decisão judicial

A farra do boi, como ficou conhecida a prática tradicional de algumas comunidades pesqueiras do litoral catarinense, atualmente proibida pela justiça sob alegação de maus-tratos aos animais, é um caso propício para observar os contrastes entre diferentes sensibilidades jurídicas, assim como as profundas diferenças entre o fazer antropológico e o trabalho dos julgadores. Para isso, o artigo busca se fundamentar em noções que acompanham a formação moderna do pensamento ocidental, como as classificações dicotômicas entre bárbaro e civilizado, natureza e cultura, rural e urbano, chegando à Constituição Federal e seus artigos, que garantem a proteção tanto da cultura quanto do meio ambiente.

A influência da variação zonal da confluência Brasil-Malvinas na safra da tainha no estado de Santa Catarina entre os anos 2006 a 2016

The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (CBM) comprises the region located in the southwestern portion of the Atlantic Ocean, with a strong influence on meteorological aspects and oceanographic phenomena, including sea surface temperature (SST). Variations in SST, influence the dynamics and behavior of aquatic species and consequently the fishing productivity of mullet (Mugil liza), a species of great economic importance in the state of Santa Catarina. The present study deals with the analysis of the influence of the CBM zonal variation on the sea surface temperature (SST) in southern Brazil, making a comparison with the data of the fish harvest in the Santa Catarina coast, considering a period of 11 years (2006 to 2016) and in the months of fishing (April to July). From the data analysis it is possible to identify the characteristic behavior of the period and to analyze the influencing factors.

Deglacial climate and relative sea level changes forced the shift from eolian sandsheets to dunefields in southern Brazilian coast

Quaternary sea level and climate changes can promote spatio-temporal shifts in the morphology of coastal eolian depositional systems. A shift of depositional features such as from sandsheets to dunefields occurs as response to a disequilibrium condition in the system promoted by changes in accumulation space and sediment supply balance. On the other hand, the eolian system migration, with maintenance of morphological patterns, points to an equilibrium conservation under minor variations in the external controlling factors of the system. The Santa Catarina coast in southern Brazil hosts widespread active and stabilized eolian depositional systems with varied morphology. In this study, geomorphologic and stratigraphic changes of eolian deposits of the southern coast of Santa Catarina were constrained by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. This allowed to assess how coastal eolian systems responded to late Quaternary climate and sea level changes. Eolian sandsheets initiated around 22 ka ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and persisted during most of the deglacial period under conditions characterized by sea level lowstand, wider exposition of shelf sediments, more continental and drier climate and scarcer vegetation cover in the study setting. The shift from eolian sandsheets to dunefields occurred approximately at 6 ka ago and marks the establishment of coastal conditions in the study setting. The development of dunefields since the middle Holocene would result from eolian system disequilibrium in response to a condition characterized by sea level highstand, wetter climate and denser vegetation cover. The maintenance of a dunefield morphology since 6 ka ago, despite its onshore migration, indicates a new equilibrium between accumulation space and sediment supply. Sandsheets evolved to dunefields around 6 ka ago when the coastline stabilized and the accumulation space was limited by onshore vegetation growth, favoring eolian sediment aggradation. The precipitation ridge in the inner margin of the dunefield has been successively stabilized, abandoned and repositioned seaward, accompanying the coastal progradation since 4 ka ago. The decreasing migration rate of dunefields since 4 ka ago is attributed to rainfall reduction, which deplete fluvial sediment supply to coastal systems and, therefore, slow down the coastal progradation rate.

