Sanitation Hygiene Research Articles

Home Sanitation and Personal Hygiene as Risk Factors for Leprosy Incidents in Guluk-Guluk District, Madura

Home Sanitation and Personal Hygiene as Risk Factors for Leprosy Incidents in Guluk-Guluk District, Madura

Home Sanitation and Personal Hygiene as Risk Factors for Leprosy Incidents in Guluk-Guluk District, Madura

Home Sanitation and Personal Hygiene as Risk Factors for Leprosy Incidents in Guluk-Guluk District, Madura

Water Governance: Challenges and Prospects for the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal Six in Nigeria

The primary objective of this study is to review all Nigerian National Water and Sanitation Policies implemented since 1993. The aim is to assess their performance, efficiency, and alignment with the targets set forth in UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). This review provides a contextual understanding of the challenges and opportunities for implementing SDG 6 in Nigeria. We conducted a critical appraisal and qualitative analysis of the 2016 Nigerian National Water Resources Policy, the most recently published policy, in relation to the targets of SDG 6. Our findings indicate that seven out of the eight SDG 6 targets are addressed in the policy. These include safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, pollution reduction, water-use efficiency, trans-boundary cooperation, and protection of water-related ecosystems. However, the policy falls short in involving local communities in water and sanitation management, which is the eighth requirement of SDG 6. Specifically, only 28 states have a dedicated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (RUWASSA), and few local government areas have Water Supply and Sanitation Hygiene Departments (WASH) as required by SDG 6. Our assessment of the policy's implementation and practices is based on secondary data sources, notably from the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the National Bureau of Statistics. We argue that by developing effective implementation strategies that involve local communities, the 2016 National Water Resources Policy can significantly contribute to achieving sustainable water and sanitation management for all Nigerians by 2030.

Soil-transmitted helminths and associated factors among pregnant women in Doreni district, Oromia region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) refers to a set of parasitic illnesses caused by nematode worms and spread to people through faeces-contaminated soil. It is highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries due to a lack of environmental sanitation and personal hygiene. Pregnant women are among the risk groups for infection by soil-transmitted helminths. Former studies of the disease burden among pregnant women in Ethiopia didn’t indicate the intensity of parasitic infection. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of soil-transmitted helminths among pregnant women.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 randomly selected pregnant women. The data were collected using a structured interview-administered questionnaire and a laboratory test. The Kato-Katz technique was used to diagnose soil-transmitted helminthiasis and determine the intensity of the infection. The collected data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of soil-transmitted helminths at a p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe overall prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths among pregnant women was 30%. (95%, CI: 26-34%). Living in a rural area (AOR = 3.35; 95% CI = 1.83–6.13), drinking from an unprotected water source (AOR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.45–4.37), not washing one’s hand after the toilet (AOR = 2.75; 95% CI = 1.55–4.88), lacking health information (AOR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.01–2.85), working as a daily labourer (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.01–8.20), and walking barefoot (AOR = 4.00; 95% CI = 2.29–7.00) were significantly associated with the presence of soil-transmitted helminths among pregnant women.ConclusionThe prevalence of STH was significantly moderate in the study area, where pregnant women were mostly affected by ascariasis and hookworms. Living in a rural area, being a daily labourer, walking barefoot, not washing hands after the toilet, drinking from an unprotected water source, and lacking health information were the determining factors. Interventions including health education, the expansion of pure drinking water sources, the promotion of personal hygiene, and the wearing of shoes are recommended to reduce the burden of soil-transmitted helminths in the study area.

Sanitation risk factors contributing to diarrhea in children below five years in Igembe South Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya.

Introduction: Lack of safe water, poor hygiene, and poor sanitation account for about 90% of the diarrheal diseases in the world. Globally, half a million people lack adequate sanitation, leading to fatalities for over five million people annually. In Kenya, diarrhea still remains one of the top five causes of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years.&#x0D; Aim: To identify the household sanitation risk factors contributing to diarrhea in under-five-year-old children in Igembe South Sub County in Meru County, Kenya.&#x0D; Study Design: A retrospective and cross-sectional study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the study: Nyambene Sub-County Hospital, Igembe South Sub-County in Meru County, Kenya between December 2022 and March 2023.&#x0D; Methodology: The sample size was 196 children calculated from a population of 3,332 children who had diarrhea in Igembe South Sub County out of 22412 children who had diarrhea in Meru County for the last year. Data was analyzed by use of SPSS (2022) and ANOVA.&#x0D; Results: The study found a strong link (p=0.0034) between diarrhea cases in children under five and the absence of household latrines, as well as sanitation-related factors. It noted that many households lacked proper latrines, and many caregivers did not practice hand washing after handling child feces.&#x0D; Conclusion: The study identified access to safe drinking water as a key factor in reducing diarrhea in young children. The study recommends close monitoring of sanitation facilities and ongoing assessments of water source safety by the County Government of Meru and other stakeholders to improve overall hygiene and reduce diarrhea cases in the region.

