Sanitation Rates Research Articles

Diagnostic dilemma: axillary cysticercosis masquerading as breast mass

Cysticercosis, caused by the tapeworm Taenia solium, is a significant public health concern, particularly prevalent in developing nations. We present a case of isolated cysticercosis in the axillary region, mimicking a breast mass, in a 47-year-old woman who presented with a gradually enlarging mass in her right axilla and was initially diagnosed with fibroadenoma. However, further investigations revealed cysticercosis in the larvae, including ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The patient underwent surgical excision of the cysts following a two-week course of albendazole therapy. Histopathological examination confirmed cysticercosis with a foreign body giant cell reaction. Cysticercosis typically involves muscular and subcutaneous tissues, posing diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to other conditions. Ultrasonography, FNAC, and MRI play crucial roles in accurate diagnosis. Treatment involves a combination of surgical removal and antiparasitic medications such as albendazole. This case highlights the importance of considering cysticercosis in differential diagnosis, especially in endemic regions, and underscores the effectiveness of a comprehensive treatment approach integrating medical therapy and surgical intervention. Effective management ensures the eradication of parasitic infection and the alleviation of associated symptoms, exemplifying patient-cantered care for optimal outcomes. Increased awareness, preventive measures, and early diagnosis are essential for mitigating the burden of cysticercosis, particularly in regions with poor sanitation and high prevalence rates.

DAMPAK URBANISASI TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KAWASAN KUMUH DI KOTA BANDUNG

Bandung city As one of the fastest growth economic became a target for urban people. Urban People are people that move from rural to a city. With the coming of urban people will make a new problem in housing sector that is slum area. Slum area are a crowded, unorganized place with low sanitation rate. Because these people can’t have a proper place to live they use the slum area as an alternative in this new urban life. Slum area can make more problem for the people live there, that problem van be from individual aspect or from the public. To prevent the making of slum area we have to bring all aspect from the public so they can participate to prevent slum area. This research aims to find out what the cause of the slum area and find solution for fixing the slum area. This research use qualitative method and literature reviews

Mathematical modeling of cholera dynamics with intrinsic growth considering constant interventions

A mathematical model that describes the dynamics of bacterium vibrio cholera within a fixed population considering intrinsic bacteria growth, therapeutic treatment, sanitation and vaccination rates is developed. The developed mathematical model is validated against real cholera data. A sensitivity analysis of some of the model parameters is also conducted. The intervention rates are found to be very important parameters in reducing the values of the basic reproduction number. The existence and stability of equilibrium solutions to the mathematical model are also carried out using analytical methods. The effect of some model parameters on the stability of equilibrium solutions, number of infected individuals, number of susceptible individuals and bacteria density is rigorously analyzed. One very important finding of this research work is that keeping the vaccination rate fixed and varying the treatment and sanitation rates provide a rapid decline of infection. The fourth order Runge–Kutta numerical scheme is implemented in MATLAB to generate the numerical solutions.

The Relationship Between Sanitation of Tableware and Germ Numbers at Indomie Food Stalls (Warmindo) Multatuli Area of Medan City

Cleanliness of cutlery is a very important part and affects the quality of food and drinks. Poor hygiene of food equipment will have an important role in the growth and proliferation of germs, the spread of disease, and poisoning. Several things must be considered to maintain the condition of cutlery including requirements for cutlery, equipment washing and drying techniques, and sanitation for storing cutlery. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between tableware sanitation and germ rates at Indomie (Warmindo) food stalls in the Multatuli area of Medan City. This research method uses cross-sectional. The population in this study were 30 Indomie Food Stalls (Warmindo) and 10 Indomie Food Stalls (Warmindo) were taken which used 3 types of cutlery, namely bowls, spoons, and glasses with certain conditions. Statistical test using chi-square with the help of computer software. The research location was conducted at the Indomie (Warmindo) food stall located on Jln. Multatuli, Kec, Medan Maimun, Medan City, North Sumatra. This study produced a p-value (-) for cutlery sanitation, for cutlery washing techniques (bowl, 0.197) (spoon, 0.053) and (glass, 0.197), for cutlery storage sanitation (bowl, 0.035) (spoon, 0.260) and (cup, 0.429). This study concludes that for the sanitation of cutlery, the result is that there is no relationship between the sanitation of cutlery and the number of germs. For the technique of washing cutlery, the result is that there is no relationship between the technique of washing cutlery and the number of germs, and for the sanitation of storing cutlery in cutlery (bowls) there is a relationship between the sanitation of storing cutlery, and the number of germs, while for spoons and glasses, there is no relationship. between storage sanitation and germ numbers. Suggestions are expected for Indomie Food Stall traders (Warmindo) to always maintain and improve the level of cleanliness in serving food.

