Sanitary Regulations Research Articles

Test results of insecticides from the chemical class of anthranyldiamides on cucumbers in greenhouse

Relevance. The adaptive-integrated plant protection system is the basis of biologized protective measures against harmful organisms. This system provides for careful treatment of natural resources, prevents contamination of soil and water with pesticides and agrochemicals. In recent years, legislation and sanitary regulations have increasingly tightened the regulations governing the use of pesticides in crop production. Organic farming is becoming increasingly common. Leading global chemical companies are expanding their research on the biology of manufactured plant protection products: they give them a selective character, reduce the period of their inactivation, respectively, the waiting period. FMC manufactures and supplies to Russia new generation insecticides Verimark® and Benevia® from the chemical class of diamides compatible with the biomethode and having a short waiting time.Methods. In 2020-2021, in the greenhouse complex of the FSVC, an assessment of the biological effectiveness of the insecticides Verimark® and Benevia® on cucumber culture has been carried out. Verimark® was applied by shedding seedlings under the root and applying through a drip system, Benevia® was introduced by ground spraying of vegetating plants.Results. The most problematic cucumber pests in greenhouse are tobacco trips (Thrips tabaci) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporarium). As a result of successive additions of the Verimark® (for the root) and Benevia® (for the leaves), the number of tobacco thrips was reduced by 90,8-98,9%. Spraying the plants with Benevia® in admixture with Codacide oil also provided a high positive effect against the greenhouse whitefly. Already on the third day, the number of pests decreased by 90,3%. Protective measures made it possible to increase crop yield by 26.3% in the first turnover and 28.3% in the second. The highest rates of biological efficacy were observed in the use of preparations before the start of pest settlement, which is fully supported by the recommendations of the manufacturer.

«KazEcoProm» ЖШС ҚТҚ полигонында өндіріс және тұтыну қалдықтарының жинақталуын талдау

This article presents an analysis of waste collection at the landfill of municipal solid waste (hereinafter - MSW) LLP "KazEcoProm", located in the north - east of Kazakhstan, in one of the industrial centres of the country in the city of Pavlodar. In addition, in the Pavlodar region there are about one thousand industrial enterprises generating municipal solid waste. In the paper, the analysis of the amount of production and consumption waste generated by industrial processes and life processes that arrive at the landfill. The analysis considered the types of waste entering the landfill: volumes of municipal solid waste, construction and ash and slag waste. It also provided for the implementation of landfill activities in accordance with sanitary requirements. The implementation of activities of the landfill that meet the sanitary requirements is also analysed. The work reflects the conditions of accumulation and disposal of waste: the volume of accumulated waste and the design capacity of the landfill as of July 1, 2020 is compared, the annual volume of waste produced in 2020-2023, the amount of their storage and sorting are given. The data obtained can be used in determining compliance with waste storage and collection standards as well as sanitary regulations at landfills.

Chiefs and Rural Health Services in South-Western Nigeria, c. 1920-c. 1950s.

SummaryThis article examines the role of African chiefs in the administration of colonial medicine in rural south-western Nigeria, emphasising the adaptive ways they navigated a difficult position between colonial medical authorities and indigenous medical legitimacy. Whereas colonial authorities expected chiefs to enforce medical policies and to encourage their subjects to use medical facilities, Africans wanted chiefs to defend and promote Yoruba medical and religious practices that colonial authorities and missionaries usually undermined. By supporting established African healing systems, chiefs stood to gain political mileage and favour with traditional healers. Furthermore, we argue that although African chiefs cooperated with the government in implementing health policies, they had a difficult relationship with sanitary inspectors who enforced sanitary regulations in ways that bred resentment. In the 1940s, Yoruba chiefs advocated for more rural health services, perhaps to pacify the rising nationalist movement that would have made them irrelevant had they not cooperated.

