Sanitation In Nigeria Research Articles

Exploring Faith-based Economic Model (Zakat) for Ensuring Sustainability of Clean Water Provision and Sanitation in Nigeria: A Lesson from Indonesia.

This study aims to propose an Islamic model that can be used with the conventional approach of alleviating water shortage in Nigeria. This study therefore explores the causes and problems related to water accessibility while highlighting the relevance of zakat in achieving sustainability of water and clean sanitation in Nigeria. The study adopts qualitative research method by using secondary data, which is generated through reviewing relevant literatures, case studies, working papers and reports. The study found that in its effort to reduce water scarcity and improve the well-being of people through proper sanitation, BAZNAS, an institution in Indonesia, justifies the use of Zakat funds in providing clean water and sanitation. By making reference to the viability of using Zakat fund in promoting the accessibility and sustainability of clean water and sanitation in Indonesia, the paper findings justify the relevance of using the approach in Nigeria. The paper is limited to reviewed literature and hence, further research should be carried out on empirical research to validate the use of Zakat in promoting the sustainability of water and clean sanitation in Nigeria. The study is of practical importance as it aims at reducing health issues and poverty while upgrading the quality of people’s life through improving the accessibility of clean water and sanitation. To this end, this paper contributes to the existing literature of Zakat.

Effects of Sustainable Development Goals on Poverty Reduction, Water and Sanitation in Nigeria during the Pandemic Era

This paper examines the profound effect of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on poverty reduction, water and sanitation in the context of the pandemic era in Nigeria. As high-profile academia and bureaucrats seek to navigate the intricate landscape of development policy and practice, understanding the interplay between the SDGs, pandemic challenges, and Nigeria's socio-economic fabric becomes paramount. The study adopted documentary research design method through a comprehensive review of existing literature and empirical analysis. Findings from the study show that, good strides have been made in the domestication process of the SDGs in Nigeria. Nigeria has developed its home-grown ‘Integrated Sustainable Development Goals (SDG Model) the model includes; empowerment, conditional cash transfers and vocational training, trader-moni, Market-moni, ANCOR borrowers programme of CBN. Finding from the study shows that between 2015–2021, over 10.5 million Nigerians were lifted out of poverty through empowerment, conditional cash transfers and vocational training, President Muhammadu Buhari revealed that, government has lifted 10.5 million Nigerians out of poverty in the last two years. Buhari revealed that, those lifted out of poverty include farmers, artisans, market women, and small-scale traders. Finding from the study shows that, Seven hundred thirty-two (732) waters and sanitation related projects were executed, while Finding from the study shows that, 616 classrooms and other educational facilities were built or renovated. It was further showing that, a key challenge confronting the country has to do with Out-of- School-Children, a demographic challenge that relates to interplay between employment (SDG-8), education (SDG-4), poverty (SDG-1) and the digital economy (SDG-17). The study recommends thatThe government should encourage Sustainable Development Initiatives. The government should integrate sustainable development practices into policies and initiatives related to poverty reduction, water, and sanitation. Promote the use of renewable energy, encourage sustainable agricultural practices, and prioritize the conservation of natural resources. The government should support the development of eco-friendly technologies and solutions to minimize the environmental impact of development efforts. The government should expand social protection programs to support vulnerable populations, including the poor, elderly, and informal workers, by providing cash transfers, food assistance, and healthcare services. Implement targeted programs that reach those most in need, using technology and data to identify and assist marginalized communities Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, Covid-19 pandemic, poverty reduction, water and sanitation, Nigeria.

Are The Laws for Us or Against Us? Reinventing Environmental Sanitation Laws in Nigeria

Environmental sanitation has been defined as managing any aspects of a man's physical environment that might harm his physical, cognitive, or social health. Indoctrinating good environmental sanitation practices into its citizenry has been and remains a foremost concern for the Nigerian government, with several laws enacted at levels of government to achieve this target. Although there are many of these laws, compliance with environmental sanitation laws remains at its lowest ebb in Nigeria. Nigeria's current environmental sanitation situation reflects that these laws are obeyed more in abeyance, with many viewing compliances as a fool's errand rather than a necessary evil. The method used in this research is descriptive and doctrinal. This paper discusses the issue of environmental sanitation in Nigeria and examines the existing legal system for achieving a cleaner Nigeria. This paper posits that having a clean Nigeria is achievable and asserts that a bottom-up approach to environmental sanitation lawmaking in Nigeria is needed to achieve this goal. A participatory community module for sanitation lawmaking is recommended to ensure that the people understand the importance of these laws by taking ownership of the process rather than depending on the government for its actualization.