Development strategies for reducing infant mortality: A focus on healthcare infrastructure and policy in emerging Asian countries

The journey towards better healthcare sustainability in Asian nations demands a comprehensive investigation into the impact of urban governance, poverty, and female literacy on infant mortality rates. This study undertakes a rigorous exploration of these key factors to pave the way for evidence-based policy interventions, utilizing data from a panel of six selected Asian countries: Pakistan, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, spanning the years 2001 to 2020. The findings reveal that adequate sanitation facilities, higher female literacy rates, and sustained economic growth contribute to a reduction in infant mortality. Conversely, increased poverty levels and limited women’s autonomy exacerbate the infant mortality rates observed in these countries. The Granger causality analysis validates the reciprocal relationship between urban sanitation (and poverty) and infant mortality rates. Furthermore, the study establishes a causal relationship where female literacy rates Granger-cause infant mortality rates, and conversely, infant mortality rates Granger-cause women’s autonomy in these countries. The variance decomposition analysis indicates that sustained economic growth, improved female literacy rates, and enhanced women’s empowerment will likely impact infant mortality rates in the coming decade. Consequently, in low-income regions where numerous children face potentially hazardous circumstances, it is imperative to allocate resources towards establishing and maintaining accessible fundamental knowledge regarding sanitation services, as this will aid in reducing infant mortality rates.

Breaking the Chains of Tuberculosis: Quantifying the Effects of Literacy, Population Density, and Access to Improve Sanitation to Support Defense Health and Security in Indonesia

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health problem. It poses a significant burden worldwide, requiring urgent control measures and research for effective reduction especially in Indonesia.Objective: Investigating the effects of literacy, population density, and access to improved sanitation on TB incidence can provide insights into the relationship between these factors.Methods: This study was conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia from June to July 2023, using secondary data from 2005 to 2021. It employed a quantitative cross-sectional design to examine the relationship between variables. Data were collected from the ASEAN database and analyzed using descriptive and path analysis techniques to determine variable effects and significance. The study found that the incidence of tuberculosis in Indonesia initially decreased from 2005 to 2020 but significantly increased in 2021.Results: Population density, adult literacy rate, and access to improved sanitation all showed positive trends. Significant direct effects were observed among most variables, and indirect effects of population density on tuberculosis incidence were also identified through literacy and sanitation. The final model showed that higher population density correlated with increased access to sanitation and literacy rate, while access to improved sanitation was associated with reduced tuberculosis incidence. Overall, the model had a very good fit based on the indicators.Conclusion: Priority investments in sanitation infrastructure, especially in densely populated areas, along with improved access to sanitation facilities, combined with targeted health education campaigns and collaboration across defense, health, and education sectors, are recommended to enhance tuberculosis prevention and control

Deposition and Microbial Analyses from Roof-Top Sediments Within Different Sanitation Environments

Since the building roof acts as hub for atmospheric sediment deposition, the attached microbes can enter rainwater storage tank with ease to cause health issue for rainwater users. This study aims to explore the trend of roof-top deposited microbes in the different areas of Ikorodu local Government Area at Lagos, Nigeria. This paper also tests the hypothesis that the roof sediment deposition being a significant source to home bacteria. The total deposition rate on the roof for 34 weeks, which include 17 rainy and 17 dry weeks, were investigated. The enumerated bacteria was obtained from the roof deposit samples, where four representative different sites have been analysed to study the solid depositions and microbes within the area thoroughly. The sites were selected judging by their levels of sanitation and vegetation rate. The experimental investigations showed that enumerated microbes and total suspended solid (TSS) depositions in the different areas were higher in the dry season compared to rainy season, and the highest deposition was experienced in the Harmattan period. In addition, the results showed that areas with poor drainage infrastructure and poor sanitation have the roof-top deposition with higher bacterial count than good sanitation areas; while the unpaved and unvegetated areas produced higher deposits than the paved and vegetated areas. In terms of contamination sources, this study has illustrated that the particulate deposition on the roof-top prior to collection has further contaminated the roof-harvested rainwater.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene assessment at household level in the community: A narrative review