Fecal pollution increases susceptibility to diseases in brown mussel Perna perna from cultured and wild populations

Maricultural systems for food production have expanded worldwide since the 2000s, including the production of brown mussel Perna perna - a key aquaculture species in Venezuela, South Africa, and Brazil. Bivalves grown in sewage-polluted areas can act as sources for human diseases given their filter-feeding behavior. Moreover, sewage can affect mussels' microbiota and fitness, thereby making them more susceptible to infections and diseases, leading to mortalities. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of coastal fecal pollution on P. perna pathological conditions. Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were used to assess the microbiological quality in the seawater and mussels' hemolymph from four beaches located at Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Vermelha (VB), Icaraí (IB), and Urca (UB), where mussels are exploited for consumption and local market sale; and Jurujuba (JB) farming area where mussels are cultured. Additionally, mussels had their organs surveyed for pathological conditions and parasitic infection by histology. UB presented the highest FIB counts in seawater, followed by IB, JB and VB. Moreover, significantly lower values of total coliforms (TC) were found in mussels' hemolymph from VB and IB than JB and UB, which are probably related to differences in the hydrodynamic of these beaches; VB and IB are open beaches, while JB and UB are sheltered. Our findings suggest that mussel's hemolymph could be used as an indicator of the water quality. Mussels from VB and IB presented lower overall incidence of pathological conditions than ones from JB and UB, suggesting that higher fecal contamination increases mussel susceptibility to pathologies. Mussels from VB were associated with an elasmobranch parasite (Tylocephalum sp.) that indicate a conservative ecological dynamic. Our findings highlight that sewage inputs into coastal systems and farming areas raises the risks of parasitosis and diseases in mussels, which may compromise the quantity and quality of shellfish production and lead to economic losses. In response, public investments in urban planning and sanitary regulation close to coastal systems and farming areas are crucial to prevent future problems for the shellfish market and human safety, especially in developing countries such as Brazil.

ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ В ИСТОЧНИКАХ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННО-ПИТЬЕВОГО ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ НА СЕВЕРЕ КАЛМЫКИИ

Purpose: assessment of water quality in the source of centralized domestic water supply in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny in Oktyabrsky district of Kalmy-kia according to the main monitored indicators. Materials and methods. Water resources in the source of domestic water supply (before and after their treatment) in the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny were considered as objects of study. The factual materials for the study were the protocols of laboratory studies of water quality in the distribution network of the settlement of Bolshoy Tsaryn, an explanatory note to the scheme of water supply and disposal of the settlements of Bolshoy Tsaryn and Mirny of Oktyabrsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia (2019), separate sections of the Scheme for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Bodies of Endorheic Areas in the Interfluve of the Terek, Don and Volga (2014), as well as materials from previously published studies on the topic under consideration. Results. An analysis of the laboratory testing of samples shows that the water in the considered water supply source is suitable according to radiological indicators and the results of sanitary and hygienic analyzes, however, its quality does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents in terms of color (exceeds 20°) and turbidity (more than 2.6 FMU). Conclusions. When comparing analyzes of water samples taken from the network before and after treatment, it can be concluded that its organoleptic properties after purification are reduced by 15.9–26.2 % in terms of “color” and by 25.29–47.4 % in terms of “turbidity”, this is not always enough to meet the requirements of Sanitary Rules and Regulations. To address the issues of increased water color and turbidity, it is necessary to carry out deepening measures in the water intake area, as well as systematic cleaning of the canal's water supply network from sediment. In addition, it is necessary to consider the possibility of drinking water post-treatment through additional filtration.

Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Composition of Natural Waters in the Khanty-Mansiysky and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts

Background: Water is a key source of life on Earth; it is involved in the transfer of nutrients, macro- and microelements between soil, plants, animals and humans, as well as in the concentration and dispersion of chemical elements and the formation of minerals. The elemental status of the population is largely determined by the chemical composition of the natural waters on the territory of residence. Objective: To perform a comparative analysis of the concentrations of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium in natural waters of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts (Okrugs). Materials and methods: We established concentrations of iron, manganese, calcium and magnesium in 100 samples of natural waters taken from rivers, lakes, backwaters, channels, etc. of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, 50 samples each, using spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis and atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained were compared with the reference values provided in Russian sanitary rules and regulations SanPiN 1.2.3685–21. Results: We established elevated levels of iron in most surface water samples from both districts and of manganese in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug accompanied by extremely low concentrations of Ca and Mg in the vast majority of all samples. At the same time, we registered significantly lower concentrations of Ca (p = 0.012) and Mg (p = 0.021) in the water samples from the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug compared to those from the other district. Conclusion: In the population of the Tyumen North, the constant use of such water for drinking purposes can lead to the early development and rapid progression of cardiovascular and osteoarticular diseases, type 2 diabetes, neoplasms, etc.; at the same time, people are at risk of generalization of immunosuppressive conditions, diseases of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, oxidative metabolism disorders, etc.

Озеленение нашей школы

The article reports the results of a school greening project. It is a follow-up to the online-project Green School led by A. G. Filipova and M. R. Husnutdinova. Among other things, the online-project, which ran several months, resulted in the development of interviewing skills in its participants. The article explores the impact of plants on the microclimate of school classroom and students’ and teachers’ health and mood. On the practical side, the project aimed to develop a green corner on the school premises. We investigated the issue of greening school classrooms from various perspectives: lighting and humidity; species composition and number of plants on the school premises; the opinion of teachers and school students about the role of indoor plants in school, their readiness to participate in the project of greening school premises. Light and humidity measurements of five school classrooms were taken from 14 to 26 February 2022. Later, we designed questions and interviewed six teachers and five students. In June 2022, the practical stage of the project started. It resulted in the design of a green corner in the hall of an elementary school. The green corner is in compliance with all the statutory sanitary regulations and standards. It is crucial to mention that the greening project engaged school students and teachers. It taught both children and adults to take care of plants, introduced them to a new type of activity, and gave them an opportunity to contribute to the development of our school.

Bacillus Cereus in Eggshell: Enterotoxigenic Profiles and Biofilm Production

A study was carried out with the objective of determining the presence of Bacillus cereus in eggshells commercialized in Mexico, the enterotoxigenic profile of the isolated strains, and the production of biofilms in different materials as well as in the eggshell. 1000 chicken eggs from four commercial brands were collected from markets and supermarkets located in the city of Chilpancingo, Mexico. Bacillus cereus was isolated from the eggshell. The molecular identification was by amplification of the gyrB gene and the enterotoxigenic profiles by the amplification of the cytK, ces, nheABC, and hblABD genes, in addition to the amplification of the tasA and sipW genes associated with the production of biofilms. In different materials and in eggshells, the production of biofilms was evaluated. The microbiological and molecular analysis of B. cereus yielded a frequency of 5.5% (55/1000), this was higher in brand III (11.6%, p=0.0001) and white eggshell (7.6%, 38/500, p≤0.001) and by marketing source, it was similar between market (5.2% / 26/500) and supermarket (5.8%, 29/500). The most common was the toxigenic profile A (23/55). Biofilm production is high in PVC in relation to other materials (p<0.0001), and the frequency of the related genes tasA and sipW was 72.7% and 40% respectively; the highest production was related to the tasA gene; in eggshell, most of the strains (54/55) were able to produce biofilm. Strains of B. cereus with toxigenic potential circulate and persist in this product, which shows the need for sanitary regulation in the country.

Epizootic situation with infectious and invasive diseases in fishery of LLC “Nikolaev RMS”