Broadcast Media Contents in Shaping Audience Attitude Towards Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria

This study investigated Broadcast Media Content in Shaping Audience Attitudes towards Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria using Makurdi Metropolis as a case study. It sought to determine the effectiveness of environmental sanitation-related content in shaping residents' attitudes towards the environment. The study was anchored on the hypodermic needle theory. The survey research method was adopted to elicit information using a questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Findings from the study reveal that residents use broadcast media as their source of information. Results also show that broadcast media produce consent relating to environmental sanitation, and such content shapes residents' habits towards the environment. Hence, the study concludes that broadcast media help shape audience attitudes on ecological sanitation. A considerable percentage of respondents to this study believe that the broadcast media shapes their attitude towards waste disposal and environmental sanitation. Therefore, the study recommends issuing an order by NBC to broadcast stations regarding environmental sanctions, recycling of waste, and government and non-governmental organisations' involvement in ecological sanitation.

Environmental and Health Implications of Poor Sanitation in Nigeria

Environmental and Health Implications of Poor Sanitation in Nigeria

Environmental and Health Implications of Poor Sanitation in Nigeria

Environmental and Health Implications of Poor Sanitation in Nigeria

Freshwater requirement to attain open-defecation-free status in Nigeria by 2025

Abstract Nigeria is a signatory to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Target 6.2 of Goal 6 has requested countries who are parties to the SDGs to end open defecation by 2030. Notwithstanding this, the Government of Nigeria launched a far more ambitious National Road Map in 2016 to end open defecation in the country by 2025. Since water and sanitation are inextricably linked, this paper estimates Nigeria's freshwater requirement to attain open-defecation-free status by 2025. The analysis revealed that the quantity of freshwater required amounted to between 2.74 and 2.94 × 106 cubic metres (m3) per day or between 1.0 and 1.1 × 109 m3 per year under the assumptions made. This amount is relatively less than Nigeria's total water resources potential estimated at 375.1 × 109 m3/year. The data presented will help increase the reliability of estimates of water for sanitation in Nigeria.

Could Water and Sanitation Shortfalls Exacerbate SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Risks?

.SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, is shed in stool. SARS coronaviruses have been detected in wastewater during outbreaks in China, Europe, and the United States. In this perspective, we outline the risk fecal shedding poses at locations without safely managed sanitation, as in most of Nigeria where we work. We believe that feco-oral transmission could occur if community transmission becomes high and sustained in densely populated cities without proper sanitation in Nigeria and many other African and Asian settings. In the absence of basic sanitation, or where existing sanitation is not safely managed, groundwater, which is often drawn up from wells and boreholes for drinking and household use, can become contaminated with enteric bacteria and viruses from fecal matter. Endemic and epidemic transmission of multiple feco-oral pathogens via this route continues to be documented in areas without safely managed sanitation, and, therefore, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission needs to be evaluated, tracked, and forestalled in such settings. We suggest that fecal matter from treatment facilities and recovered patients should be carefully and properly disposed. Furthermore, environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and accumulated human waste, as well as efforts to mitigate the virus’ entry into unprotected household water sources, should be a priority part of the COVID-19 response in settings without safely managed sanitation for the duration of the pandemic.

