Sandwich Hybrid Research Articles

Development and characterization of hemp/carbon and hemp/glass hybrid and novel functionally graded hybrid composites for structural applications

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of combining natural and synthetic fibers on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid and novel functionally graded hybrid composites by considering hemp as natural fiber and carbon and glass as synthetic fibers. Before manufacturing, the natural fibers were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to remove the impurities on the fiber surface. The fibers were reinforced in an epoxy‐based matrix using a hand‐layup technique. The volumetric fraction of the hybrid composites was 40% fibers and 60% matrix. Different types of composites, such as plain fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), sandwich hybrid (SH), alternative hybrid (AH), and functionally graded hybrid (FH), were manufactured from hybridizations of hemp/carbon and hemp/glass. In accordance with ASTM standards, the tensile, compression, flexural, short beam shear, water absorption, and wettability properties of composites were determined. FH composites with hemp fiber at the top surface had the highest improvement in tensile strength, stiffness and compressive strength compared with pure hemp FRP (HFRP) composites. Hemp SH composites had the highest improvement in flexural and short beam properties in both hybridizations compared with HFRP composites due to the stacking of synthetic fiber at the outer layers. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) studies identified the failure mechanism of the tensile failure specimens and also the effect of mercerization on fiber surfaces. In conclusion, this work identified the structural capacity of hybrid composites and emphasizes that FH and hemp SH composites can replace glass FRP composites in structural applications.Highlights Treating hemp fiber with 2 g/L of NaOH for an hour had a better impact. Functionally graded composites had better in‐plane strength and stiffness. Composites made with synthetic fiber on the outer layers were good at bending. In structural applications, hemp/carbon hybrid composites can replace GFRP.

Development of SiNWs based electrochemical sensor for trace level detection of arsenic

In the present study, we present a unique sensing platform relies on a silicon nanowire (SiNW) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid nanostructure capped with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) and polyethylene glycol gold nanoparticle (PEG-AuNPs). Herein, MACE technique was applied to synthesize SiNWs, which was then used to develop a sandwich hybrid nanostructure by casting of rGO/APTES/PEG-AuNPs on its surface under room temperature and was characterised using various techniques. The developed PEG-AuNPs/rGO@APTES/SiNWs hybrid nanostructure-based sensing platform was used to detect two types of arsenic, that is, arsenite (As3+) and arsenate (As5+) using cyclic voltammetry in a sensitive and selective manner wherein the presence of arsenic species in real sample (blood) as well as standard samples was recorded.

Tensile strength analysis of sandwich composite-to-metal joints based on experimental investigation and progressive failure method

In this study, the tensile strength characteristics of the hybrid sandwich composite-to-metal specimen consisting of two steel I-beams and a T-shaped sandwich composite structure were studied. The tensile strength of the sandwich hybrid joints under design load and ultimate load has been tested. The progressive failure model is established according to the modified Shokrieh-Hashin criterion. The interface cohesive zone model is applied to reveal the damage development of the bonding layer. The stresses, strains, ultimate strength, and main damage modes of the hybrid joint under design load and ultimate load conditions are simulated and the predicted results are compared with those from tests. The experimental and numerical results show that the strain, the trend of load-displacement curves and the damage modes are in good agreement. The strength of matrix is the main factor limiting ultimate strength. Therefore, the influences of the overlapping width and thickness on ultimate bearing capacity were analyzed to obtain the optimized structural strength of the sandwich composite-to-metal bolted joints.