A sampling plan for phycotoxins surveillance in bivalve mollusc farms along the Santa Catarina coast, Brazil

Bivalve molluscs are filter-feeders and have a wide range of phytoplankton species as main food source. Some of these species are toxic, producing the so-called phycotoxins, that can get concentrated in edible parts of mussels, oysters, scallops, and clams, causing severe intoxication syndromes in consumers. Since 2008, harmful algae and phycotoxins occurrence related to three shellfish poisoning syndromes: Diarrhetic (DSP), Amnesic (ASP), and Paralytic (PSP) shellfish poisonings have been monitored in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify representative sampling areas from which shellfish samples should be collected each round of the monitoring cycle and (2) to define an alternative sampling strategy for phycotoxins detection that requires less samples and/or smaller pool sizes according to different laboratorial methods officially recognized. Using geographic information system, we designed 24 sampling areas. To calculate sample sizes for phycotoxins detection in mollusc soft tissues, we simulated six scenarios with different values of prevalence and test sensitivity. Considering High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC-DAD) and mice bioassays, the most realist scenario was the one of ≥20% of prevalence and highly sensitive tests, which resulted in one pool of 20 Perna perna mussels each to detect ASP toxins, two pools of 15 to detect PSP, and two pools of 30 to detect Lipophilic Toxins (DSP + Yessotoxin). With the use of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, only one pool of 15 mussels would be enough for target phycotoxins detection. The strategy of sampling using the defined areas associated with LC-MS/MS analysis requires less samples and a smaller pool size without losing area representativeness and surveillance system sensitivity.

A Armação Baleeira de Garopaba: sua justa dimensão

Este texto se propõe a discutir a Armação Baleeira de Garopaba, pertencente ao complexo de armações construídas e exploradas no Brasil entre os séculos XVII e XIX. Privilegia aspectos relacionados à fundação e à estrutura da Armação, isto é, um sistema organizado de caça da baleia, produção e distribuição de óleo que desempenhou um papel ativo no processo de formação do município de Garopaba. A análise que se segue considera não só a importância econômica da produção do óleo da baleia, mas enfatiza o seu papel primordial ao imprimir um ritmo próprio à economia de algumas regiões coloniais. Nesse sentido, pretende-se dialogar com a historiografia existente, ressaltando a pouco discutida relação entre as armações e a instalação de uma sucessão regular de centros povoados, que se mantinham no litoral catarinense.

Ecological study of viral hepatitis in Brazil: A geographical and temporal analysis

Introduction : Viral hepatitis is a group of diseases that present high hepatotropism and are related to liver dysfunctions, having either an acute or a chronic course. Their worldwide epidemiology is diverse, with several endemic places, such as South America. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Brazil, in order to better understand its pattern of distribution and evolution. Method: A temporal aggregation study was conducted using the Viral Hepatitis Database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The serological markers used were HBsAg and anti-HCV for hepatitis B and C, respectively. Mortality data were collected from the Mortality Information System for deaths attributed to viral hepatitis. The period analyzed was from 2007 to 2016/17. Results: The incidence was 7.88 (95% CI, 7.30-8.45) for hepatitis B and 11.9 (95% CI, 11.15-12.65) for hepatitis C. Mortality attributed to viral hepatitis was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.35-1.87) deaths per 100,000 people. An analysis of municipal distribution data showed several endemic areas. The Brazilian regions most affected by hepatitis B virus were the northern and southern borders, Santa Catarina coast and Espirito Santo state, while hepatitis C virus was mostly present in metropolitan areas such as Porto Alegre and Sao Paulo. Conclusion: Viral hepatitis has a diverse geographic distribution in the Brazilian territory, with highly endemic areas. The distribution differs between hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. Keywords: Hepatitis; epidemiology; mortality; Brazil

Late-Holocene subtropical mangrove dynamics in response to climate change during the last millennium