Legal framework to ensure sufficient medical equipment, to train medical staff and to observe sanitary standards

Qualitative healthcare and universal coverage for health can only be achieved in a nation that has sufficient medical equipment, trained personnel and good sanitation. Without these, there can be no quality healthcare. Therefore, this paper examines the legal framework for the provision of sufficient equipment and training of medical staff and sanitation in Nigeria. The paper examines laws put in place by the government and observes that there are several laws in this regard but the problem bothers on implementation. The paper notes that all aspects of healthcare in Nigeria is tied to the annual budget and the federal government has not done so much in this regard as the health sector receives less than 5 % vote from the budget as against 15 % proposed in the AU Declaration. The paper also notes that health is not a justiciable right in Nigeria. It further notes that existing hospital equipment are dilapidated, sanitary condition is poor as there is no water and toilet facilities in most hospitals and this endangers the health of staff and patients. There is also brain drain in the sector as the personnel seek to earn a living in other climes with better welfare packages. The paper therefore recommends that the government should strive to provide the resources needed for equipment and training of medical staff by ensuring that 1 % of its budget from the Consolidated Revenue Account is dedicated to the health sector. The paper concludes by noting that universal coverage for health in Nigeria is possible and if the right steps are taken, medical tourism will be a thing of the past. Most importantly, sanitation in the health sector should be added to the conversation.

Urban sanitation in Nigeria: the past, current and future status of access, policies and institutions.

Though rated among the largest economies in sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria is currently grappling with enormous socio-economic challenges such as high poverty rate, power and water supply shortages, large-scale unemployment ratio, economic recession and underperforming agricultural sector. Judging by the scale of urgent political and economic importance, urban sanitation definitely ranks low among the government's priorities. No wonder political slogans and manifestos of political parties feature provision of water supply while sanitation is conspicuously usually omitted. This is suggestive of the opinion that having not critically understood the status, challenges and opportunities associated with sanitation in the country's urban areas might be partly responsible for this. Thus, the current work presents a detailed review of the past, current and future status of urban sanitation in Nigeria in terms of access coverage, policies, institutions and future challenges and opportunities. The past status was difficult to evaluate because of the absence of data and unclear definitions of the term 'sanitation'. The current status shows among other findings that water supply issues receive domineering attention than sanitation, mainly due to merging together of discussions, policies and implementation of the two issues together. In cases where sanitation crops up in the agenda, rural areas are favored more than the urban areas. This pattern is also common in the literature. But the future of urban sanitation in Nigeria is double-edged depending on actions or inactions of the government and other stakeholders. The study further makes recommendations for - balanced and sustainable urban development planning, restructuring of land and housing policies and creation of enabling market environment that could trigger a viable sanitation industry - as the way forward.

Geo-spatial modeling of access to water and sanitation in Nigeria

Abstract The paper presents the development and implementation of a geo-spatial model for mapping populations’ access to specified types of water and sanitation services in Nigeria. The analysis uses geo-referenced, population-representative data from the National Water and Sanitation Survey 2015, along with relevant geo-spatial covariates. The model generates predictions for levels of access to seven indicators of water and sanitation services across Nigeria at a resolution of 1 × 1 km2. Overall, the findings suggest a sharp urban–rural divide in terms of access to improved water, basic water, and improved water on premises, a low availability of piped water on premises and of sewerage systems throughout the country, a high concentration of improved sanitation in select states, and low rates of nationwide open defecation, with a few pockets of high rates of open defecation in the central and southern non-coastal regions. Predictions promise to hone the targeting of policies meant to improve access to basic services in various regions of the country. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

Water and sanitation in Nigeria: a case study of Ondo State

Water and sanitation have been recognized as critical to ensure good quality of life. This paper examines the existing water supply and sanitation in Ondo State, Nigeria with a view to determine the extent of deficiency and what will be required to meet the Millennium Development Goals that seeks to halve the Population of the State without access to safe Water and Sanitation in 2015. The data utilized in this research were obtained from a systematic survey of household’s characteristic, indicators of accessibility to safe water, sources, quality and quantity of available water and sanitation service in the state. The basic data set for the paper was collected using a well-structured questionnaire administered randomly on some selected households of some communities within each Local Government Area of the State. This research reveals that majority of residents of the state do not have access to pipe borne water and sanitary facilities that could ensure good quality of life. It is recommended that aggressive re-invigoration of government agency responsible for water supply and sanitation should be carried out. Keywords: water, sanitation, accessibility, Millennium Development Goal