Exploring the Interplay of Socio-demographic Enablers in Sustaining Open Defecation-Free Status among Households in Kakamega County, Kenya

This study aimed to explore the interplay between socio-demographic enablers and the sustainability of post-open-defecation-free status among households in Butere Sub-County, Kakamega County, Kenya. The research adopted a cross-sectional survey to assess the sustainability of the open defecation-free status at the household level, surveying 6286 certified Open Defecation Free (ODF) households through stratified random sampling. A sample size of 376 households across three wards was selected for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were employed; quantitative data was analysed using SPSS Version 28.1, summarized using descriptive statistics, and presented in tables, pie charts, and frequency tables, whereas qualitative data was analysed thematically. Data analysis involved three stages; univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses. Chi-square tests analysed the statistically significant association between dependent and independent variables. Binary logistic regression predicted the probability of post-ODF status (whether the ODF status was sustainable or not), and 2x2 contingency tables were used to compute the odd ratio. Results revealed that only 9% of households sustained post-ODF status. The chi-square tests revealed a significant association between respondents' gender (χ² = 0.124, p = 0.009*), age distribution (χ² = 6.471, p &lt; 0.05), presence of children under 5 years old in the household (χ² = 1.884, p = 0.004*), level of education (χ² = 5.726, p = 0.006*), employment status (χ² = 9.602, p = 0.006*), and monthly earning brackets (χ² = 11.783, p&lt;0.001*). However, there was no statistically significant association between marital status (χ² = 10.409, p = 0.94&gt;0.05), household size (χ² = 1.782, p = 0.56&gt;0.05), and the sustainability of ODF. On the other hand, the odds ratio for employment status suggests that significant association (OR=1.333; p = 0.007*&lt;0.05; 95% CI: 1.082-1.642), where employed individuals were 1.333 times more likely to sustain ODF status. Further analysis revealed that employment status was a statistically significant predictor of post-ODF sustainability (aOR=1.837 P=0.011; 95% CI: 1.132-2.980). The study concluded that most households (91%) did not sustain post-ODF status after the ODF declaration. It was recommended that health practitioners improve door-to-door monitoring and develop post-ODF tracking tools at the household level, focusing on important parameters from Ministry of Health guidelines. The government and other Water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) stakeholders should support communities in establishing and enhancing economic empowerment programs to increase household income and encourage investments in sanitation infrastructure and hygiene promotion activities.

Contamination of E.coli Bacteria in Spamdus Genjahan Water Distribution Network from Karst Groundwater Source

Karst groundwater is raw water used by Spamdus Genjahan to fulfill domestic water needs. Considering the vulnerability of karst groundwater to pollution and its distribution process, the research aimed to describe the suitability of water in the network as well as the spatial distribution of E.coli and the relationship between distance and it’s concentration. The concentration of E.coli was tested from water samples taken from 20 outlets as representatives of the close, medium and farthest distances from the source. The feasibility of water is carried out by comparing the results of laboratory tests with the water quality threshold value for clean water and domestic purposes. Spatial distribution was analyzed through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems, while the relationship between distance and E.coli concentration was carried out using the scatterplot method in GIS. The results showed that the concentration of E.coli in most of the samples was above the allowable threshold for sanitation hygiene purposes. Meanwhile, the distance from the outlet to the source did not show a strong correlation with the level of E.coli concentration. However, there are weak indications that lead to an increase in concentration with the E.coli.