Most fish farms in their economic activities for the reproduction and cultivation of fish rely on the use of a set of intensification measures, but, despite them, the spread of infectious and invasive diseases and the deterioration of the epizootic condition does not stop. Fish farms are most exposed to pathogenic effects, as they specialize in raising young fish, which is more susceptible to this type of disease. During the growing season, we conducted hydrobiological and hydrochemical studies, analyzed the epizootic state of the farm, and identified the intensity of the spread of invasive fish diseases in summer and autumn. Because invasive diseases complicate the process of reproduction and rearing of fish, which primarily leads to refusal of food, reducing the intensity of its growth, the death of a large number of aquatic organisms, which causes significant economic losses in the production process. The main purpose of the work was: identifying pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases to identify them; establishing the intensity of infection; selection of methods of fish treatment and disease prevention in the carp farm of Mykolayivska RMS LLC and Babin-Ryba fish farm. Studies have shown that a significant proportion of fish was affected by pathogens of the class Sestoidea (cestodes): Khawia sinensis (caviosis), Caryophyllosis (karyophilosis) in all age groups, Dyplostomums pathaceum (diplostomosis), Trichodina domerguei forma acdose and three others. (ligulosis), Lernaeosis (Lerniosis), Bothriocephalus acheloignati (botryocephalus). To control the incidence of fish used cestozol, which contains 70 % niclosamide and 30 % levamisole, which helped to overcome the source of infection and curb the incidence. To prevent the occurrence of such phenomena in the future economy, it is recommended to strictly follow the veterinary and sanitary rules and regulations provided by the technological processes of reproduction and cultivation of fish.

Risk of chlorine dioxide as emerging contaminant during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: enzyme, cardiac, and behavior effects on amphibian tadpoles

ObjectiveThe use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) increased in the last year to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its use as disinfectant and therapeutic human treatments against viral infections. The absence of toxicological studies and sanitary regulation of this contaminant represents a serious threat to human and environmental health worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and sublethal effects of ClO2 on tadpoles of Trachycephalus typhonius, which is a common bioindicator species of contamination from aquatic ecosystems.Materials and methodsMedian lethal concentration (LC50), the lowest-observed effect concentration (LOEC), and the no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) were performed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities, swimming behavior parameters, and cardiac rhythm were estimated on tadpoles of concentrations ≤ LOEC exposed at 24 and 96 h. ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc comparisons were performed to define treatments significance (p ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe LC50 of ClO2 was 4.17 mg L−1 (confidence limits: 3.73–4.66). In addition, NOEC and LOEC values were 1.56 and 3.12 mg L−1 ClO2, respectively, at 48 h. AChE and GST activities, swimming parameters, and heart rates increased in sublethal exposure of ClO2 (0.78–1.56 mg L−1) at 24 h. However, both enzyme activities and swimming parameters decreased, whereas heart rates increased at 96 h.ConclusionOverall, this study determined that sublethal concentrations of ClO2 produced alterations on antioxidant systems, neurotoxicity reflected on swimming performances, and variations in cardiac rhythm on treated tadpoles. Thus, our findings highlighted the need for urgent monitoring of this chemical in the aquatic ecosystems.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13530-021-00116-3.

Effects of Screen Time and Season on Cardiovascular System Indicators in Primary Schoolchildren

Indicators of the cardiovascular system, including heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) variability parameters, were analyzed in primary school students with different computer screen times. The study included 4084 students of grades 1–4 (age 7–12 years) from 66 Moscow schools. The screen time at school and out of school was assessed by teachers, based on the national Sanitary Rules and Regulations: 0, no screen time; 1, screen time matching hygienic standards; 2, screen time at least twice greater than recommended. Physiological examinations were carried out by spiroarteriocardiorhythmography with a face mask, the conditions corresponding to the functional stress test (mild hypercapnia/hypoxia). Testing took place in spring and autumn (independent samples). Statistical data processing was performed using nonparametric criteria. It was revealed that the introduction of computer technologies in school lessons within the limits of hygienic standards was accompanied by an increase, within the normal range, of systolic BP in girls at the end of grade 2 and 4 and in boys at the beginning and end of grade 4. Screen time at least twice higher than the hygienic standard did not have an additional effect on BP, but provoked shifts in the function of autonomic regulation. Boys were more sensitive to the influence of this environmental factor. Their pattern of seasonal variability in total power (TP) of the HR variability spectrum was reversed compared to that of children who did not use computers at school; i.e., higher TP values were observed in spring. In grade 4, the process was accompanied by an increase in spontaneous arterial baroreflex sensitivity and a decrease in the relative power of the LF range in the variability spectrum of systolic BP. The changes were assumed to reflect the adaptive response to changes in educational environment.

