Sanskrit Literature Research Articles

Kaviraj Gangadhar Roy: Catalyst of Ayurveda’s revival in the 19th century

Abstract Kaviraj Gangadhar Roy was a prominent figure in the nineteenth century who played a crucial role in revitalizing Ayurveda, which had been neglected during Muslim rule. His significant contributions include founding the Gangadhar Niketan in Murshidabad, which marked the beginning of the “Gangadhar Era,” which restored Ayurveda’s importance in the nation. His commentary on the Charak Samhita titled “Jalpakalpataru” is highly regarded for its innovative insights into Ayurvedic philosophy. He authored 76 books covering Ayurveda and Sanskrit literature, which enriched the field and attracted many scholars, including Dwarakanath Sen and Pareshnath Sen. The influence of his teachings reached cities like Jaipur, Haridwar, Varanasi, and Delhi, demonstrating his lasting legacy in shaping modern Ayurvedic practices. This brief overview highlights Kaviraj Gangadhar Roy’s crucial role in the revival of Ayurveda and the significant impact of his disciples on the field.

Vaidyakulguru Mahakavi Shri Krishnaram Bhatta (1849–1898): A great versifier of Ayurveda therapeutics

Abstract Much of the traditional knowledge related to Ayurveda remains with ancient physicians. Born into a distinguished lineage of royal physicians in Jaipur, Rajasthan, Vaidyakulguru Mahakavi Shri Krishnaram Bhatt was an eminent figure of nineteenth-century India, who excelled in both Ayurveda and literature. His lineage boasted of a rich tradition of Ayurvedic practice, which he carried forward with his intellectual expertise and poetic talent. The information related to his personality and his biography has been compiled with the help of the books written by him, texts written by other authors, and by conducting direct interviews with his family members for this article. Apart from being a prominent scholar of Ayurveda, its medicinal preparations, and its uses, he was also an expert in Sanskrit literature, poetry, and prosody. His educational journey under the guidance of eminent scholars earned him recognition as a polymath. His seminal work, “Siddha-Bheshajamanimala,” is a comprehensive guide to Ayurvedic formulations, reflecting his clinical acumen and poetic prowess. Apart from this, Kachchvansh Mahakavya, Sara-Shatakam, Jaipur-Vilas, Aryalankar-Shatakam, and other works are also among his important works. Despite his untimely demise, the legacy of Shri Krishnaram Bhatt continues to enrich the tradition of Ayurveda through his descendants. His life embodies a harmonious blend of Ayurvedic knowledge and literary excellence, leaving an indelible mark on India’s cultural and intellectual landscape and inspiring future generations of Ayurvedic practitioners.

Comparative analysis of the Context of travel literature in Sanskrit and Nepali literature

Travel plays an important role in the human and non-human life. All living creatures of the world have an innate tendency of travel. It is also associated with the human civilization. By traveling different geographical, cultural, and historical sites one can learn unseen things and gain new experiences.There is a long tradition of travel literature or travel contexts in Sanskrit literature. There are many examples of travel narratives or travel related stories found in the ancient Sanskrit texts like Vedas, Puranas, Aitareya Bahmana, Kaushitaki Bahmana, Mahabharata, Ramayana, Panchatantra etc. Nepali literature has also been greatly influenced by the context of travel or travel literature of the Sanskrit literature. There have been many translations of Sanskrit epics in Nepali literature. The Sanskrit texts like Ramayana, Mahabharata and different kinds of Puranas, Vedas have been translated into Nepali in abundance, which has been discussed in this article and tried to clarify the relationship of Sanskrit literature with Nepali literature in the context of the travel and travel literature.

