Against the backdrop of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), this study explores how health security measures affect international trade in the context of globalization, particularly in the context of global health crises such as COVID-19. Through an in-depth analysis of the provisions of the SPS Agreement and international trade data, as well as previous studies and case studies, the study made three key recommendations: enhancing transparency in risk assessment, promoting public participation in health policy-making, and facilitating the establishment of mechanisms for cross-border cooperation. These recommendations aim to ensure that member countries not only follow scientific principles when implementing sanitary and phytosanitary measures, but also reduce unnecessary barriers to trade and promote the sustainable development of global trade. The conclusions of the study highlight that these improvements can effectively alleviate the trade uncertainty that may be brought about by health security measures, thereby protecting public health and promoting the healthy growth of international trade.