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) have remained a key worldwide problem. It is a basic requirement for human survival life and well-being. A public health issue is a lack of safe drinking water and an unsanitary environment which affects children the most because their immune system is weak and thus causes major diseases. This review article describes how many people are affected in total because of the lack of good WASH practices. Articles from sites such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Research Gate were reviewed and critically analyzed. In total, 30 articles were read and reviewed justifying the need for WASH protocols, and various methods to build a healthy and hygienic environment. Articles describe the basic sanitation rate of the urban and rural populations, countries without access to safe drinking water, and how it as a whole affects the people living there. We found many problems at the community level which were based on all of the publications read. Both urban and rural areas have insufficient WASH problems. The implementation of community-wide awareness practices is suggested in this review. This, in turn, will aid in the improvement of their socioeconomic situation. Sanitation, water, and hygiene services if used well can decrease the incidence of diseases. We studied several studies that looked at WASH procedures in both rural and urban locations. Washing practice resulted in a lower incidence of infectious, which might lead to a high-mortality rate. WASH services if used well can decrease the incidence of diseases.

Trend in Global Environmental Pollution

The context of environmental pollution especially economic development being associated to each other studied. Time series data for several years are studied, analyzed and used to develop statistical models and inferred for helping the planners. The models for environmental problem areas of greenhouse gas emission, noise pollution, plastic pollution, municipal waste, fertilizer pollution and industrial process pollution show consistent increasing. The models of environmental problem areas of the aspects of safe drinking water, safe sanitation, life expectancy and death rate show consistent improvement. It is recommended that the measures to prevent the environmental problems must be mad as inbuilt into the relevant project body and must be implemented.

Social Challenges Learners Residing in Informal Settlements in Katima Mulilo Town Face in Learning

The purpose of this article was to find out social challenges learners residing in informal settlements in Katima Mulilo Town face. Informal settlements crop up as people move from rural settings to urban areas as they seek better facilities, a process known as urbanisation. However, not all who migrate into urban areas end up getting the required facilities. This result in some finding residence in informal settlements where conditions are deplorable and as a result brings some social challenges to learning. This article’s objective is to explore the social challenges learners residing in informal settlements face in learning. The article also seeks possible ways to deal with the social challenges in order to make learning possible. To come up with response to the questions, the study adopted a qualitative research approach. Instruments used to generate data were observation and interviews. To support the data generated from the participants, the learners, the social capital theory and urban theories were used. Some of the social challenges found to impede learning include poverty, flooding, expensive water and electricity bills, limited sewage disposal system, unfair relocations, poor sanitation, unemployment and high crime rate. Solutions were also suggested on how to overcome these challenges.

Ecological-economic zoning as an instrument for the environmental management of hydrographic basins

This study presents a proposal of ecological-economic zoning using the hydrographic basin of the Una River, Ibiúna, São Paulo, as a study area to subsidize the application of zoning as a management tool for water resources in the context of integrated environmental analysis. The zoning comprised four stages: delimitation of morphometric, physical, biotic, and socioeconomic parameters; definition of the environmental scenario; determination of management zones; and characterization of zones and definition of objectives, conflicts, permitted uses, potential, management actions, and legislation. The results indicate that the basin has 96 km2, with an irregular and elongated shape, an average altitude of 937 meters, a maximum elevation of 1,175 meters, and a strongly undulating relief. Temporary agriculture (36.33%), dense rain forest (37.05%), and oxisol or Argisols predominate in the area. The socioenvironmental characteristics indicate that the sanitation rate of households, residents, and environment were higher in the urban area. About 86% of the population living in the basin are literate, while the percentage of access to the water and sewage system in the rural area is precarious. The EEZ comprised eight management zones, the main ones being agricultural and conservation zones, considered satisfactory and efficient for environmental management and favoring coordination and replication in similar areas.