The Human Right to Clean Water and Sanitation - A Perspective from Nigeria

The human right to clean water and sanitation has currently become a global issue. From Brazil to Sudan, Tibet to Turkana, water for living has gradually become a consistent discourse. There is indeed a perception shared by many scholars and international bodies that access to safe, clean or wholesome water has attained the status of a fundamental human right. The rationale behind most of this critical mass of opinion is that water is an essential need for life. Take away water and life is an empty shell. Without clean and wholesome water for drinking and sanitation, the other rights which are hinged on life become meaningless. This perception reached a crescendo in the year 2010, when the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 64/292, clearly recognizing the human right to water and sanitation. The Resolution also acknowledged that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential to the realization of all human rights. However, despite this there appears to be a huge gap between this global perception and the reality of access to clean water and sanitation as a human right today. Like all other environmental and human right concerns of mankind, the actualization of this premium right lies majorly at the local level. Thus while having an eye on the global scene, there is an essential need to act locally. This explains our present attempt herein to explore the concept of a human right to clean water and sanitation using Nigeria as the prism. The work is therefore aimed at ascertaining the extent of recognition, enforcement and availability of the human right to clean water and sanitation in Nigeria. Ultimately it is recommend that critical social engagement, active citizenship participation, legislative intervention and corporate social responsibility are possible measures to solve the problem. It is also hoped that a careful study of the Nigerian situation would help in the formulation of a human right to clean water and sanitation policy template. It is further hoped that this will in the end assist the realization of the purport and essence of the United Nations resolution on the human right to clean water and sanitation.

Employing Water Demand Management Option for the Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria

The aim of this paper is to assess the importance of Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy to the improvement of water supply and sanitation in Nigeria. Persistent water supply shortages and poor sanitation have since remained important features of the Nigerian urban and rural communities. Most often governmental solution to these problems has been to develop and exploit the available water resources and the level of sanitation for the people. This predominant approach which is also known as augmentation method is supply driven with the primary purpose being how best to meet the perceived water and sanitation demand. One of the major disadvantages of this approach is the huge financial involvement associated with it. Conversely, quite recently water resource managers have begun to direct attention on how consumers can be motivated to regulate the amount and manner in which they use and dispose water to alleviate pressure on freshwater supplies. This new approach is known as water demand management. It is demand driven in that consumers determine their own water need. Employment of WDM by consumers especially in water scarce areas as was discussed in the paper will decrease the amount of water use, thereby limiting unnecessary financial expenditure in exploiting new sources to meet the ever increasing demand.

‘ENVIRONMENTAL AKALISM’ AND THE WAR ON FILTH: THE PERSONIFICATION OF SANITATION IN URBAN NIGERIA

ABSTRACTIn Nigerian cities, as across much of Africa, sanitation practices at zone, ward and street levels inscribe – in patterns of circulation and interaction around waste – not only the hopes and fears of urban residents and managers, but also the aspirations and failures encoded in colonial and post-colonial national and regional histories. Adjusting to numerous challenges – the interplay of racist colonial zoning strategies, rapid post-colonial urban expansion, the withdrawal of public services amid the liberalization programmes of the 1980s, the increasingly abject character of the social contract, and the ongoing tenuousness of economic life and activity – urban environmental sanitation in Nigeria has long struggled to keep pace with the historical dynamics of the country's emergent metropolises. Following the activities of a cohort of inspectors and volunteers at the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Oyo State, this article examines the politics of performance and coercion surrounding the monthly observance of Environmental Sanitation Day in Ibadan amid the heightened political tensions of the electoral season in 2011.

'ENVIRONMENTAL AKALISM' AND THE WAR ON FILTH: THE PERSONIFICATION OF SANITATION IN URBAN NIGERIA.

In Nigerian cities, as across much of Africa, sanitation practices at zone, ward and street levels inscribe-in patterns of circulation and interaction around waste-not only the hopes and fears of urban residents and managers, but also the aspirations and failures encoded in colonial and post-colonial national and regional histories. Adjusting to numerous challenges-the interplay of racist colonial zoning strategies, rapid post-colonial urban expansion, the withdrawal of public services amid the liberalization programmes of the 1980s, the increasingly abject character of the social contract, and the ongoing tenuousness of economic life and activity-urban environmental sanitation in Nigeria has long struggled to keep pace with the historical dynamics of the country's emergent metropolises. Following the activities of a cohort of inspectors and volunteers at the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, Oyo State, this article examines the politics of performance and coercion surrounding the monthly observance of Environmental Sanitation Day in Ibadan amid the heightened political tensions of the electoral season in 2011.