The Influence of Hashadev Madawan's Sijokavyas on Sanskrit Literature

Since ancient times, Sanskrit poetry has been world-famous for its structure, theme, rasa, characters, etc. It can be seen that the structure of modern Sanskrit poetry is completely different from this traditional form. Because of the greatness of ancient Sanskrit poetry, it was transferred to other languages and literature. But today, Sanskrit poetry tends to adopt the literary styles of other languages and its literature. Various literary styles and writing styles from all over the world have found their way into the Sanskrit language today. As such, Sijo poems are a type of poetry that has gained acceptance in the field of modern Sanskrit poetry. It is a style of poetry that exists in South Korea. It is a poetic style that completely records the things to be said in three lines, different from the four-line sloka system of Sanskrit poetry. This article depicts some Sijo poems mentioned in a book, named Shirisha Pushpeshu Vrishtibindavaha, a collection of poems by Dr. Harshadev Madhavan, who is one of the leading modern Sanskrit poets. It is clear from this study that Sijo, Haiko, Tan, and other forms were introduced in Sanskrit poetry and these types of literary forms are suitable for Sanskrit language and literature.

The Critical and comparative analysis of Ancient and Modern thoughts of Sanskrit Scholars on the ‘Characteristics of Mahakavya’

This research paper undertakes a critical and comparative analysis of the perspectives on the 'Characteristics of Mahakavya' as articulated by Sanskrit scholars in both ancient and modern times. The study delves into the profound insights offered by scholars from different eras, examining the evolution of thought and the nuanced interpretations of Mahakavya characteristics. By juxtaposing ancient and modern viewpoints, the paper aims to illuminate the continuum of scholarly discourse surrounding Mahakavya, shedding light on the enduring relevance and evolving interpretations of this literary form in Sanskrit literature. The analysis navigates through key themes, methodologies, and philosophical underpinnings, providing a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic interplay between traditional and contemporary perspectives on the 'Characteristics of Mahakavya.'

HISTORICAL STUDY OF CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF VALMIKI RAMAYANA

Valmiki's Ramayana is that wonderful and very important book of Indian Sanskrit literature which can be considered as the beginning of secular Sanskrit literature. It is a very primitive poem because it has poetry in an ornate style in accordance with the elements of epic. This Valmiki Ramayana is divided into seven chapters, Bal Kand, Ayodhya Kand, Aranya Kand, Kishkinda Kand, Sundar Kand, Yudh Kand and Uttar Kand. Each chapter is divided into cantos. The cantos are in romantic Sanskrit verses. Which are associated with beautiful meters like Anushtup, Upjati, Vanshstha etc. The highest number is of Anushtup meters which are also called Shlokas. There are 24 thousand verses in the entire text, so it is called the Thousand and One Vatmar “Chaturvishanti Sahasri Samhita”. In Valmiki Ramayana, all aspects of human life have been analysed and discussed in detail. In South East Asian countries, the story of this Valmiki Ramayana is popular in various forms and Ram Katha is regularly recited there. This shows the importance of Valmiki Ramayana.

Krishna Mishra’s Classical Sanskrit Drama “Prabodha Chandrodaya” Philosophical Resolution of Moral Barriers.

This study shows the moral barriers inside our minds and the solutions to overcome these obstacles. I have tried to find out from this doubt Prabodha Chandrodaya, one of the dramas of Sanskrit literature. The purpose of this study is to provide a clear and coherent explanation of Advaita, an important branch of Indian philosophy, which the playwright of the play has kept behind. From this, we will present a picture of how we can overcome moral barriers and other effects of the mind that consume our cognition. I have highlighted this issue in the study through a comparative and qualitative discussion. From this we will try to understand how moral inhibitions affect our lives, how we lose the sense of good and evil of conscience, and how the Advaita philosophy hidden in the Prabodha Chandrodaya drama gives us a complete philosophical solution to find the guidelines of the mentioning problem. Ultimately, it can be said that the relevance of this research will influence future scholarly works and open the door to the theoretical discussions on philosophy present in Sanskrit literature. Keywords: Sanskrit Literature, Classical, Moral Barriers, Advaita Philosophy, Indian Philosophy, Conscience

Indian history as depicted in Sanskrit literature

The undertaking of writing historical texts is an important step in the development of Sanskrit literature in the second millennium AD. The concept of history has also been introduced in our tradition through these texts. The meaning of the word Itihaas in Sanskrit is – Iti Ha Aas – What has been happening. The meaning of history is that which has already happened, and may continue to happen in the future also. Purana is their reinterpretation. In Nyayabhashya, Vatsyayana says that the subject of history is folklore. Which is called history in English. Literature has an important place among the means of knowing history. Sanskrit language and literature are important from historical point of view.