Diagnosis of mucosal changes and hospitalized oral cancer patients in Brazil: influence of socioeconomic factors.

This study aimed to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the frequency of diagnoses of oral mucosal changes and the number of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil. This cross-sectional study analyzed data from all Brazilian cities in the period 2011-2017. The frequency of diagnoses of oral mucosal changes and the number of hospitalized patients of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil were extracted from the Primary Care Information System (SIAB) and Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA) databases. The socioeconomic factors evaluated were the Gini coefficient of inequality, municipal Human Development Index (MHDI), inadequate basic sanitation rate, employment rate, illiteracy rate and expected years of schooling. Associated factors were examined using bivariate Spearman's correlations and multivariate Poisson regressions, and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations between study variables and regression coefficients were obtained. A higher frequency of diagnoses of mucosal changes was observed in cities with a higher Gini coefficient (B = 11.614; p < 0.001), higher MHDI (B = 11.298; p < 0.001), and higher number of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer (B = 0.001, p < 0.002). Cities with higher Gini coefficients (B = 8.159, p < 0.001), higher inadequate basic sanitation rates (B = 0.09, p = 0.001), lower expected years of schooling (B = -0.718, p < 0.001), and higher illiteracy rates (B = 0.191, p < 0.001) had a higher frequency of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer. In conclusion, more developed cities showed a higher frequency of diagnoses of mucosal changes. Greater inequality and worse socioeconomic conditions are associated with a higher frequency of hospitalized patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil.

Molecular Viral Diagnosis and Sanitation of Yam Genetic Resources: Implications for Safe Yam Germplasm Exchange.

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is an important crop in tropical and subtropical regions. Many viruses have been recently identified in yam, hampering genetic conservation and safe international exchanges of yam germplasm. We report on the implementation of reliable and cost-effective PCR-based detection tools targeting eight different yam-infecting viruses. Viral indexing of the in vitro yam collection maintained by the Biological Resources Center for Tropical Plants (BRC-TP) in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) unveiled a high prevalence of potyviruses, badnaviruses, Dioscorea mosaic associated virus (DMaV) and yam asymptomatic virus 1 (YaV1) and a high level of coinfections. Infected yam accessions were subjected to a combination of thermotherapy and meristem culture. Sanitation levels were monitored using PCR-based and high-throughput sequencing-based diagnosis, confirming the efficacy and reliability of PCR-based detection tools. Sanitation rates were highly variable depending on viruses. Sixteen accessions were successfully sanitized, paving the way to safe yam germplasm exchanges and the implementation of clean seed production programs worldwide.

Evolução do saneamento básico no sul do estado da Bahia, Brasil: análise comparativa estadual entre 2010 e 2018

O adequado acesso ao saneamento básico é condição essencial para saúde pública, bem estar social e desenvolvimento econômico. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a evolução entre os anos de 2010 e 2018 de aspectos relativos a saneamento básico no estado da Bahia e na região sul desse estado. Enquanto as populações do estado e da região cresceram 5,6% e 3,0%, respectivamente, os crescimentos da extensão de redes de distribuição de água potável e de coleta de esgotos domésticos variaram entre 13,5% e 86,4%, respectivamente. Todavia, os índices sanitários da região se apresentaram inferiores aos estaduais, para ambos os aspectos. Por outro lado, o investimento per capita de verba federal em saneamento na região sul foi superior à média estadual de 2010 a 2016, com gradativa diminuição dessa proporção desde 2012. Embora tanto o estado quanto a sua região sul tenha apresentado melhorias nos índices de saneamento no período estudado, seus valores mais recentes ainda são inferiores às médias nacionais. Assim, é necessário que haja a continuidade e a intensificação dos investimentos, não apenas de origem federal, para a garantia da universalização do saneamento, da dignidade humana e da saúde pública.