Singlet oxygen-based photoelectrochemical detection of single-point mutations in the KRAS oncogene

Single nucleotide point mutations in the KRAS oncogene occur frequently in human cancers, rendering them intriguing targets for diagnosis, early detection and personalized treatment. Current detection methods are based on polymerase chain reaction, sometimes combined with next-generation sequencing, which can be expensive, complex and have limited availability. Here, we propose a novel singlet oxygen (1O2)-based photoelectrochemical detection methodology for single-point mutations, using KRAS mutations as a case study. This detection method combines the use of a sandwich assay, magnetic beads and robust chemical photosensitizers, that need only air and light to produce 1O2, to ensure high specificity and sensitivity. We demonstrate that hybridization of the sandwich hybrid at high temperatures enables discrimination between mutated and wild-type sequences with a detection rate of up to 93.9%. Additionally, the presence of background DNA sequences derived from human cell-line DNA, not containing the mutation of interest, did not result in a signal, highlighting the specificity of the methodology. A limit of detection as low as 112 pM (1.25 ng/mL) was achieved without employing any amplification techniques. The developed 1O2-based photoelectrochemical methodology exhibits unique features, including rapidity, ease of use, and affordability, highlighting its immense potential in the field of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.

Copper‐Free Click Chemistry‐Mediated Assembly of Single Quantum Dot Nanosensor for Accurately Monitoring Locus‐Specific m6A in Cancer Cells†

Comprehensive SummaryN6‐methyladenosine (m6A) plays an important role in embryogenesis, nuclear export, transcription splicing, and protein translation control. Herein, we demonstrate a copper‐free click chemistry‐mediated assembly of single quantum dot (QD) nanosensor for accurately monitoring locus‐specific m6A in cancer cells. The m6A‐sensitive endoribonuclease MazF can digest the unmethylated A‐RNA, and the intact m6A‐RNA then hybridizes with DNA probes a and b to produce a sandwich hybrid, initiating the click chemistry to generate probe a–b ligation product via first tandem ligation detection reaction (LDR) cycle. Subsequently, DNA probes c and d can hybridize with the probe a–b ligation product to generate the probe c–d ligation product via second LDR cycle. Both LDR cycles can be repeated through denaturation and annealing reaction to generate abundant biotin‐/fluorophore‐modified probe c–d ligation products that can easily assemble on the QD surface to induce distinct fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between QD and Cy5. This assay can be homogenously performed without the involvement of copper catalyst, m6A‐specific antibody, radioactive labeling, ligase enzyme, enzymatic reverse transcription, and next‐generation sequencing. Moreover, it can discriminate even 0.01% m6A level in complex samples and accurately measure cellular m6A‐RNA expression, providing a promising avenue for clinical diagnostics and biomedical research.

Interfacial structures evolution at hetero interfaces in SiCf/SiC | Nb | SiCf/SiC sandwich cladding structure

The appropriate hetero interfacial structure between metal and ceramics is a challenging topic in materials science. In this paper, a sandwich hybrid cladding structure made of SiCf/SiC composite and refractory metal niobium (Nb) is designed for application in a lead-cooled fast reactor. A diffusion reactive interfacial layer composed of β-SiC | NbC | Nb5Si4C | α-Nb5Si3 | β-Nb2C | Nb between SiCf/SiC composite and Nb is experimentally validated after heat treatment in a simulating reactor environment. Moreover, Kirkendall voids are found at the interface between Nb5Si4C and Nb5Si3 sublayers when the annealing temperature is higher than 1500 °C. Lastly, the formation mechanisms of interfacial structures are revealed based on thermodynamics and kinetics, meanwhile the diffusion coefficients k at 1500 °C and activation energy are calculated to be 2.81 × 10−14 m2/s and 270 kJ/mol, respectively. This work provides a practical strategy for developing hybrid composites of metal/ceramic matrix composites.

Fabrication and braiding angle effect on the improved interlaminar shear performances of 3D braided sandwich hybrid composites

While the interlaminar hybrid composites have been used widely and still remain in great demands, interlayer delamination, undesirable in most cases, keeps a common defect, due to the lack of interlaminar fiber-connection. Here, on the basis of the yarn interlacing rule in three-dimensional (3D) four-step braiding technology, 3D braided carbon fibers/Kevlar fibers sandwich (S_) hybrid composites with different braiding angles (S_20°, S_30° and S_40°) have been designed and fabricated with interlaminar fiber-connection. Short-beam shear tests were applied to evaluate the interlaminar shear performances of specimens. The in-situ strain maps during tests were characterized by digital image correlation (DIC) technique and specimen damages were observed via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT). Results showed that, comparing to the conventional co-cured laminated hybrid composites, 3D braided sandwich hybrid composites resisted the delamination effectively by the fiber-connection hybrid region. Braiding angle effect of 3D braided sandwich hybrid composites revealed that S_20° showed better deformability and higher structural toughness than their counterparts in S_30° and S_40°. The results presented in the current work would be helpful for the design and manufacturing of well structured hybrid preforms and composites with dramatically improved interlaminar shear properties.