Ashwamedh Yagya: In the Context of Laukik Sanskrit Literature

Yagya is a recognized and ancient Vedic worship practice in India and is considered the father of Indian culture. Therefore, the concept of Yagya has been beautifully and sweetly expressed in both Vedic literature and Laukik Sanskrit literature. In ancient times, ordinary Yagyas played an important role in internal refinement and self-purification, while Mahayagyas were conducted to purify social life. However, when the need arose for the complete reconstruction of the nation and the environment, the tradition of Ashwamedh Yagya began on a global scale. Ashwamedh is a grand spiritual experiment that enhances the happiness, peace, and prosperity of the nation. According to Pt. Shriram Sharma Acharya, "'Ashwa' symbolizes the large-scale evils in society, and 'Medha' signifies the eradication of all evils and flaws from their roots. Ashwamedh Yagya is associated with the Gayatri mantra for ecological balance and the purification of the spiritual environment." According to the Taittiriya Brahmana, Ashwamedh Yagya also aids in nation-building.

Role of Shakuntala in Abhijnan Shakuntalam written by great poet Kalidas in Sanskrit literature

This gradual development of Shakuntala's character as a heroine is very natural. At the end of the play, the sacrifice of life was completed with the union of co-wife, good husband and good man. This is the ultimate ideal of human life. At the center of achieving this ultimate ideal, the character of ideal heroine Shakuntala is present everywhere. All the events have happened around this. In fact, the portrayal of Shakuntala is a picture of extremely joyful sweetness. Shakuntala's simplicity is mature, serious and permanent in crime, sorrow, knowledge, patience and forgiveness. We get a glimpse of her motherhood in the ashram of sage Marich. Where the entire love of her heart overflows for her son, thus Kalidas has given a bright and unique character to the world literature by portraying Shakuntala as the living embodiment of affection, cordiality, modesty, femininity, decency, compassion and motherhood. Shakuntala has been described in this world famous drama Abhigyan Shakuntalam by the great poet Kalidas. Abstract in Hindi Language: नायिका के रूप में शकुंतला के चरित्र का यह क्रमिक विकास परम स्वाभाविक है। नाटक के अंत में सपत्नी, सदपत्य तथा सत्पुमान् तीनों के सम्मिलन से जीवन यज्ञ पूर्ण हो गया। यही मानवजीवन का चरम आदर्श है। इस चरम आदर्श की प्राप्ति के केंद्र में आदर्श नायिका शकुंतला का ही चरित्र सर्वत्र विद्यमान है। इसी के इर्द-गिर्द सारी घटनाये घटी हैं। वस्तुतः शकुंतला का चित्रण अत्यंत हर्षित करने वाली मधुरिमा का चित्र है। शकुंतला की सरलता अपराध में, दुःख में, अभिज्ञता में, धैर्य में और क्षमा में परिपक्व है, गंभीर है और स्थायी है। मारीच ऋषि के आश्रम में हमें उसके मातृत्व की झलक मिलती है। जहां उस के हृदय का समग्र प्रेम पुत्र के लिए उमड़ पड़ता है इस प्रकार कालिदास ने शकुंतला को स्नेह, सौहार्द, लज्जा, नारीत्व, शालीनता और करूणा तथा मातृत्व की साक्षात् प्रतिमा के रूप में अंकित करके विश्व- साहित्य को एक पवन, समुज्ज्वल और अनुपम चरित्ररत्न प्रदान किया है। यह नाटक अभिज्ञान शाकुंतलम में महाकवि कालिदास के द्वारा यह विश्व प्रसिद्ध नाटक में शकुंतला का वर्णन किया गया है। Keywords: मानवजीवन, चरित्र, स्नेह, सौहार्द

