Sanitization Process Research Articles

An Evaluation of Hospital Cleaning Regimes—Microbiological Evaluation and LCA Analysis after Traditional and Sustainable/Green Procedures

The development of sustainable processes has a significant role in balancing social productivity demands, environmental protection, and natural resources. The control of microbial contamination has so far been concentrated on the use of chemical-based sanitation procedures, which may have various limitations, as testified by the persistence of contamination itself, by the growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of hospital microbes, and by chemical-related pollution. This communication aims to present a comparative analysis between the use of traditional and green sanitation products and processes in hospital environments. The sampling campaign was conducted in a day hospital ward of a general hospital (Imola, Santa Maria della Scaletta Hospital). Each sample comes from a specific surface, furniture or sanitary, and was taken using RODAC contact plates and swabs with a neutralizing agent in order to standardize the result of the microbiological evaluation. Sampling occurred before and after traditional and green cleaning procedures. The green experimental protocol using 100% natural and biodegradable products in sanitization procedures of hospital areas at a medium-high health risk was found to be a technique of relevant interest. From CAM requirements, the green protocol must give equal or better results than the traditional protocol. It can be concluded that the green experimental system meets this criterion and has shown better antimicrobial activity performance than the traditional system; all findings are in an acceptable state of sanitation, with no evidence of pathogenic micro-organisms specified in the guideline.

Techno-herds and cyborg-shepherds in the age of spectacularized bucolism: What lies behind the postcard

This paper focuses on what shepherds must do to ensure that their herds can peacefully graze on the upper meadows of the Catalan Pyrenees. These days, this image, a classic icon of bucolic traditional rurality, cannot happen unless the shepherds are in permanent contact with public administration officials to confirm their compliance with a plethora of strict policies relating to their animals. These policies span a number of fields, including sanitation (vaccinations and tests), animal welfare, insurance, supervised mobility and production processes, environmental impact and subsidies, and have led to very strict supervision and control of animals and their caretakers. In other words, the herd is the result of a cautious combination of technologies of power that track every single animal and the shepherds themselves. The herd, the epitome of the spectacularized patrimonial economy that currently predominates in these mountains, is, in Haraway's words, a cyborg. The symbol of an area and an economy that revolves around the allegedly harmonious coexistence of nature, culture and tradition is, in fact, a compliant techno-hybrid.

Fate of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Reared on Two Artificial Diets.

Ensuring food security is one of the main challenges facing the world over the next 30 years. There is, thus, an urgent need to significantly increase the supply of sustainable protein that can be transformed into animal feed. Proteins from insects offer a valuable alternative. This article presents the results of challenge tests conducted to investigate the dynamics of the microbial load of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae grown on contaminated substrates. Four separate challenge tests were performed on two substrates: the Gainesville diet and a homemade diet. The challenge test procedure was carried out in accordance with ISO/DIS 20976-2 (under development). The results of this study show that, when grown on contaminated substrates, BSF larvae do not eliminate Salmonella Typhimurium or L. monocytogenes, but can reduce their microbial load. Sanitation processes downstream of the breeding of BSF larvae are, however, required to reduce the microbiological risks of this novel food.

Bio inspired based Multi-objective Data-Privacy-Preservation-Technique (MO-DPPT) system model for cloud data