Assessment of the Insolation Duration for the Facades of Buildings and Adjacent Territories under Certain Parameters of their Development

The article is devoted to a wide scale desk and field scientific studies, devoted to a problem of solar insolation of residential buildings and near-by territories. The investigations were conducted on basis of a number of cities in Russian Federation, situated in different insolation zones of country. The different type of residential blocks, as regards to their size, shape, height, etc., was chosen for the studies in question. The lasting of solar insolation period in cardinal standard months of year in relations to the above mentioned factors was determined and this gave a possibility to make a number of general conclusions and to represent some recommendation for architectural and structural design of residential buildings and urban development in general. The article also proves the importance and validity of the latter changes, which were put into the contemporary “Sanitary Codes and Regulations” of Russian Federation in the section on insolation of buildings and territories.

Plesiomonas: A Review on Food Safety, Fish-Borne Diseases, and Tilapia.

Fish and fish products are considered a fundamental part of the human diet due to their high nutritional value. Food-borne diseases are considered a major public health challenge worldwide due to their incidence, associated mortality, and negative economic repercussions. Food safety is the guarantee that foods will not cause harm to the health of those who consume them, and it is a fundamental property of food quality. Food safety can be at risk of being lost at any stage of the food chain if the food is contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms. Many diverse bacteria are present in the environment and as part of the microbiota of food that can be transmitted to humans during the handling and consumption of food. Plesiomonas shigelloides has been mainly associated with outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases due to the consumption of fish. This bacterium inhabits the environment and aquatic animals and is associated with the microbiota of fish such as tilapia, a fish of importance in fishing, aquaculture, commercialization, and consumption worldwide. The purpose of this document is to provide, through a bibliographic review of databases (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, among others), a general informative perspective on food-borne diseases and, in particular, the consumption of fish and tilapia. Diseases derived from contamination by Plesiomonas shigelloides are included, and control and prevention actions and sanitary regulations for fishery products established in several countries around the world are discussed to promote the safety of foods of aquatic origin intended for human consumption and to protect public health.

The ways improving legal regulation to protect lectures’ health and safety at Ukrainian higher educational institutions

The relevance of the research is due to the uncertainty of legal regulation to protect lectures’ health and safety in labour law and the necessity to find promising ways to improve legal regulation taking into account the characteristics of teaching in quarantine. Nowadays there are still unresolved issues of legal regulation of labour protection, namely lectures of higher educational institutions of Ukraine, the necessity for further thorough and comprehensive research to address the issue of labour protection of teaching in a pandemic. That is why the purpose of the following research is to identify promising areas for improving the legal regulation of labour protection of lectures at higher educational institutions of Ukraine in modern conditions. In Ukraine, there has long been a need to systematize, revise and update existing legal acts in the field of teachers’ health. The article considers the structure and main components of current legislation in the field of labour protection at the international, national and local levels. Under the conditions of quarantine restrictions, the advantages and disadvantages of using remote work of teachers are analyzed. Promising areas to improve the legal regulation of lectures’ health and safety protection are establishing control over using breaks for employees working with personal computers and other office equipment to rest, revising state sanitary rules and regulations to work with a personal computer; regulating normative and legal provision of labour protection and safety in higher educational institutions, establishing a law to protect lectures’ health and safety, etc. A large number of regulations, duplicating provisions acts of different legal force hinder the effective regulation of labour protection and indicating the feasibility of creating a separate law that would regulate the labour protection of lectures’ health and safety in Ukrainian higher educational institutions. To implement the proposed areas in the field of labour protection successfully it is necessary not only to adopt new and improve existing regulations taking into account European and world experience, but also their strict compliance with the subjects of labour relations in quarantine.