Motivation of Officers towards the Results of Vessel Sanitation Hygiene Inspections at Class I Quarantine Center (BKK) Banten

Motivation of Officers towards the Results of Vessel Sanitation Hygiene Inspections at Class I Quarantine Center (BKK) Banten

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SANITARY HYGIENE AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WITH COCKROACH DENSITY IN THE CANTEEN OF SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY INDRALAYA CAMPUS IN 2024

The canteen is one of the strategic places in the spread of diseases carried by vectors and disease-carrying animals such as cockroaches. The spread of disease in the canteen is also influenced by environmental sanitation hygiene. A dirty and humid environment is a good breeding ground for cockroaches. The government has established a policy to reduce the vector population to minimize the risk of impact due to the disease it causes. Research to determine the relationship between sanitary hygiene and physical environmental conditions with cockroach density in the canteen of Sriwijaya University Indralaya campus was conducted. The study was an observational analytic study using a cross sectional study design. A total of 50 canteens on campus were used as samples and were total sampling. Data on sanitary hygiene standards were collected from observational sheets and measurements of physical environmental conditions were made using a hygro thermometer, while cockroach density was measured based on the sticky trap method. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that of the 50 canteens sampled, 6 canteens were classified as canteens with sanitary hygiene that did not meet the Permenkes requirements. This is indicated by the high cockroach density with a p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. This means that sanitary hygiene significantly affects cockroach density. It was concluded that the most cockroaches were found in canteens with poor lighting conditions, low room temperature, and high room humidity. Sequential p-values of 0.000; 0.002; 0.002 for the 3 observed variables indicate a poor environment affects cockroach breeding, while a p-value &lt;0.05 is interpreted as a significant relationship between physical environmental conditions and cockroach density.

Promotion of market-based sanitation in Ethiopia: a case study from Wolaita zone.

Ethiopia increased the availability of latrines notably, but the sanitation facilities rarely meet hygienic standards. Therefore, the market-based sanitation (MBS) programme has been implemented across the country for nearly a decade to expand the market and boost the demand for hygienic sanitation products and services. While it does not seem that the MBS would bring any notable change in sanitation conditions so far, its implementation challenges are not adequately understood. To address this gap, this article delves into the grassroots-level implementation of MBS in the Wolaita zone. The study relies on qualitative data gathered through interviews with various stakeholders, examining both demand- and supply-side challenges. Some issues identified were external to MBS implementation, such as high inflation and an unstable political and security situation in Ethiopia. Additionally, the study reveals that more general deficiencies of the Ethiopian health extension program, including the stress and discouragement of local change agents (health extension workers, health development army members) due to workloads and low remuneration, have adversely impacted MBS delivery. The implementation of MBS has also not effectively addressed the affordability of hygienic sanitation products. On the supply side, economic constraints and organizational inefficiencies have hindered the development of the sanitation market, preventing it from reaching a critical mass. Our research suggests that MBS alone will not suffice to improve sanitation in Ethiopia.

Pencegahan Stunting pada Balita melalui Upaya Penerapan Enam Prinsip Higiene Sanitasi Pangan Rumah Tangga

Consuming food contaminated with physical, chemical, and bacteriological substances can cause diarrhea and worms, which results in children under five years old experiencing lacking nutrition and growth disorders, putting them at risk of stunting. The six principles of food sanitation hygiene aim to reduce the risk of disease transmission and health problems from consuming food. These community empowerment activities aim to increase the knowledge of health cadres in preventing stunting for children under five years old through implementation efforts of six principles of food hygiene sanitation in households. The target of this activity was 47 health cadres. Activity stages include coordination, preparation of pocketbooks, training, and evaluation. Statistical analysis was conducted for differences in health cadres' knowledge levels before and after training using the dependent t-test. The results of the coordination show that there is support and participation from 3 built villages, including Pandak, Karangmangu, and Kemutug Kidul villages. Arranged a pocketbook on stunting prevention and six principles of food sanitation hygiene as a reference for health cadres for outreach to the community. The training showed increased health cadres' knowledge before and after the activity (p-value=0.001). The results of community empowerment can be used as input for policymakers at the Baturraden II Primary Health Center and the District Health Officer Banyumas to accelerate stunting reduction through counseling on six principle hygiene sanitation implementation in households in sustainable.

Prevention of Ancylostomiasis Transmission in Livestock and Stockmen with Good Hygiene Behavior and Cage Sanitation

Introduction: Livestock farming is a vulnerable area for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Good cage management affects the health of livestock and workers. Furthermore, clean and healthy farm conditions help to maintain the health of the people living around the farm. This study was centered on the early detection of worm infections in livestock. Methods: This exploratory study was conducted on a village farm containing 52 cows with 20 workers. Helminthiasis screening was performed with the saturated NaCl flotation technique via laboratory testing. Results: It was found that one cow was infected with hookworm, and all the workers were in healthy condition. Conclusion: Transmission of ancylostomiasis can be prevented by maintaining cage sanitation and worker hygiene behavior.