The significance of data security in the cloud system has boosted the increasing quantity of sensitive and personal data being harvested by data controllers. As the cloud has more outsourced, unsecured sensitive data for public access, the data security for the cloud sectors is very important. The majority of state-of-the-art strategies fail to manage optimal privacy in implementing data privacy preservation model. To ensure data privacy preservation, most of the traditional techniques can perform the transformation on the actual data. These traditional methods are utilized limitedly, as they are pretty memory intensive and complicated. Hence, to defeat this dispute, this paper tries to develop a novel approach named Multi-Objective Data-Privacy-Preservation-Technique (MO-DPPT) that can look after the data privacy issues. The two main phases of the data privacy preservation model consist of the data sanitization and restoration process. Here, the optimal key generation is based on the proposed sanitization process and it is done by a novel meta-heuristic algorithm namely the Muddy Soil Fish Optimization Algorithm (MSFOA). The optimal key generation is achieved by developing the multi-objective function that focuses on the parameters of hiding ratio (HR) rate, Preservation Ratio (PR) rate, False Rule (FR) generation rate, and Degree of Modification (DM). Moreover, the proposed MSFOA algorithm has confirmed improved execution through statistical analysis, analysis on KPA and CPA attacks, and computational time analysis over the conventional algorithms. Finally, the proposed MSFOA based MO-DPPT system model using is compared with the existing traditional algorithms namely PSO, GWO, JA, SSO, JA-SSO, and the performance analysis of the proposed MSFOA based MO-DPPT system model has proven the superior efficiency in improving cloud security.

PENGOBATAN PENYAKIT KOLESTROL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN EKSTRAK HERBAL DI INDONESIA - A REVIEW

Health problems are one of the most complex problems, the sanitation process in improving health with various uses of plants in Indonesia. A country that will be rich in natural resources such as some herbal plant extracts. As a form of serious treatment to improve the health of cholesterol disease in Indonesia, namely herbal plant extracts by utilizing the active substances contained in these plants in the form of flavonoids, saponins, HMG Co-A reductase, phenolics, hypocholesterolemic curcumin, and Beta Sitosterol through both in vitro and in vivo tests, which have important properties in the cholesterol treatment process, such as improving public health in Indonesia.

Fractional salp swarm algorithm: An association rule based privacy-preserving strategy for data sanitization

BackgroundData mining is the process of extracting hidden patterns from huge repositories. Privacy preservation at the time of data shared for mining is a demanding dilemma. Conventional techniques, such as access control and authentication have been used to handle data privacy. Various data sanitization techniques like perturbation, generalization, and sampling are utilized to preserve confidential information from disclosure. MethodThis paper develops a Fractional-Salp swarm algorithm (Fractional-SSA) for data sanitization using privacy preserved data. The Fractional-SSA is developed by integrating Fractional calculus (FC) and the Salp swarm algorithm (SSA). The proposed Fractional-SSA hides sensitive rules considering a large transactional database and recovers the original database against malicious attacks. Here, the random key generation of the sanitization process is performed using the proposed Fractional-SSA algorithm by arbitrarily initializing various keys. In addition, the sanitized database is obtained from sanitization that derives association rules considering certain factors that involve privacy success, information preservation, hiding success, database difference, privacy loss, information loss, hiding failure, and database difference. Finally, the key value gets updated to estimate the best solution. The fitness is obtained using success and failure scenarios. ResultsThe proposed Fractional-SSA offered enhanced efficiency providing the highest privacy success of 0.933, information preservation of 0.487, minimal hiding failure of 0.054, and database difference of 0.008.

A dynamic location-arc routing optimization model for electric waste collection vehicles

Waste collection management plays a crucial role in controlling pandemic outbreaks. Electric waste collection systems and vehicles can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of sanitary processes in municipalities worldwide. The waste collection routing optimization involves designing routes to serve all customers with the least number of vehicles, total traveling distance, and time considering the vehicle capacity. This paper proposes a dynamic location-arc routing optimization model for electric waste collection vehicles. The proposed model suggests an optimal routing plan for the waste collection vehicles and determines the optimal locations of the charging stations, dynamic charging arcs, and waste collection centers. A genetic algorithm and grey wolf optimizer are used to solve the large-sized random generated NP-hard location-arc routing problems. We present a case study for the city of Edmonton in Canada and show the grey wolf optimizer outperforms the genetic algorithm. We further demonstrate the total number of waste collection centers, charging stations, and arcs for dynamic charging needed to ensure a minimum required service for electric vehicles throughout Edmonton's entire waste collection system.