Evaluation of foam-based composite materials for automotive industry

Composite materials influenced engineering materials study, which led to new composite materials. Composites allowed this. Aerospace, car manufacturing, shipbuilding, and civil work use sandwich composites. Composites are also used in civil building. These composites can be used to make light, small, quiet, and temperature-controlled products. Sandwich composites combine reinforcement and matrix to create rigid, light composites. This creates sandwich-like products. This makes sandwich hybrid materials possible. Each shape is made from a distinct foam material. Foam materials vary in size, form, and density. This study created a composite material with foam and fibre parts that can be arranged in various ways. Many ways to assemble this stuff. Polyurethane foam, PVC foam, and a matrix with fibre support make a hybrid sandwich composite material. Hybrid sandwich composites have many elements. Polyurethane foam, PVC foam, epoxy resin, and carbon are needed to form a hybrid sandwich composite. These elements built it. Polyurethane, PVC, and mixed sandwich composites are made by hand-laying up. Each orientation of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and hybrid material has unique characteristics. All composite foams are aligned at 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees.

Analysis of vibration characteristics based on variable‐angle hybrid laminates

AbstractComposite laminates are widely used in the aerospace field. Aircraft wings are subject to strong aerodynamic interference, which produces resonance, instability and other phenomena. To avoid this resonance and reduce the vibration of laminates it is essential to adopt a variable‐stiffness laminate. Methods for changing the stiffness include designing the fiber path and inserting a damping layer. The former can increase the natural frequency but does not improve the damping performance. Here we demonstrate how, depending on the resin's agglomeration, variable‐angle hybrid laminates made of carbon fiber and Kevlar fiber increase the damping performance. By using a short beam shear test we found that sandwich hybrid samples with a hybrid ratio of 50% performed better than inter‐laminar hybrid samples, which increased by 19.5%. Based on the results of interlayer properties, 8 layers of pure carbon fiber (CF) laminates and carbon fiber‐kevlar fiber (CF‐KF) hybrid laminates with variable angles were manufactured. Modal tests demonstrated that the change in fiber angle had a greater impact on the natural frequency, the maximum result of which was seen at an angle of <60|75>. By inserting, the KF layer the damping ratio of the <15|30> hybrid laminate increased by 5.45% more than pure CF laminates. These results can be referenced to improve the damping parameters of variable‐angle laminates.

Plasmon-driven catalytic reactions in optoplasmonic sandwich hybrid structure.

As an interesting phenomenon in the field of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), the plasmon-driven catalytic reaction (PDSC) induced by plasmonic hot electrons has great value in the research of novel properties of surface plasmons and accuracy of SERS applications. In this work, an optoplasmonic sandwich hybrid structure is proposed for studying PDSC of p-aminothiophenol (PATP) molecules, which is composed of Au film, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) nanoparticles, zeolithic imidazolate (ZIF-8), and single S i O 2 microsphere (Au f i l m@M O F s@S i O 2). In order to analyze the novel, to the best of our knowledge, phenomenon of the PDSC in this micro-nano structure, the hot electron generation in the MOF without the plasmonic core is carried out by combining the plasmonic enhancement of gold film with the light concentration of microspheres. Experimental data show that the PDSC reactions is dependent on the size of the MOFs nanoparticle and the size of the S i O 2 microsphere, which is confirmed by the electromagnetic field simulation of the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). Our work not only strengthens the understanding of surface plasmon in optoplasmonic hybrid structures but also has broad application prospects in the SERS and plasmon-driven catalytic fields.