GIS-based spatial analysis: basic sanitation services in Parana State, Southern Brazil

The objective of this study is to provide a view of the geographic distribution of basic sanitation services offered in Parana, Brazil. Temporal distributions, spatial patterns, and clusters were determined using 2000, 2010, and 2016 data. Tabular data of the percentages of households receiving water supply, waste collection, and sanitary sewage treatments were used as the basic inputs of the study. Time series maps were created using geographic information systems (GIS) for the visualization of the temporal changes in basic sanitation rates. The spatial variation in sanitation services was measured using Moran's Global Index (Moran's I), while the Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) and Getis-Ord Gi*(d) were used to identify the presence of possible clusters and hot spots in the percentage of households with sanitation services. The study showed strong evidence that the service rates for sanitary sewage were significantly lower than those for water supply and waste collection. Waste collection proved to have the highest service rate in the study area. Waste collection was also the service that increased the most in the study period, followed by the water supply service. Identification of the most vulnerable municipalities was performed using LISA and the local Getis-Ord Gi*(d) statistic. Most of the low value clusters and cold spots were detected in the southern and west-central regions, while the high value hot spots and clusters were detected in the northern and northeastern regions of the state of Parana.

Breeding biology of the Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca) in southeast Brazil

ABSTRACTThraupis is a genus of the American endemic Thraupidae (subfamily Thraupinae), comprising seven species that inhabit tropical forests to urban centres. The Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca) is a disturbance-tolerant species of high representativeness in plant-frugivore networks, but information on its breeding biology is scarce and often restricted to non-systematic surveys. We studied the breeding biology of the T. sayaca, following 39 active nests in a periurban area of southeast Brazil during two breeding seasons (2017/2018, 2018/2019). The breeding season ranged from early September to middle December, and the nests were placed in native and exotic plants and human buildings (nest height above ground: 3.35 ± 1.73 m, mean ± SD). Only females incubated and brooded, but both adults built the nests, fed the nestlings, and removed their faecal sacs. Clutch size was 2.86 ± 0.38 eggs and nest attentiveness was 71.2%. The incubation and nestling periods were, respectively, 13.4 and 17.4 days. Males and females did not differ on nestling provisioning and nest sanitation rates. Nestling provisioning (13.35 ± 6.25 trips/hour) increased with nestling age, while mean brooding time was 37.2% and decreased with nestling age. Apparent nest success was 38.7%, and nest survival according to the Mayfield method was 27.2%. Five nests (20.8%) were parasitised by the Shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis), and we recorded five events of nest-site reuse. We concluded that the most remarkable breeding traits of T. sayaca in comparison with close-related tanagers are the use of anthropogenic nest sites, the higher clutch size and number of feeding trips, and the longer nestling period.

A Spatio-Temporal Pattern and Socio-Economic Factors Analysis of Improved Sanitation in China, 2006⁻2015.

Ensuring an adequate and safe access to sanitation is essential to prevent diseases. Using provincial spatial panel data reported in the China Health Statistical Yearbook and the China Statistical Yearbook, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of improved rural sanitation in 30 Chinese provinces during the period 2006–2015, and analyzed factors that may affect improved sanitation rates in rural China. Spatial autocorrelations of improved sanitation rates were computed via Global and Local Moran’s I firstly, and then, inter-provincial disparities of improved sanitation were assessed by using the Theil index estimator; finally, the spatial panel model was employed to examine the potential socio-economic factors. Spatial autocorrelations results suggested that the provincial improved sanitation rates changes affect both the provinces themselves and the adjacent regions; Analysis of the spatial panel model revealed that factors such as GDP per capita, investment proportion ratio, centralized water supply, rural residents’ expenditure were positively associated with improved sanitation rates, and illiteracy rate of people older than 15 was negatively related with improved sanitation rates. Socio-economic factors had affected the improved sanitation rates in 30 provinces in rural China. Thus, a series of policies, socio-economic measures and personal latrine literacy education should be given to improve the status of improved sanitation rates in rural China.