Efficacy of sanitization protocols in removing parasites in vegetables: A protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Parasitic contamination of vegetables is a public health problem in several countries and a challenge for food safety. With a short path from the field to the table, these foods can suffer several flaws in the good practices of production, transport and packaging which culminate in an offer of contaminated food to consumers. Therefore, this study describes a systematic review protocol with meta-analysis on evaluating the effectiveness of existing sanitation methods in removing parasites from vegetables. The study will be conducted from published studies that report analyzes of parasites in vegetables before and after sanitization processes. The MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, FSTA, LILACS, Scopus and AGRIS electronic databases will be used. In addition, manual searches will be carried out through related articles, references to included articles and directories of theses and dissertations. The primary outcome will be the reduction or absence of parasitic forms in vegetables after the intervention or combined interventions, and the secondary outcomes will include: identification of the main parasites, assessment of the time required for processing and cost-effectiveness analysis. Two authors will independently screen the studies and extract data. Disagreements will be resolved by discussion, and a third reviewer will decide if there is no consensus. The criteria established by the Cochrane Manual (with some adaptations) will be used to assess the risk of bias in the studies and if the results are considered acceptable and sufficiently homogeneous, and a meta-analysis will be performed to synthesize the findings. The systematic review produced from this protocol will provide evidence on the effectiveness of sanitation protocols for removing parasitic forms in vegetables and will contribute to strengthening food safety, with the adoption of best sanitation practices and prevention of health risks. In addition, the study may highlight possible knowledge gaps that need to be filled with new research. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020206929.

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5'-Phosphate.

Riboflavin-5'-phosphate (or flavin mononucleotide; FMN) is sensitive to visible light. Various compounds, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), can be generated from FMN photolysis upon irradiation with visible light. The ROS generated from FMN photolysis are harmful to microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This article presents a protocol for deactivating S. aureus, as an example, via photochemical reactions involving FMN under visible light irradiation. The superoxide radical anion () generated during the FMN photolysis is evaluated via nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. The microbial viability of S. aureus that is attributed to reactive species was used to determine the effectiveness of the process. The bacterial inactivation rate is proportional to FMN concentration. Violet light is more efficient in inactivating S. aureus than blue light irradiation, while the red or green light does not drive FMN photolysis. The present article demonstrates FMN photolysis as a simple and safe method for sanitary processes.

Design of low cost IoT enabled embedded control system for covid free smart home

In the era of automation, the Internet of Things (IoT) has come up as a solution and innovation for many applications to improve the basic facilities required in the day-to-day routine. IoT, itself is the interconnectivity of different physical devices with the help of wireless networks e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi without human intervention. The low-cost embedded control unit for Covid free Smart Home is based on the idea of home automation by keeping the current situation of the Covid pandemic in mind. Irradiation of Ultraviolet C (UVC) spectrum is used to sanitize household goods, where convectional sanitization process is not suitable. Simple home automation means controlling or monitoring different electronic/electrical home appliances, devices, and other such things with smartphones or by doing sensor-based operations. All the required devices are connected with one embedded control unit which is managed through a mobile app. This functionality can be accessed either by manually operating a mobile app or with voice assistants e.g., Alexa or Google Assistant, etc. The basic point of communication among devices is based on real-time sensor inputs, which trigger the devices for action and react as per requirements. Ambient light sensors are used to control the on/off the functionality of lights based on the intensity of light present naturally. In this scenario, lights will be switched off in day mode and switched on in night mode. Advancement in wireless technologies enables the researchers to apply various modes of communications among the sensors, gateway, and applications. Bluetooth, Wireless sensor network (WSN), Wi-Fi, Global system for mobile communication (GSM) are a few of them, which are being used either in sensing nodes or in communication gateway to make home automation free of the wired network.