AN INVESTIGATION ON SANITARY AND HYGIENE PRACTICES AT THE GBAGI COMMUNITY SLAUGHTERHOUSE, IBADAN, SOUTHWEST NIGERIA.

The sanitary conditions of a food processing facility play a vital role in the safety and quality of its final products. This study assessed the hygiene practices and sanitary conditions of the Gbagi Community Slaughterhouse in Ibadan, Nigeria, to identify the factors hindering sanitation and meat hygiene at the facility, and provide recommendations for improvement. The study was conducted using a combination of observation and surveys as the data collection technique. The activities taking place in the slaughterhouse were observed for two weeks during which certain practices were documented textually and pictorially. Twelve key informants comprising butchers, cleaners, buyers, and people in the neighborhood were purposively recruited as study participants and were interviewed, using open-ended questions about the sanitation and hygiene practices at the facility. All obtained data were analyzed qualitatively by thematic content analysis. Study results showed poor waste management practices, inadequate ante- and post-mortem veterinary inspection of slaughtered animals, the absence of requisite slaughterhouse infrastructure, and the unhygienic behaviors of slaughterhouse personnel. The sanitary and hygiene practices of the Gbagi Community Slaughterhouse environment fall below the required standards for food processing operations and hence, poses a risk to food safety and public health. An integrated involvement of relevant arms of government is needed at the state and local levels for sanitary enforcement, provision of critical waste management infrastructure at the Gbagi slaughterhouse, and education of slaughterhouse personnel, so as to prevent microbial food contamination and safeguard public health.

Sanitation and Personal Hygiene Practices in Rural Nepal: A Case Study of Namobuddh Kavre District

Namobuddha is a Buddhist pilgrimage site located in Kavre District, Nepal. The main purpose of this study was to understand the sanitation and personal hygiene practices of people of Namobuddha, Nepal. Altogether, 80 samples have been studied through field work methods by using different tools and techniques like scheduled questionnaires interview, focused group discussion, and observation methods. Data analysis was done through MS Excels. Sanitation and personal hygiene practices are the fundamental elements for a healthy life. This research found out that every respondent was practicing basic sanitation and personal hygiene practices. Every resident of the field area is aware about the personal hygiene practices such as washing hands, washing vegetables, eating healthy foods, doing their laundry, taking bath, etc. Also, they were aware about sanitation practices such as proper toilet facility, proper disposal of wastes from kitchen and other sources, healthy drinking water, and cleaning their surroundings. Hence, overall activity of the respondents regarding sanitation and personal hygiene was satisfactory. Further, it was observed that females were more involved in sanitation and personal hygiene practices. They were involved in cooking, disposal of cooking wastages, cleaning the toilets, surrounding, washing clothes, making their children aware about unhealthy habits, etc. So, they have more knowledge on such practices and they know the consequences of unhealthy food habits and unhealthy surroundings. However, they had the problem with disposal of household wastages. Some of the households dispose of their wastes on the river due to lack of a proper disposal system. Thus, we were impressed by their awareness on sanitation and personal hygiene practice.

The Influence of Parenting Patterns, Diarrhea Diseases and Infections on the Incidence of Stunting Toddlers in Poor Families in Medan City

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Stunting is a long-term reflection of inadequate food quality and quantity and frequent childhood infections, especially in low economic conditions or poor families. This study aims to analyze the effect of parenting patterns on breastfeeding and complementary feeding, food preparation, environmental hygiene and sanitation practices, caring for children when sick, infectious diseases of diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infection on the incidence of stunting in toddlers in poor families in Medan City. This research method used a case-control approach. This study was conducted in the Medan City area from November 2022 to December 2023. The study sample population was 364. The study sample was 105 children from poor families by comparing the number of samples in the case group and control samples, namely 35 samples in the case group and 70 in the control group. The sampling technique was carried out using the cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire in the form of an interview. The incidence of stunting in children was obtained from the measurement of children's height using a toddler height meter. Data collection used primary data through questionnaires and secondary data through Child Identity Card book data. Data analysis with descriptive univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi-square test and multivariate analysis with logistic regression. data processing using SPSS software version 16.0. The results showed that there was a significant influence between breastfeeding and complementary feeding (p-value 0.006) and environmental sanitation hygiene practices (p-value = 0.017) on the incidence of stunting in toddlers from poor families. The dominant factor influencing the incidence of stunting in Medan City is the factor of breastfeeding and complementary feeding that is not good has a risk of 3.473 times experiencing stunting compared to children with good breastfeeding and complementary feeding. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Parenting, Poor Family, Stunting, Toddler&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;