This work aims to study the impacts of climate change in the subtropical mangroves during the late-Holocene on a southern Brazilian coastal plain and discuss the environmental conditions to the mangrove establishment near the austral limit of South America mangroves. Samples were collected to study palynological groups, sedimentary facies, and geochemistry analyses (δ13C, δ15N, TOC, TN, C:N ratio, TS, and C:S ratio), synchronized with four radiocarbon ages. The main result of this research was the mangrove succession, divided into three palynological zones composing two facies association: (1) herbaceous tidal flat and (2) mangrove tidal flat. The first zone between at least ~1815 and ~1629 cal. yr BP was marked by the mangrove absence with marine particulate organic carbon, C3 terrestrial plants, and macrophytes organic matter influence with δ13C values between −26.7‰ and −20‰, δ15N values x̅ = 3.5‰ and C:N around 21.8. The second zone between ~1629 and ~853 cal. yr BP was marked by the mangrove establishment represented only by Laguncularia pollen under influence of estuarine organic matter (δ13C x̅ = −26.5‰; δ15N x̅ = 3.2‰, and C:N around 16.4). The third zone reveals an increase of Laguncularia and presence of Avicennia pollen since ~853 cal. yr BP. Near the surface (<10 cm) occurs Rhizophora pollen, indicating the establishment of this genus during the past decades, under the modern environmental condition (δ13C x̅ = −27.02‰; δ15N x̅ = 3.12‰, and C:N around 17.42). This mangrove vertical succession may be associated with the low-temperature tolerance, where the sequence Rhizophora, Avicennia, and Laguncularia occurs from the northern to the southern limits of Santa Catarina coast, respectively, reflecting the temperature gradient. Therefore, probably, the establishment of the mangrove assemblage identified along the studied pollen profile was influenced by a temperature increase of air and water during the late-Holocene and, considering the Rhizophora genus, only during the past decades.

Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from mollusks in Brazil and the United States.

The aim of this study was to determine the serogroups, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from samples of bivalve mollusks collected along Santa Catarina coast, Brazil, and from the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA. One hundred forty‐one E. coli isolates were characterized for serogroups with 181 specific O antisera and antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method. The genetic diversity was assessed using pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The results showed that among the isolates, 19.9% were classified as multi‐drug resistant (MDR) and resistance was most frequently observed to cephalothin, nitrofurantoin, and ampicillin. The predominant serogroups were O6, O8, and O38. Some serogroups were recognized as pathogenic E. coli. PFGE dendrograms indicated extensive genetic diversity among the isolates. Although characteristics of the E. coli isolates were highly variable, it is important to note that E. coli belonging to pathogenic serogroups and MDR isolates are present in mollusks of both study areas. This is the first report on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli from mollusks from Santa Catarina and the Chesapeake Bay that should encourage studies focusing on comparison of isolates across countries.

Bacterioplankton abundance and biomass stimulated by water masses intrusions over the Southern Brazilian Shelf (between 25°57'S and 29°24'S)

In order to understand the distribution of bacterioplankton along the continental shelf off the Santa Catarina coast (25°57'S and 29°24'S) and whether water masses were affecting this distribution, we measured abundance, biovolume, and biomass of bacterioplankton, and the physico-chemical characteristics of the water masses in three transects in two distinct seasons: summer and winter of 2010. During the austral summer, high continental runoffs from the Itajaí River and Babitonga Bay mix over the shelf with Tropical Water (TW) and originate the summer Subtropical Shelf Water (STSW). Bacterial biomass reached an average of 2.5–5.0 μgC L−1 in summer, with values observed in the southernmost transect (Araranguá) being one order of magnitude higher when compared to the others, where nutrient-rich South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) intrusions are often near the coast. On the contrary, in the austral winter, the Plata Plume Water (PPW) spread on the first 40 m of water positively influenced bacterial abundance and biomass, which were on average ten times higher than those observed in the summer (abundance of up to 2.5 × 109 cells L−1, and biomass up to 60 μgC L−1). As a conclusion, PPW, indicated by the colder waters, high silicate and Kd values, and high concentrations of particulate organic carbon have a positive effect on the abundance and biomass of bacterioplankton, whereas the intrusions of SACW, and local freshwater runoffs have secondary effects on bacterial parameters. This is the first description of the influence of PPW intrusions over the dynamics of bacterioplankton, considering two contrasting environmental periods, and, consequently, to carbon budget studies in the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS). Taking into account both abundance and biomass of bacterioplankton and their association with water masses in the SBS, our results provide fundamental information for further biogeochemical studies.