Hybrid heuristic-based key generation protocol for intelligent privacy preservation in cloud sector

Cloud Computing is defined as a set of software and hardware that are used together for delivering different kinds of cloud services based on user's demand. Cloud computing secures a major role in the Information Technology (IT) industry for accessing the services at any place around the world. On the other hand, there are increasing vulnerabilities and threats in the cloud environment due to the rise in popularity and demands in cloud computing services. Data privacy and integrity are the major issues in cloud computing while storing data in various geographical locations. So, it is necessary to consider the data privacy and integrity factors in a cloud computing environment. It is difficult to construct a common platform to interact in the cloud environment. So, it is essential for implementing the security solutions, which need to provide confidentiality while exchanging the data. The main intention of this paper is to design and develop a novel artificial intelligence approach for handling the privacy preservation problem in the cloud sector. Through the process of data sanitization, the sensitive data is hidden, so that it cannot be accessed by unauthorized users. To perform the sanitization process, the heuristic-based key generations play a vital role, and here, it is solved by considering a multi-objective function with constraints like the “degree of modification, hiding ratio, and information preservation ratio”. This multi-objective problem is solved by the adoption of novel Probability Switch searched Butterfly-Moth Flame Optimization (PS-BMFO). Finally, the restoration is also performed by the same PS-BMFO-based key generation. The analysis results confirm that the suggested model preserves privacy and ensures the integrity of the user's data against unauthorized parties. From the experimental analysis, the proposed PS-BMFO gives 12.5%, 10%, 30.7%, and 12.5% enriched than GWO, JA, MFO, and BOA, respectively. Therefore, the statistical analysis shows that the developed data privacy preservation model with suggested PS-BMFO performs better than the other conventional algorithms.

Development of a Universal Scale for Validating the Process of Sanitization of Equipment, Materials and Surfaces in the Animal Facility

Background: Monitoring of sanitization of cage equipment is an essential function of any laboratory animal facilities, seeking to ensure the animal health and welfare. The purpose of the current study was to develop universal scale for monitoring sanitization through detection of residual ATP for the most effective process of sanitizing components of rodents micro- and macro-environment. Methods: Sterile pens and swabs for the HY-LiTE® Luminometer Instrument were used to measure ATP concentration (RLU) on the cleaned surface samples. We have examined the elements of the microenvironment (rodent and rabbit cage, cage wire meshes, feed separating pieces, water bottles with tips, houses, tunnels, IVC cage frames, cage tops and cage wire meshes). The assessed swab area on each of the surfaces was 10×10 cm. Result: We observed, that combined washing (cleaned manually and with automatic universal washers with detergent) gives the lowest RLU values. Monitoring of the quality of sanitization of equipment and surfacescan be carried out without the use of microbiological tests. Use of pre-washing allows increasing the service life of caging equipment. We have developed an assessment scale to monitor sanitizing, which can be recommended to scientific and breeding animal facilities for monitoring sanitization cage equipments.

Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in canaries (Serinus canaria Domestica): a case report.

Klebsiella pneumoniae can cause high mortality in birds. In recent years, small farming of canaries has been developed in Iran and infectious diseases are the main obstacle in the progress of these occupations which increases the importance of identification of pathogenic bacterial agents. A flock with 250 one-year-old canaries presented a history of anorexia, lethargy, mild diarrhea, and approximately 30% mortality. Physical examination revealed that the birds were severely debilitated, cachectic, dehydrated with ruffled feathers, and wet discolored stool around the cloaca. Necropsy findings revealed enlarged liver with multiple pale white, irregular foci on the surface of parenchyma, serosal petechial hemorrhages, and enlargement of lungs, liver, and kidneys. The entire intestine was intensely reddened with fibrinonecrotic exudate content. Histopathological findings of the liver elicited multifocal hepatocellular necrosis, hemorrhage, and also basophilic bacterial colonies. The results of biochemical and molecular tests confirmed K. pneumonia as the causative agent. Based on antimicrobial susceptibility test, K. pneumonia isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin which were administrated for the considered treatment protocol. K. pneumoniae is one of the most important causes of mortality in canaries with multiple antibiotic resistance, therefore assessments of health conditions can supply suitable information to help decision-making about the sanitary processes, control, prevention, and treatment.