Current challenges in the field of human rights protection during the covid-19 pandemic

In the articles on the problems of quarantine restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic, ambiguities are identified against epidemiological measures in the legislation of Ukraine. Emphasis is also placed on the violation of international acts ratified by Ukraine and the inconsistency of norms in national and international law.&#x0D; The normative legal acts of Ukraine are considered, which propose to allow restriction of certain rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The fundamental aspects of the right to protection from pressure on a person, enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights during an emergency, have been identified.&#x0D; The key cases that provide an opportunity to derogate from an emergency situation under Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights are listed.&#x0D; Emphasis is placed on the ambiguity of the wording of the terms «public buildings», «public transport» in terms of violation of the rules on human quarantine, sanitary and hygienic, sanitary and anti-epidemic rules and regulations provided by the Law of Ukraine «On Protection of Infectious Diseases» and stay in public buildings, structures, public transport during quarantine without wearing personal protective equipment.&#x0D; An example from case law on the prescribed restrictions is given based on both interpretations of European and all-Ukrainian law.&#x0D; It was emphasized that the main act, which has the highest legal force on the territory of Ukraine, was violated in terms of freedom of movement, the right to hold rallies, the right to education and work.&#x0D; The normative legal act concerning restrictions within Ukraine in connection with the pandemic was analyzed, namely the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of March 11, 2020 №211 “On prevention of the spread of acute respiratory disease COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV- 2 ”, as well as international experience in the protection of human rights during the COVID-19 pandemic.

On the issue of countering the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by means of administrative and criminal law

The study highlights the dynamics of legislative changes and the current state of legal regulation of administrative and criminal liability for violations of quarantine rules. The shortcomings of the relevant legislative provisions were revealed, in particular, a conclusion was made about the violation of the principle of system-legal coherence of administrative and criminal legislation. Thus, there are issues about the delimitation of the provisions of the administrative provided in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and criminal offenses provided in the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code (in terms of such consequences as the threat of harm, specified in the part 1 of the Article 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). In addition, there is an excessive severity of sanctions in the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and their incompatibility with the sanctions of the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. In the context of the settled case law of the European Court of Human Rights the fine under the part 1 of the Art. 443 of the Code of Administrative Offenses based on its size and subject to appointment may be recognized as corresponding to a criminal offense within the meaning of the Art. 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Another drawback of the legislation is the lack of enshrining a criminal offense for violating quarantine regulations.&#x0D; On the basis of the conducted research it is offered to make changes to norms of the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Art. 325 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in order to optimally regulate legal responsibility for violation of sanitary rules and regulations for the prevention of infectious diseases and mass poisoning (Article 325 of the Criminal Code), as well as quarantine rules (the Art. 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses). The main task of such changes is to construct a consistent chain of normatively established offenses in the field of compliance with quarantine rules (administrative offense - criminal offense – non-grave offense – grave offense) with adequate and proportionate responsibility for their commission.

Assessment of the drinking water quality for planning endogenic prevention of dental caries

Relevance. Dental caries is a leading dental disease in children. Aim – to study the quality of drinking water in Smolensk and its region to provide evidence for implementing dental caries preventive measures in children.Materials and methods. We took tap water samples from ten water intake points in seven districts of Smolensk and six Smolensk regions. An accredited testing laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Smolensk Region carried out water chemical analysis. The study analyzed standard parameters of drinking water quality: pH 6.5-8.5, fluoride content 0.60-1.2 mg/l; water hardness 7.0-9.0 (Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.1.4.1116-02). The parameter was considered normal if its 95% confidence interval was within the reference range.Results. In Smolensk, the hydrogen ion concentration in centralized drinking water supply systems is within normal limits and amounts to 7.39 (95% CI: 7.32-7.46; р &lt; 0,05) pH units. The mean fluoride concentration in the Smolensk water is 0.19 (95% CI: 0.14-0.23; р &lt; 0,05) mg/l, which is below the normal range. In most Smolensk districts, water hardness is within normal limits, 8.21 mmol/l (95% CI: 7.03-9.39; р &lt; 0,05). However, the upper limit of the confidence interval of 9.39 mg/l and the maximum of 12.0 mg/l exceed the normal range. In the Smolensk region cities, the hydrogen ion concentration is 7.2 (95% CI: 7.02-7.38; р &lt; 0,05) pH units in the centralized drinking water supply. The fluoride concentration in the Smolensk region water is 0.45 mg/l (95% CI: 0.23-0.68; р &lt; 0,05), which demonstrates the fluoride deficiency in water. In the Smolensk region cities, mean water hardness is 6.66 mmol/l (95% CI: 6.00-7.03; р &lt; 0,05), which is below the normal values. However, the CI upper limit of 7.03 mmol/l and the maximum of 7.05 mmol/l are within normal limits.Conclusions. The water of the centralized drinking water supply system in Smolensk and the Smolensk region is low in fluorides. Urgent community and individual preventive measures should be taken to expose children to fluoride.