Ciclos sazonais da carcinofauna capturada na pesca do camarão-sete-barbas, Xiphopenaeus kroyeri no litoral de Santa Catarina

A pesca do camarão-sete-barbas, é eficaz na obtenção da espécie-alvo, mas pouco seletiva por capturar elevada quantidade de fauna acompanhante. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou caracterizar as capturas camaroeiras no litoral catarinense, como também evidenciar padrões ambientais e a composição da carcinofauna registrada. Campanhas mensais (140) ocorreram em três pontos de estudo, totalizando 420 arrastos, os quais foram agrupados por estação do ano. A Análise Discriminante demonstrou oscilação na salinidade e temperatura entre as estações. A carcinofauna foi composta por espécies com abundí­¢ncias e frequências distintas, sendo que aparentemente as variações das condições ambientais estiveram associadas í­Â formação de comunidades sazonais na área, conforme os resultados obtidos pela análise ANOSIM (R = 0,247; p = 0,001). A Análise da Porcentagem compreensão sobre o funcionamento do ecossistema explorado de Similaridade evidenciou que as espécies que mais contribuí­­ram para as diferenças foram: X. kroyeri, A. longinaris, P. muelleri e C. ornatus. Tais variações resultaram em proporções de recursoalvo/carcinofauna diferentes (Qui-Quadrado: X2 = 31,01; GL = 6; p < 0,000001).

O mexilhão Perna perna no Brasil: nativo ou exótico?

A mitilicultura no Brasil se baseia no mexilhão Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758), que é encontrado em todo o litoral brasileiro, sendo especialmente abundante do Espírito Santo a Santa Catarina. Nos últimos anos, foi lançada a hipótese de que P. perna seja uma espécie exótica no litoral brasileiro. A hipótese se baseia na análise da malacofauna presente em sítios arqueológicos. Todas as contestações levantadas não remetem à uma conclusão, pois precisam de estudos específicos, com metodologias claras, aliando arqueologia, ecologia e biologia molecular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a condição de nativo ou exótico do mexilhão Perna perna no Brasil, a partir de levantamento dos resultados em sítios arqueológicos, de técnicas moleculares e de datação de conchas com C14. A datação indicou que as amostras de Perna perna do sítio arqueológico Rio do Meio/Jurerê, Florianópolis/SC, têm idade de 720±30 e 780±30 anos. O cálculo do tempo de divergência indicou que a separação das populações brasileiras e africanas ocorreu por volta de 200 mil anos. Os resultados apontam a presença da espécie no território brasileiro muito antes do descobrimento do Brasil pelos portugueses no ano de 1500, indicando que P. perna é de fato uma espécie nativa.

Sampling design for biotoxins monitoring in bivalve molluscs crops of the Santa Catarina coast, Brazil

Sampling design for biotoxins monitoring in bivalve molluscs crops of the Santa Catarina coast, Brazil

Turismo e a dinâmica sócio-espacial do litoral de Santa Catarina

O artigo analisa as mudanças na dinâmica sócio-espacial do litoral de Santa Catarina nas últimas décadas, relacionando dialeticamente elementos naturais e humanos e considerando as determinações locais, regionais, nacionais e mundiais responsáveis por sua configuração atual, marcada pela intensa movimentação de veículos nas rodovias federais e estaduais, em razão do desenvolvimento do turismo e do permanente tráfego de cargas e pessoas. O método de abordagem apoia-se no materialismo histórico-dialético, recorrendo fundamentalmente ao paradigma de formação socioespacial que favorece a identificação das “múltiplas determinações” responsáveis pela caracterização de realidades concretas. A investigação demonstrou o dinamismo sócio- espacial do litoral catarinense, resultado uma intensa movimentação de pessoas e de mercadorias.