Fabrication and working of portable PPE kit sterilizer using UV Ozone Sanitization process

Personnel protective equipment, N95 masks, and filtering facepiece respirators such as goggles, face shields, played a very important rolein the safety of bothvirus-affected persons and as well as medical staff, health workers. As the coronavirus (Covid-19) was increasing exponentially worldwide, healthcare has been the demand for this basic equipment especiallyface protection shields have critical issues. There has been an effort to find out the different ways to conserve PPE kits, to use after the sterilization process. The current work focused onthe fabrication of the Portable PPE Kit Sterilizer model using UV Ozone Sanitization Processto utilize for recycling of N95 masks, goggles. Due to its miniature structure, can be used in public health sectors like the hospital, research centers, schools, and laboratories also. The method adopted was cheap, reuse, well suited for mass sanitization.

5G-Empowered Drone Networks in Federated and Deep Reinforcement Learning Environments

Discovering important knowledge that may be available from databases while preserving the privacy of sensitive information is a hot research subject in data mining recently. With the establishment of 5G, several data-intensive applications will be developed. Privacy of information over the network is increasingly relevant, and as edge computing has grown more critical, applications running over drone networks require protection. The privacy of information while utilizing data is a trade-off that needs to be addressed. In this article, a deep-reinforcement-learning-based technique is applied to hide the sensitive information from a given database while keeping the balance between privacy protection and knowledge discovery during the sanitization process. Furthermore, minimizing known side effects that can be caused in the sanitization process is also considered. A particular set of recommendations, along with potential applications, are discussed with use cases.

SANITASI ALERGEN PADA PROSES PRODUKSI BISKUIT DALAM UPAYA MENGURANGI RESIDU ALERGEN TELUR

Food allergy is a hypersensitive response to food, generally protein, triggered by body immune system. These responses can be mild, however in very rare cases may cause severe reactions and life threatening known as called anaphylaxis. Food allergy has been one of the main factors for product recall. It can happen due to many reasons, such as product package labeling fault, raw material labeling fault and cross contamination. Validation of the effectiveness of cleaning and sanitation process become a critical point to minimize cross contamination. This study aimed to determine the optimum chemical concentration and contact time to eliminate egg residue in biscuit production cleaning process, obtain valid and verified cleaning procedures, and produce cleaning procedures that can be implemented in a production line. The result showed that physical cleaning/pre-cleaning for 30 minute and using 1% (v/v) concentration of caustic based polybrite chemical cleaning for 3-minute contact time can effectively eliminate the egg residue on stainless steel and polyurethane surface equipment. Food contact surface material and product characteristics (wet dough, dry biscuit) affected the number of egg residue on the equipment. Packing area with food contact surface equipment made from stainless steel is not considered critical area for allergen sanitation. It is shown that prior to sanitation process, analysis of egg allergen residue has already given negative result. Validation process can prove the effectiveness of allergen sanitation process to prevent potential egg allergen cross contamination in biscuit production.

Biorrecuperación de aguas residuales con microorganismos

Water is an irreplaceable element that requires sanitary processes and measures. The growing demand has promoted of designs to recover and reuse it, one of the innovation systems is bioremediation that allows the application of microbial agents capable of degrading contaminants. This research consists of the review of primary source literature to obtain criteria in the application of bacteria for wastewater treatment and reuse. Bioremediation has proven to be one of the most efficient and cost-effective alternatives for the elimination of bodies that pollute the ecosystem, compared to conventional physical – chemical systems. However, the results of this remediation strategy will depend on the place and environmental conditions, which is why it is the importance of finding new biotechnologies and implementing cost-effective techniques applied to the well-being of the environment and safety of society. For future studies associated to the application of some type of bioremediation, a previous analysis of the ecological and economic feasibility must be carried out according to the conditions of the damaged ecosystem.