Design and finite element study of Kevlar based combat helmet for protection against high-velocity impacts

High-velocity impact-resistant helmets are used by police forces, law enforcement and military personnel, firefighters, as well as civilians working in construction, manufacturing, mining and material handling industries among other sectors as protection against impact damage caused by projectiles of various shapes and sizes. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the impact-resistance of fiber-reinforced polymer composite based helmets through finite element analysis. The composite helmets were modelled in different sacking sequences using bi-directional woven fabrics such as Kevlar-129 (K), 3 K-Carbon (C) and EC9-Glass (G) fabrics as reinforcements and an epoxy matrix formulation. Investigation was focused to study the high-velocity impact resistance and energy absorption performance of composite helmets in hybrid and non-hybrid stacking sequences such as KKK, KGK, KCK, KCG and GCK subjected to high-velocity impact simulations at 398 m.s−1. It was observed that neat Kevlar and Kevlar-glass sandwich hybrid composite helmets withstood the projectile, while all other hybrid helmets were completely perforated during impact. It was also found that Kevlar-glass sandwich helmets offered cost savings of about 21% compared to neat Kevlar-epoxy composite. Hence Kevlar-glass sandwich composite can be used to develop protective helmets due to their attractive impact resistance properties and lower cost. The variation in helmet weight among all the considered composite material combinations was only about 5%.

An individual sandwich hybrid nanostructure of cobalt disulfide in-situ grown on N doped carbon layer wrapped on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for high-efficiency lithium sulfur batteries

Binding and trapping of lithium polysulfide (LPS) are being conceived as the most effective strategies to improve lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery performance. Therefore, exploiting a simple but cost-effective approach for the absorption and conversion of LPS and the transfer of electrons and Li+ ions is of paramount importance. Herein, sandwich structure MWCNTs@N-doped-C@CoS2 integrated with multiple nanostructures of zero-dimensional (0D) CoS2 nanoparticles, 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and 2D N-doped amorphous carbon layer was obtained, where MWCNTs was firstly uniformly attached with a polydopamine (PDA) of excellent adhesion, followed by hydrothermal method, the Co2+ nanoparticles were in-situ grown on the PDA by the formation of complex compound of Co2+ and N atoms in PDA, and then the CoS2 nanoparticles were in-situ grown on CNTs in a point-surface contact way by a bridging of N-doped amorphous carbon layer derived from the carbonization of attached PDA after the vulcanization at 500 °C under Ar atmosphere. The multifunction synergism of absorption, conductivity, and the kinetics of LPS redox is significantly improved, consequently effectively suppressing the shuttle effect and tremendously increasing the utilization rate of active substance. For the Li-S battery assembled with MWCNTs@N-doped-C@CoS2-modified separator, its rate capacity and cycling performance can be greatly enhanced. It can exhibit a high initial discharge capacity of 1590 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, a stable long-term cycling performance with a relatively low capacity decay of 0.07% per cycle during 500 cycles at 1 C, and a reversible capacity of 772 mAh g−1 and a capacity decay of 0.04% per cycle during 250 cycles at 2 C. Even at a large current density of 4 C, an initial specific discharge capacity of 634 mAh g−1 can still be delivered. With a high sulfur loading of 5.0 mg cm−2, additionally, an outstanding cycling stability can also be well maintained at 685 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C after 50 cycles. This work provides a novel and simple but effective strategy to develop such sandwich hybrid materials comprised of polar metal sulfides and conductive networks via an effective bridging to help realize durable and stable Li-S battery.