Central Santa Catarina coastal dunefields chronology and their relation to relative sea level and climatic changes

ABSTRACTDuring the past decades, there have been contrarian explanations for the formation and stabilization of coastal dunefields: while many authors believe the dunes formation would be enhanced by falling sea level, others argue that a rising or stable sea level context would be favorable. For Brazilian coastal dunefields, the second hypothesis seems to be more consistent with the luminescence ages found so far; however, most of these data were obtained without using the SAR protocol. Another point of concern is the role of climate change in the aeolian system, which is still not very clear. The aim of this paper is to try to clarify these two questions. To this end, five coastal dunefields were selected in central Santa Catarina coast. The remote sensing and dating results allowed the discrimination and mapping of at least four aeolian generations. Their age distribution in relation to the global curve of relative sea level variation during the Late Pleistocene allows us to suggest that the formation of Aeolian dunefields in the coastal context is supported by stable relative sea level. However, relative sea level is not the only determinant for the formation and preservation of the aeolian coastal dunes. Evidences of climatic control indicate that the initiation of dunefields would be favored by periods of less humidity while their stabilization would occur preferably during the periods of rain intensification, connected to monsoon activity.

Performance assessment of the database downscaled ocean waves (DOW) on Santa Catarina coast, South Brazil.

This work presents a validation of wave parameters from the new sixty years Downscaled Ocean Waves (DOW) reanalysis database. This study compares quantiles of the Gumbel distribution of Hs (significant wave height) and Tp (peak period) from simulated data with an 11 months' time series obtained from a buoy moored seaward on the Santa Catarina coast. Analysis by means of Gumbel distribution quantiles allows more weight to be given to the highest values of the time series, which are especially important in design projects. The statistical parameters used to verify the fit between the measured and the modeled data included: RMSE, BIAS, Scatter Index and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Mean direction (θm) validation was conducted qualitatively. The database showed good fit of the mean conditions, especially Hs which was well reproduced by the wave model. Underestimation of Tp, related mainly to the low spatial and temporal resolution of wind data used to generate waves, highlights this general modeling problem. Based on calculated statistical parameters, DOW data were considered comparable to the values obtained by measurements; however, such data must be cautiously used for extreme events analysis and in areas of bimodal sea conditions, where major deficiencies in the database were observed.

Impact of harmful algal blooms (Dinophysis acuminata) on the immune system of oysters and mussels from Santa Catarina, Brazil

Blooms of the harmful alga Dinophysis acuminata, which produces okadaic acid (OA), are becoming recurrent in Santa Catarina coast, where most of the shellfish marine farms in Brazil are located. We evaluated the impact of D. acuminata blooms on various haemato-immunological parameters and on tissue integrity of cultivated oysters (Crassostrea gigas) and mussels (Perna perna). Animals were sampled during two natural algal blooms, one at Praia Alegre (PA: 2950 cells l−1) and the other at Praia de Zimbros (PZ: 4150 cells l−1). Control animals were sampled at the same sites, 30 days after the end of the bloom. The assayed parameters were: total (THC) and differential (DHC) haemocyte counts, percentage of apoptotic haemocytes (AH), phenoloxidase activity (PO), agglutinating titre (AT) and total protein concentration in haemolymph (PC). Histological analyses were carried out in oysters from PZ. The results showed that some immune parameters were modulated during the toxic blooms, but not in a consistent manner, especially in mussels that accumulated more OA (10×) than oysters. For example, mussel THC decreased significantly (54%) during the bloom at PA, whereas it augmented markedly (64%) at PZ. PO activity was significantly altered by the algal blooms in both bivalve species, while PC increased significantly (66%) only in mussels from PZ bloom. The other parameters (DHC, AH and AT) did not vary in both bivalve species. Histological analyses showed an intense haemocytic infiltration throughout the oyster digestive epithelium, particularly into the stomach lumen during the algal bloom.