Foreign experience in veterinaryapplication of scintigraphy

Foreign experience in the use of radiopharmaceuticals has provedthe diagnostic accuracy in identifying kidney, heart, lungs, soft tissues and blood vessels disease. Scintigraphy could beused to detect morphofunctional changes inorgans ororgan systems, as well as metabolic disorders by means of radiation dose rate received afterthe radiopharmaceutical administration. For example, Technetium-99 (99m Tc) is appliedto identifyincomplete bone fractures in unproductive animals and sports horses; hypothyroidism and malignant neoplasms affecting the thyroid gland in dogs; hyperthyroidism in cats. To date, scintigraphy is rarely used in domestic veterinary practice due to a number of reasons. High cost of radionuclides; the need to comply with safety requirements, in accordance with the Guideline 2.6.1.1892-04 dated March 04, 2004; the lack of additional veterinary specialist training. The most significant point is that animals injected with a radioactive compound or implanted with radioactive sources can be returnedto the owner only after the activity of radionuclides in the body (GBq) reducedenough to meet the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Norms2.6.2523-09 Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009) dated July 07, 2009.&#x0D; It should be noted that radiopharmaceutical drugs have not been approved for use in productive animals in the USA to date. As additional financial and human resources are required to control the number of residual nuclides in livestock products, resulting in production costs increase.

Experience in using regulations when performing acoustic designs in graduate qualification work

This work is devoted to the problems of acoustic design that a future specialist may face in the field of labor protection. The article provides a review of existing noise protection regulations, including those that have lost their force due to the emergence of a new set of rules (Sanitary Regulations) but contain useful information. Using the example of the acoustic design of a machine shop (within the framework of the graduate qualification work (GQW), the article discusses the difficulties of using existing literature and regulations, as well as the inconsistencies and contradictions between them. The material of the article can be used in the development of methodological training materials for technical specialists in the field of technosphere safety.

THE EFFICIENCY ESTIMATION OF MONITORING THE HUMAN RADIATION DOSES DURING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

X-ray imaging techniques have many advantages over other methods because they can be easily performed in a short time and are widely available, allowing doctors to quickly confirm or rule out a diagnosis with greater confidence. The main problem associated with the widespread use of radiological diagnosis and therapy is the significant exposure of patients. Over the last 30 years, the average radiation dose of the population and patients has doubled, despite the fact that exposure to natural factors has remained almost at the same level. The increase in the level of the average radiation dose of the population and patients of medical institutions is associated with an increase in the number of diagnostic procedures, despite the fact that the level of radiation with each procedure has decreased significantly. This is especially true in this period of coronary crisis - a rapid increase in the number of human diseases caused by the Covid-19 virus.&#x0D; The paper considers the principles of monitoring the level of radiation doses in diagnostic and therapeutic complexes of medical institutions. The analysis of research methods, comparison of doses obtained experimentally, in which multifactor measurements were performed with dosimeters located in the areas of major vital organs and doses adopted by treatment protocols according to state and sanitary rules and regulations.&#x0D; After the analysis and identification of the main problems of irradiation, a method of automated measurement of radiation doses with the installation of high-precision detectors and an algorithm for calculating irradiation parameters, according to the location of patients and staff during diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, as well as separately for each body, method assessment of the accumulation of the level of radiation doses.