Concept Design of a High-Voltage Electrostatic Sanitizer to Prevent Spread of COVID-19 Coronavirus

In addition to public health measures, including social distancing, masking, cleaning, surface disinfection, etc., ventilation and air filtration can be a key component of a multi-pronged risk mitigation strategy against COVID-19 transmission indoors. Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) have already proved their high performance in fluid filtration, particularly in industrial applications, to control exhaust gas emissions and remove fine and superfine particles from the flowing gas, using high-voltage electrostatic fields and forces. In this contribution, a high-voltage electrostatic sanitizer (ESS), based on the electrostatic precipitation concept, is proposed as a supportive measure to reduce indoor air infection and prevent the spread of COVID-19 coronavirus. The finite element method (FEM) is used to model and simulate the proposed ESS, taking into account three main mechanisms involving in electrostatic sanitization, namely electrostatic field, airflow, and aerosol charging and tracing, which are mutually coupled to each other and occur simultaneously during the sanitization process. To consider the capability of the designed ESS in capturing superfine particles, functional parameters of the developed ESS, such as air velocity, electric potential, and space charge density, inside the ESS are investigated using the developed FEM model. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the designed ESS in capturing aerosols containing coronavirus, precipitating suspended viral particles, and trapping them in oppositely charged electrode plates.

Enhancement of an Optimized Key for Database Sanitization to Ensure the Security and Privacy of an Autism Dataset

Interrupting, altering, or stealing autism-related sensitive data by cyber attackers is a lucrative business which is increasing in prevalence on a daily basis. Enhancing the security and privacy of autism data while adhering to the symmetric encryption concept is a critical challenge in the field of information security. To identify autism perfectly and for its data protection, the security and privacy of these data are pivotal concerns when transmitting information over the Internet. Consequently, researchers utilize software or hardware disk encryption, data backup, Data Encryption Standard (DES), TripleDES, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), and others. Moreover, several studies employ k-anonymity and query to address security concerns, but these necessitate a significant amount of time and computational resources. Here, we proposed the sanitization approach for autism data security and privacy. During this sanitization process, sensitive data are concealed, which avoids the leakage of sensitive information. An optimal key was generated based on our improved meta-heuristic algorithmic framework called Enhanced Combined PSO-GWO (Particle Swarm Optimization-Grey Wolf Optimization) framework. Finally, we compared our simulation results with traditional algorithms, and it achieved increased output effectively. Therefore, this finding shows that data security and privacy in autism can be improved by enhancing an optimal key used in the data sanitization process to prevent unauthorized access to and misuse of data.

Solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic: Recovery techniques and responses

Solid waste management (SWM) is a service of public health that is often understated in its significance. If a public health emergency like the COVID-19 outbreak exacerbates the SWM problem, its true importance as an imperative service becomes more apparent. The crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the dynamics of waste generation globally in nearly every sector and has therefore raised the need for special attention. The unpredictable variations in the quantity and composition of waste also pressurize policymakers to react dynamically. This review highlights the major problems faced during the pandemic by SWM sector and the underlying possibilities to fill the gaps in the existing system. The review focuses on particular areas that have been the most important cause of concern throughout the crisis in the process of waste management. In addition, the mixing of virus infected biomedical waste with the stream of normal solid waste and lack of active involvement of the citizen and cooperation presents the major negative safety and health concerns for the workers involved in the sanitation process. Apart from presenting innovative solutions to tackle current waste management issues, this study also proposes several key potential guidelines to holistically mitigate possible future pandemics, if any. This article can also be of great implication for creation of a specific strategy towards preventing/controlling any potential pandemic of similar kind in the near future.