Characterization socio-economic of the artisanal fishing of the sea-bob shrimp in Porto Belo, SC

The artisanal fishing for the sea-bob shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) has been practiced on the Santa Catarina coast since 1960, always using the method of motorized dragnet with rings, where it generates jobs and income, and helps keep the traditional Azorean cultural tradition alive. The socio-economic characteristics of the artisanal fishing were conducted by semi-structured interviews with 31 surveys applied to fishermen to July 2010/June 2011. The interviewees were between 28 and 63 years, married (80.6%), with incomplete elementary education (61.3%); around 65.0% had been working in the activity for more than 30 years. They use, own boats (93.5%), length 7.0-11.5 m, with cabin (83.9%), Yanmar 18 HP motor (61.3%), nets of 11.0-15.4 m (90.3%) and mesh size of 3-4 mm (58.1%). They fish over a wide territory, from Sao Francisco do Sul to Florianopolis. The normal working day is between 10-14 hours day-1, 4-6 days week-1 (80.6%), from 6-8 months year-1, at depths of 2-33 m. The minimum capture of shrimp is between 0.5-10.0 kg day-1 and the maximum is 230-1,200 kg day-1, giving a gross monthly income of 1-2 minimum salaries (67.7%).

Redes de cooperação solidárias e inovações financeiras em territórios de pesca

Brazilian artisanal fisheries are inserted in public policies for rural development, but financial agents have difficulties in guaranteeing the segment’s access to official credit. This article discusses the main financial practices used by artisanal fisheries, using as its main reference the case of the Santa Catarina coast. The analysis of the informal financial networks established in the vacuum left by public policies is based on the precepts of economic sociology and new institutional economics. The empiric reflection uses data collected at meetings and in interviews with fishermen, organizations and public administrators linked to the sector, fish buyers and financial and extension agents. Based on the understanding of the main institutional arrangements and the conduct of the artisanal fisheries and final agents on the Santa Catarina coast, the study indicates the low quality of financial services provided to this social category when compared with family farmers. The main justification for this comparison is the fact that artisanal fisheries are offered the same credit policies as those made available to family farmers. Thus, fishermen turn to informal financing schemes, reproducing a common strategy in other low income segments of the Brazilian population. Finally, the study analyzes a recent incentive to organize artisanal fishermen in rural credit cooperatives of a “solidarity” nature. It argues that innovative forms of governance of these experiences contribute to the democratization of rural creditand the strengthening of territorial development dynamics.Key words: solidarity cooperativism, artisanal fishing, sustainable territorial development, government credit policies.

Ictiofauna acompanhante na pesca artesanal do camarão sete-barbas (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) no litoral sul do Brasil

A pesca artesanal dirigida ao camarão sete-barbas (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri), usando o método de arrasto motorizado com portas, tem sido praticada na costa de Santa Catarina, onde ele gera emprego e renda, e ajuda a manter a tradição cultural tradicional açoriana viva, desde 1960. Com o objectivo de analisar a qualidade e a quantidade das capturas acidentais da ictiofauna, efetuou-se sazonalmente, dois arrastos por isóbata (10-20‑30 m) entre novembro/2009 e agosto/2010, duração de 20 min/cada, velocidade média dois nós e, registrados temperaturas e salinidades da água de fundo. As capturas totalizaram 10868 peixe (208.34 kg), distribuídos em 31 famílias e 62 espécies, com uma proporção de peixe/camarão de 5,19/1 kg. A família mais abundante foi Sciaenidae (86.13%), seguido por Batrachoididae (2.70%) e Trichiuridae (2,44%). Os índices de diversidade e equabilidade apresentaram padrões similares de variação, os maiores valores ocorreram na Primavera na profundidade de 30 m e a mais baixa no inverno, a 20 m. A análise de Cluster formou quatro agrupamentos, sendo um deles, pequeno e dominante de Sciaenidae Stellifer brasiliensis, S. rastrifer, Paralonchurus brasiliensis, Isopisthus parvipinnis e Larimus breviceps. Os exemplares jovens dessas espécies e de outras, com pouco ou sem valor comercial, camarões miúdos e demais macro-invertebrados acompanhantes capturados são descartados ao mar, geralmente mortos. Além do impacto nas cadeias tróficas, essa prática contínua, pode agravar ainda mais a situação do pescador artesanal com o declínio desses recursos nas capturas futuras