Higiene Sanitasi Penjamah Makanan Di Citaringgul Kabupaten Bogor

Background: Based on the BPOM RI report in 2020, there were 45 extraordinary food poisoning events (KLB KP), In addition, food poisoning outbreaks in Bogor Regency occurred 5 times in 2019, with a total of 141 cases in various villages. Aims: to determine the description of sanitary hygiene of food handlers in Citaringgul Village, Bogor Regency. Methods: This research method is descriptive. The population and sample in this study were 8 food handlers, and this study used univariate analysis. Information was obtained from food handlers and made observations in the area around food handlers to see firsthand the environmental conditions of food handlers and how food handlers process food. Results: Food Handler stands were 6 Food Handlers in the good category with a percentage of 75%. And 2 Food Handlers in the sufficient category with a percentage of 25%, so that the results of all aspects of observation are classified as good. In the respondent's knowledge category, there were 5 respondents in the good category with a percentage of 63%, and 3 respondents in the sufficient category with a percentage of 37%, so that the knowledge aspect was classified as good. In the respondent's attitude category, it is dominated by the good attitude category with a percentage of 75%. And there are 2 frequencies in the very good category with a percentage of 25%, so that the attitude category is classified as good. In the behavior category, the results obtained were 6 respondents in the good category with a percentage of 75% and 2 respondents in the sufficient category with a percentage of 25%. Conclusion: aspect of the Food Handler is classified as good so that the recommendations are that it needs to be improved on components that have not met the requirements.

Analysis of Personal Hygiene Status and Basic Sanitation with the Incidence of Stunting in Toddler (case study of Pantai Labu Sub-District)

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The second sustainable development goal, which aims to achieve food security and eradicate hunger and all kinds of malnutrition by 2030, includes stunting as one of its priorities&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;. WASH and personal hygiene are indirect risk factors for stunting, if environmental sanitation and personal hygiene are poor, it can increase the risk of stunting in toddlers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of personal hygiene status and basic sanitation on the incidence of stunting in Pantai Labu sub-district. The research was conducted from August to October 2023 in five villages that have been determined to be the locus of stunting in the district, namely Paluh Sibaji, Regemuk, Denai Kuala, Bagan Serdang, and Sei Tuan Villages. This research method uses a case control design population in this study were mothers of toddlers who were stunted in Pantai Labu District, totaling 55 toddlers. Sample taken by total sampling with a total of 55 stunted toddlers and 55 toddlers who were not stunted and a total sample of 110 toddlers.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;This research uses primary and secondary data, with data collection using questionnaires and observation sheets. Data analysis using logistic regression test &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;presenting with odds ratio (OR)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;and 95% confidence interval (95% CI)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; by using SPSS version 25. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;The results showed that personal hygiene of toddlers (OR = 4.259; 95% CI 1.749-10.372; p = 0.001), personal hygiene of mothers (OR = 4.571; 95% CI 1.752-11.928; p=0.002), and ownership of latrines (OR=2.260; 95% CI 1.051-4.859; p=0.037) influenced the incidence of stunting in Pantai Labu sub-district. Access to drinking water, waste water disposal facilities, and waste disposal facilities had no effect on the incidence of stunting (p&amp;gt;0.05). Mothers are advised to improve personal hygiene for both mothers and toddlers and always fulfill the criteria for latrines to meet the requirements.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Stunting, Personal hygiene, Sanitation&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Navigating diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in ocular manifestations of Hansen's disease and trachoma: A narrative review.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) encompass a group of approximately 20 diseases prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, closely associated with poverty, affecting over a billion people in low-income countries. This manuscript aims to explore the ocular manifestations and burden of two significant NTDs, namely Hansen's disease and trachoma while addressing gaps in understanding and management. Hansen's disease, caused by Mycobacterium leprae , has a long history and presents with diverse neurological and ocular manifestations. Despite the availability of treatment, ocular complications persist, leading to significant visual impairment in some cases. The manuscript emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis, regular ophthalmic examinations, and follow-ups to prevent and control ocular complications, reducing the burden of visual impairment and blindness. Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis , remains the leading infectious cause of blindness in underdeveloped and remote areas. The manuscript highlights the clinical diagnosis and implementation of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) SAFE (surgery, antibiotics, facial hygiene, and environmental sanitation) strategy to prevent transmission and associated blindness. However, challenges in health surveillance tools and underreporting of trachoma cases are addressed, emphasizing the need for improved strategies to combat the disease effectively. Through a comprehensive review of the ocular manifestations and management of Hansen's disease and trachoma, this manuscript contributes to the existing knowledge base and enhances a deeper understanding of these NTDs. Addressing gaps in understanding and management emphasizes the importance of implementing WHO's strategies and collaborative efforts to achieve the global goal of reducing the burden of NTDs and improving community health and well-being. The manuscript underscores the significance of early intervention, preventive measures, and technological advancements, providing valuable insights for policymakers, healthcare professionals, and researchers working in the field of NTDs.