Role of Hanuman Ji in the context of search for Sita in Sanskrit Literature

This research explores the pivotal role of Hanuman Ji in the search for Sita as depicted in Sanskrit literature, particularly in the Ramayana. Analyzing key texts, the study examines Hanuman's characteristics, actions, and his significance in the narrative. Hanuman's journey, his encounters, and his devotion to Lord Rama are highlighted to understand his contribution to Sita's rescue. This research underscores Hanuman's embodiment of courage, loyalty, and intelligence, illustrating his integral role in the epic. Through a detailed textual analysis, the study reveals how Hanuman's search for Sita enriches the moral and spiritual dimensions of Sanskrit epic tradition. Abstract in Hindi Language: इस शोध में संस्कृत साहित्य, विशेष रूप से रामायण में सीता की खोज में हनुमान जी की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का अन्वेषण किया गया है। मुख्य ग्रंथों का विश्लेषण करते हुए, अध्ययन हनुमान के गुणों, कार्यों और कथा में उनके महत्व की जाँच करता है। हनुमान की यात्रा, उनके अनुभव और भगवान राम के प्रति उनकी भक्ति को उजागर किया गया है ताकि सीता की मुक्ति में उनके योगदान को समझा जा सके। यह शोध हनुमान के साहस, वफादारी और बुद्धिमत्ता के प्रतीक को रेखांकित करता है, जो महाकाव्य में उनकी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका को दर्शाता है। विस्तृत पाठ्य विश्लेषण के माध्यम से, अध्ययन यह प्रकट करता है कि सीता की खोज में हनुमान का योगदान संस्कृत महाकाव्य परंपरा के नैतिक और आध्यात्मिक आयामों को कैसे समृद्ध करता है। Keywords: हनुमान जी, सीता, संस्कृत साहित्य

Orality in a world of manuscripts: reconstructing Purāṇic composition, preservation and transmission on the basis of the Bhaviṣyapurāṇa

Since the invention of the Indian writing system around the third century BC, Sanskrit literature was no longer exclusively oral. However, not all genres immediately adopted the new possibilities. In order to fully understand the orality and writing of Sanskrit literature, I will first define a threefold division of what I call ‘the compositional complex’, the totality of processes involved in the creation of texts and their subsequent usages. The first stage is the composition of the text, the second is its preservation for the sake of future generations, and the third is its transmission to the audience. Each stage can be oral or written. After a brief discussion of secondary literature on the compositional complex of the Vedas, the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas, I look for text-internal evidence for the compositional complex of Purāṇas in the Bhaviṣyapurāṇa, ‘the Purāṇa of the future’. On the basis of this single Purāṇa, it is possible to make a reconstruction of the composition, preservation, and transmission of Purāṇas, where orality and writing intertwine.

Influence of Sijokavyas of Harshadev Madhavan on Sanskrit Literature

Influence of Sijokavyas of Harshadev Madhavan on Sanskrit Literature

Importance of the teachings of Shri Krishna in Bhishma Parva of Sanskrit literature Mahabharata

Importance of the teachings of Shri Krishna in Bhishma Parva of Sanskrit literature Mahabharata

Dr. Navalata's contribution to modern Sanskrit literature

Many poetesses have penned their poetry in the continuously flowing Sanskrit poetry stream from Aarsh epic to Adyavadhi period, whose brilliance has enlightened the literary world. The poetesses who created these poems, through their creations, tried to make the kind hearted readers happy, to equip them with proper wisdom and knowledge, to make them like them by creating beautiful pictures and by giving guidelines to the society, they tried to avoid its evils. Have done Among such poetesses, contemporary poetess ‘Dr. The name of Navalata is also noteworthy.