Evaluation of Sanitation Practices in Ibadan South East LGAs of Oyo State, Nigeria

Sanitation is paramount to human life because it contributes to safety from communicable and non-communicable diseases as well as playing important roles in human socio- economic development and sustenance of cultural values. The aim of this paper is to highlight unwholesome practices that are inimical to good sanitation in Nigeria with particular focus on Ibadan South East LGAs of the Metropolis. Survey method was largely used in this study with questionnaire administered on 233 respondents selected from 40 households spatially spread across the LGAs. The analysis shows that domestic liquid and solid wastes constitute environmental hazard in the area. About 69 per cent of the respondents are females which indicate that issue of household sanitation is gender biased, 64 per cent of respondents are married depicting large household size with multiplier effect on quantity of waste generated. Also 28.3 per cent of households pack solid waste in sacks while 24 per cent use waste bins. Also, 17.2 per cent dump and burn solid waste in front of houses while nine per cent dispose of refuse on vacant plots. The astonishing revelation is that 6.9 per cent of them throw waste into flowing streams while 12.9 per cent dump waste into drainage. Adding to these problems is lack of awareness of building code which made sanitary facilities wrongly located. Education through public enlightenment, provision of sanitary facilities and involvement of PPP among other things are advocated to remedying the present sanitation problems in Ibadan city and cities in Nigeria. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n5p79

Issues of Access to and Utilization of Project Services amongst Communities with the EU-MPP6 Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Imo State, Nigeria

Despite the existence of a number of water and sanitation facilities, access to water supply and sanitation in Nigeria has remained a problem. This study examines communities’ access to the European-Union Micro-Projects Programme (EU-MPP6) water supply and sanitation projects in Imo State, Nigeria and equally examines the communities’ utilization of the projects’ services. For the study primary data were collected from the key staff of the European Union Micro Projects Program and at the household level. Using distance, time and money as major determinants of access, the study revealed that there is considerable reduction in time spent fetching water (less than 1 hour), distance travelled to fetch water (less than 401metres), and households pay nothing most times for water fetched. Households collect above 20 litres from water points daily, and much of what is collected is for the purpose of drinking. Multiple regression model and the students’t test statistical tools were used in testing the central hypothesis. Result of the test indicated that, there is a significant relationship between the access of the communities to the EU-MPP6 water supply and sanitation projects and the communities’ utilization of the project services in Imo State. Presently, the people of the benefitting communities travel shorter distances to access greater quantity of water as a result of the presence of the EU-MPP6 water supply and sanitation projects. The significant difference that is exhibited by the access of the benefitting communities to the projects is an indication of the projects’ effectiveness in Imo State, Nigeria. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n6p239

Localizing the strategy for achieving rural water supply and sanitation in Nigeria

Water is essential for sustenance of life and determines the overall socio- economic development of any nation. In Nigeria, so many programmes to improve water supply and sanitation situation had been put in place by different administrations. Despite this, the hope of meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target of safe water supply by the year 2015 is still uncertain. The MDG in water supply and sanitation aims to half the proportion of people without access to potable water supply and basic sanitation. More recent statements of the MDGs refer to the right of communities to have access to an adequate supply of safe water. Safe rural water supply coverage in this context is taken to mean water that does not represent a significant health risk; that is of sufficient quantity to meet all domestic needs; that is available continuously to all of the people and is affordable. There is no gainsaying the fact that the objective of improved rural water supply generally is limited to improved health. This paper therefore examines the extent to which government, implementors, and users are adopting different but interrelated mechanisms to deal with water stress in Nigeria. The paper also identifies the challenges in governance, government policies and priorities as responsible for poor service delivery. More importantly, a policy/institutional framework for sustainable rural water supply and sanitation delivery is developed towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Keywords : Rural water supply, sanitation, sustainable development, Millennium Development Goals, Nigeria

Environmental sanitation in Nigeria: colonial and contemporary

(1988). Environmental sanitation in Nigeria: colonial and contemporary. Review of African Political Economy: Vol. 15, No. 42, pp. 19-31.