Electrostatic Assembly of Laminated Transparent Piezoelectrets for Epidermal and Implantable Electronics

Piezoelectric polymers hold physical properties, such as high mechanical flexibility and smaller acoustical impedance, that piezoelectric ceramics do not have. Nevertheless, owing to the piezoelectricity originates from the crystalline region, it is still a challenge for most semi-crystalline polymers to generate a high piezoelectric response. Here, we develop a class of piezoelectret with sandwiched polymer structure (electret/dielectric/electret, EDE) which is assembled via simple electrostatic interaction. The transparent and mechanical robust EDE piezoelectrets exhibit the piezoelectric constant ( d 33 ) up to ~930 pC N -1 , and the corresponding physical model is established to investigate major influence factors to the piezoelectric properties, including the relative permittivity and elastic modulus of the electret and dielectric, and the simulated results are in accord with the experimental data. We demonstrate the strain sensors and acoustic transducers based on the ultrathin and flexible EDE piezoelectret, verifying the feasibility of the electrostatic assembled piezoelectrets in the applications of epidermal and implantable electronics. Moreover, various combinations of polymers in the EDE structure can be employed based on our proposed model to explore other unique applications such as transient electronics. A class of transparent piezoelectret with sandwich hybrid polymers and parallel-aligned dipoles is developed via simple electrostatic self-assembly, and the corresponding physical model is established to guide the optimization of the piezoelectric performance. As the advancement in flexible piezoelectric film, this study shows the applications and prospects in strain sensors and acoustic transducers for epidermal and implantable electronics. • A sandwich piezoelectrets with high piezoelectricity and transparency are developed via electrostatic self-assembly. • Excellent mechanical durability and thermal stability (up to 450 K) have been achieved. • The proposed physical model can guide the design of the piezoelectrets using different polymer combinations. • Wearable and implantable devices based on the flexible piezoelectrets have been demonstrated.

Numerical and experimental investigations on the low‐velocity impact properties of hybrid Kevlar fiber/basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites: Effects of impactor nose shape and fiber stacking sequences

AbstractIn the present work, the effect of impactor nose shape and fiber stacking sequences on the low‐velocity impact properties of hybrid Kevlar/basalt fiber reinforced epoxy composites was investigated. The composite specimens were prepared using hand lay‐up method with six types of fiber stacking sequences including sandwich hybrid, intercalated hybrid and not‐hybrid. The impact tests were conducted using three types of impactor nose shapes (hemispherical, conical, and flat) at two impact energies of 40 and 60 J. Some characteristics of the composites like maximum force, absorbed energy, and damage area were evaluated. Also, the impact behavior of the composites was simulated in Abacus finite element software and the obtained results were compared with the experimental values. The results indicated the hybridization of Kevlar by basalt fibers (intercalated hybrid) considerably improved the impact properties of the specimen. Besides, when the conical impactor was employed, the highest absorbed energy and damaged area were obtained.

Sandwich optoplasmonic hybrid structure for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Combined with photonic microstructure and plasmonic nanostructure, the optoplasmonic hybrid structure with fantastic optical properties attracts lots of attentions in recent years. With the help of light enrichment by dielectric photonic microenvironment, the embedded plasmonic nanoantennas generate much greater electromagnetic field enhancement at surface for light harvesting compared to conventional plasmonic nanostructures. In this work, a sandwich optoplasmonic hybrid structure is developed for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) detection, which is consisted of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres array, self-assembled Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) film and SiO2 microsphere (PMMA@AgNPs@SiO2). The SERS spectra collected on this optoplasmonic substrate point out it has high sensitivity with limit of detection (LOD) at 10 fM. The experimental data demonstrate both the PMMA microarray and SiO2 microsphere play important roles in enrichment of light illuminating at AgNPs for SERS detection, which is confirmed by the simulated electric field distributions. This sandwich optoplasmonic hybrid structure not only enlarges research field of surface plasmon, but also provides a novel SERS subtract for sensitive analysis in chem/bio-field.