Social determinants of environmental health: A case of sanitation in rural Jharkhand

An estimated 56% of households in rural India defecated in the open in 2015, making India the most significant contributor to the global sanitation burden. This cross-sectional study uses data collected in 2016 from 499 households in rural Jharkhand to understand the constraints of latrine adoption and drivers of sanitation preferences (plans to adopt toilets and willingness to pay for toilets). Focusing on a region with a large tribal population, the study examines two types of predictors, namely structural factors (objective socioeconomic, sociocultural and ecological characteristics) and psychosocial drivers (perceived unaffordability of toilet, hygiene and sanitation knowledge, perceived health risks, attitudes, both descriptive and injunctive social norms, and perceived water stress). We find that structural constraints related to educational, economic and sociocultural inequalities predict toilet ownership. Low sanitation rates can neither be attributed to a lack of expressed demand nor lack of recognition of the disadvantages of open defecation. Similarly, variations in sanitation preferences are neither explained by differences in hygiene and sanitation knowledge nor by understandings of sanitation health risks. We find that perceived unaffordability, attitudes (perceived benefits of toilet and disadvantages of OD) and perceived descriptive social norms are of key importance. This implies a potential for persuasive strategies that manipulate social norms around sanitation, particularly if they simultaneously address perceptions around financial unaffordability of toilets and around the benefits of toilets. Importantly, however, attempts to change sanitation preferences by acting on forces of social (dis)approval (i.e. through perceived injunctive social norms) may be ineffective and generate negative unintended consequences.

Water insecurity among rural households of West Cameroon: lessons learned from the field

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess and compare water access and sanitation-related behaviors with self-reported water insecurity among women. The cross-sectional study involved household observations and in-person interviews with women living in rural areas of West Cameroon (n = 134). Water insecurity was prevalent with 37% of women having affirmative responses to the statement ‘being worried about household not having enough water.’ Only 7% of the women reported having any water source (well/pump) in the household compound, and water insecurity was more common among those who did not have an ‘on premise’ water source (p = 0.038). Additionally, women walking more than 10 minutes to reach the water source were more insecure than their counterparts (p = 0.022). Amount of water stored at home was lower in water insecure households (37.07 liters) compared to secure households (58.93 liters, p = 0.042). Sanitation rate was low in the study area, with 20% of women reporting open defecation for their children. Water insecurity is associated with long distance to water source and limited water availability at the household level. Future research is needed to understand the association between water insecurity and daily water intake and related dietary behaviors.

Somatic embryogenesis from seeds in a broad range of Vitis vinifera L. varieties: rescue of true-to-type virus-free plants

BackgroundSomatic embryogenesis is the preferred method for cell to plant regeneration in Vitis vinifera L. However, low frequencies of plant embryo conversion are commonly found. In a previous work we obtained from cut-seeds of a grapevine infected with the Grapevine leafroll associated viruses 1 and 3 (GLRaV-1 and GLRaV-3), high rates of direct regeneration, embryo plant conversion and sanitation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of this procedure for regeneration of other grapevine varieties which include some infected with one to three common grapevine viruses (GLRaV-3, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV)). As grapevine is highly heterozygous, it was necessary to select from among the virus-free plants those that regenerated from mother tissues around the embryo, (true-to-type).ResultsSomatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration were achieved in a first experiment, using cut-seeds from the 14 grapevine varieties Airén, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Mencía, Merlot, Monastrell, Petit Verdot, Pinot Blanc (infected by GFLV and GFkV), Pinot Gris, Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Tempranillo (infected by GFLV), and Verdil. All regenerated plants were confirmed to be free of GFkV whereas at least 68% sanitation was obtained for GFLV. The SSR profiles of the virus-free plants showed, in both varieties, around 10% regeneration from mother tissue (the same genetic make-up as the mother plant). In a second experiment, this procedure was used to sanitize the varieties Cabernet Franc, Godello, Merlot and Valencí Blanc infected by GLRaV-3, GFkV and/or GFLV.ConclusionsCut-seeds can be used as explants for embryogenesis induction and plant conversion in a broad range of grapevine varieties. The high regeneration rates obtained with this procedure facilitate the posterior selection of true-to-type virus-free plants. A sanitation rate of 100% was obtained for GFkV as this virus is not seed-transmitted. However, the presence of GLRaV-3 and GFLV in some of the regenerated plants showed that both viruses are seed-transmitted. The regeneration of true-to-type virus-free plants from all infected varieties indicates that this methodology may represent an alternative procedure for virus cleaning in grapevine.