A Study on the Sanskrit Literature of Mughal Period: A Window Pointing View

Abstract: The current paper illustrates the Sanskrit poets and writers and their works that emerged during the Mughal Period. Sanskrit language and literature have been practiced since the ancient age. Although the popularity had its share of downfall when Pal dynasty had taken over, it revived again when the Sen Dynasty came to power. It was then when the Mughals who put out the stifled literature into the light during their reign. They highlighted the Sanskrit literature and patronized poets and writers who delved deep into the language. Their works were preserved in order to help the language prosper. Although the Mughals were from another religion, they admired the dissimilarities between Sanskrit and the language they practiced. This resulted in a revolution. Their open mindedness opened a new door into the future for Sanskrit language and literature. This paper is an attempt to depict the works that were composed during the era of the Mughals.

The folklore of the European Roma and mythologies of the Indian tribal world

The aim of this paper is to define the nature of puzzling texts published at the end of the nineteenth century by H. von Wlislocki. Are they fruits of his creative fantasy, a mystification, or some non-Gypsy texts disguised as Gypsy tales? Can it be that they represent authentic Romani folklore and have links with Indian culture, as Wlislocki suggested? In the paper, two myths and a folktale from Wlislocki’s collection are analyzed against the wide background of world folklore. Parallels to these texts have been found in India, though not in the Sanskrit literature where Wlislocki looked for them, but in the mythologies of Indian tribes. This article was published open access under a CC BY licence: https://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0 .

Translation Works in Sanskrit Literature and Contemporary Literary Forms: An Analytical Study

This paper deals with the translation of Sanskrit works to the other languages. It discuss the need of the translation for the survival, existence in the world scenario of the language where the rapid changes occur. It also go through the problems arise during the translation process due th cultural differences of languages. The paper takes different forms and matters for the application. It concludes with contemporary trends in translation.

Współczesna sytuacja sanskrytu

The contemporary situation of Sanskrit This article presents the current situation of Sanskrit and the importance of Sanskrit in India. How is Sanskrit used in daily life in India and what is its role in the sub-continent’s religions? There are some television channels in Sanskrit and in schools Sanskrit is a mandatory subject. It is one of the twenty-three official languages in India. Sanskrit is not a dead language because there are some villages where people use it in daily life, for example in school, university, worship, and especially on traditional occasions. It has a role like Greek or Latin have in European society. India has a special day celebrating Sanskrit, and a special week for Sanskrit. People have started to learn Sanskrit in German schools and in US schools. NASA also uses Sanskrit. It is possible in the future that computers will work in Sanskrit. Sanskrit is the language in which the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and texts on ethics are written. It has been a language used in India for a very long time. Sanskrit is a classical and historical language of India. The corpus of Sanskrit literature encompasses a rich tradition of poetry and drama as well as scientific, technical, philosophical, and Hindu religious texts. The importance of Sanskrit is quite evident from its all-India scope. It goes without saying that it is the basis of most of the modern Indian languages. I give several opinions of Sanskrit of some of the greatest orientalists that the world has ever produced; I show the consensus of the opinions of men like Professor Max Müller, Veer Savarkar, Rajendra Prasad, and Mahatma Gandhi. These opinions show the cultural importance of Sanskrit in the life of India as the only language that can culturally integrate the entire country and the entire Hindu society.

Intersectional environmentalism: Russell C. Leong’s “Azure in Angel City: A Blues Sketch, Part One”

ABSTRACT Russell C. Leong 梁志英’s picaresque ballad, “Azure in Angel City: A Blues Sketch, Part One”, alludes to the Chinese classic saga, Journey to the West, to conjure up a modern odyssey that begins in the Los Angeles River and ends in Sri Lanka. It features four characters from Los Angeles, Cambodia, China, and Tongva land. By working together the quartet braves the world today: racism, poverty, police brutality, political corruption, rampant consumerism, ecological destruction, and spiritual void. The poem exemplifies what Leah Thomas calls “intersectional environmentalism”, whereby interdependent living among those most marginalized can be most sustainable. The ballad embeds allusions to the Bible, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Greek mythology, Tongva beliefs, and Sanskrit literature including Méghadúta, Ramayana, and Mahabharata. The article’s analysis shows how diasporic Chinese literature epitomizes world literature, and how cross-cultural coalition offers a solution, based on intersectionality and social interdependence, to our discordant world.