Nanopore sequencing for identification and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. from tilapia and shrimp sold at wet markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Wet markets in low-and middle-income countries are often reported to have inadequate sanitation resulting in fecal contamination of sold produce. Consumption of contaminated wet market-sourced foods has been linked to individual illness and disease outbreaks. This pilot study, conducted in two major wet markets in Dhaka city, Bangladesh during a 4-month period in 2021 aimed to assess the occurrence and characteristics of Escherichia coli and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fifty-four individuals of each species were collected. The identity of the bacterial isolates was confirmed by PCR and their susceptibility toward 15 antimicrobials was tested by disk diffusion. The whole genome of 15 E. coli and nine Salmonella spp. were sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technology. E. coli was present in 60-74% of tilapia muscle tissue and 41-44% of shrimp muscle tissue. Salmonella spp. was found in skin (29%) and gills (26%) of tilapia, and occasionally in muscle and intestinal samples of shrimp. The E. coli had several Multilocus sequence typing and serotypes and limited antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants, such as point mutations on glpT and pmrB. One E. coli (BD17) from tilapia carried resistance genes for beta-lactams, quinolones, and tetracycline. All the E. coli belonged to commensal phylogroups B1 and A and showed no Shiga-toxin and other virulence genes, confirming their commensal non-pathogenic status. Among the Salmonella isolates, five belonged to Kentucky serovar and had similar AMR genes and phenotypic resistance patterns. Three strains of this serovar were ST198, often associated with human disease, carried the same resistance genes, and were genetically related to strains from the region. The two undetermined sequence types of S. Kentucky were distantly related and positioned in a separate phylogenetic clade. Two Brunei serovar isolates, one Augustenborg isolate, and one Hartford isolate showed different resistance profiles. This study revealed high fecal contamination levels in tilapia and shrimp sold at two main wet markets in Dhaka. Together with the occurrence of Salmonella spp., including S. Kentucky ST198, a well-known human pathogen, these results stress the need to improve hygienic practices and sanitation standards at markets to improve food safety and protect consumer health.

Konseling SD Negeri dalam Rangka Pencegahan Diare pada Anak untuk Hidup Sehat dan Bahagia di Kabupaten Maros

The government program launched on Clean and Healthy Living Behavior is a collection of behaviors practiced by school residents and the school community on the basis of awareness as a result of learning. This aims to change the unhealthy behavior of school residents and the school community to become healthy. Where diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency and decreased consistency of defecation. Diarrhea is often experienced by school children due to the behavior of children who do not understand about clean and healthy living. Several factors that cause diarrhea are caused by bacteria through contamination of food and drink contaminated with feces and/or direct contact with sufferers. Apart from that, the most dominant factors contributing to diarrheal diseases are water, sanitation hygiene, family latrines and water. Distance to drinking water sources, availability and ownership of toilets are risk factors for causing diarrhea. It is hoped that there will be changes in the clean and healthy living behavior of school residents and unhealthy school environment communities so that they become healthy. This service aims to find out and analyze the determinants of diarrhea in children at SDN Maros Regency. This service was carried out using survey and interview methods among residents of SDN Maros Regency with a total of 61 participants. The results of this service showed that the participants were very enthusiastic at all stages of this activity, starting from the interview stage (pre-test) which showed that the participants did not fully know about preventing diarrhea. One proof of the success of this activity is seen from the post-test results, on average students answered questions related to preventing diarrhea correctly. This shows that there has been an increase in students' knowledge about diarrhea compared to when there was no explanation about diarrhea in children.