Mechanical properties study on sandwich hybrid metal/(carbon, glass) fiber reinforcement plastic composite sheet

A series of sandwich hybrid metal (steel, aluminum) + carbon, glass fiber reinforcement plastic composite (CFRP, GFRP) + metal composite sheet was developed to achieve the lightweight design purpose. It was found that the CFPR and GFRP played an important role in reducing the density of the composite sheet up to 30%, as well as maximum 30% improvement of the specific strength. The bridging mechanism found in development of hybrid sheet attributed from CF and GF delayed the composite sheet fracture, which shall improve the safety for automotive components. This result offers new insights on design and processing of metal + fiber reinforcement plastic composite sheet for lightweight design. The developed sandwich hybrid sheet with metallic sheet surface and plastic/composite sheet mid-layer to provide lightweight application.

An experimental and numerical study of epoxy-based Kevlar-basalt hybrid composites under high velocity impact

In this paper, the high velocity impact (HVI) behavior of epoxy-based Kevlar-Basalt hybrid composites was studied experimentally and numerically. The composite specimens were manually placed in nine layers classified into six types of stacking sequences: non-hybrid, sandwich hybrid, and intercalated hybrid. The impact tests were conducted by using a ballistic apparatus at three different energy levels: 150 J, 200 J, and 250 J, and the amount of absorbed energy was calculated based on input velocity and residual velocity of the projectile. The results demonstrated that hybridization improves the behavior of composites in high velocity impacts compared to that of specimen that are not hybridized. The absorption of sandwich hybrids on average increased 23.25% and 11.3% compared to pure Basalt and Kevlar, respectively. Moreover, the intercalated hybrids showed an efficiency of about 35.6% and 21.76% better than that of pure Basalt and Kevlar, respectively, in absorbing energy. The same energy absorption pattern was observed in numerical simulation performed in ABAQUS/Explicit. Also, the highest amount of energy absorption and the lowest residual velocity as well as damage occurred when Kevlar was attacked by the projectile and the layers were intercalated.

Study on mechanical and thermomechanical properties of flax/glass fiber hybrid‐reinforced epoxy composites

AbstractA hybrid fiber‐reinforced plastic (HFRP) composite is defined as a composite material that is reinforced by two or more continuous fiber materials in the same resin matrix. This article used the hand layup method to prepare epoxy‐based flax and glass HFRP composites. Under the same fiber hybrid ratio, the interlayer and sandwich hybrid lamination methods were used for mechanical properties testing of the composite. The tensile and bending properties of the HFRP composites were obtained by tensile and three‐point bending tests, and the cross‐sectional morphology of the material was observed by a scanning electron microscopy. The thermomechanical properties of the HFRP composite were analyzed by the dynamic mechanical thermomechanical analysis (DMTA). The results showed that the effect of the different layup methods on the tensile properties of the HFRP composite material was less than the effect of the bending properties, and the bending properties showed a significant positive effect for the hybrid composites. When the glass fiber sheet was used as the core layer and the flax fiber sheet was used as the surface layer, the hybrid composites had improved bending properties, and their bending strength and flexural modulus were approximately 3.22 times and 3.81 times that of flax FRP composites, respectively. The storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the HFRP composites were higher than those of flax FRP composites as they increased by 84.1% and 8.01°C, respectively.

Hybrid Effects of Basalt and Kevlar Fibers on Low-velocity Impact Behavior of Epoxy-based Composites

This work aimed at investigating the low-velocity impact (LVI) behavior of hybrid epoxy-based laminates reinforced with woven Kevlar and Basalt fabrics. Six types of stacking sequences including sandwich hybrid, intercalated hybrid and not hybrid were employed for fabricating the specimens. Herein, the main focus of the study was to investigate the effect of Kevlar-Basalt hybridization on the low-velocity impact behavior of specimens. The impact tests were conducted using a drop-weight impact device at different energy levels of 30, 40, and 60 J. The impact properties of laminates were compared in terms of peak force, energy absorption and damaged area. Moreover, the low-velocity impact properties of specimens were simulated using ABAQUS finite element software and the results were compared with the experimental data. From the obtained results, the hybrid composite with intercalated configuration exhibited superior impact resistance.

Plasmon-exciton coupling for nanophotonic sensing on chip.

The monolayer graphene-noble metallic nanostructure hybrid system with excellent optical characteristic, which is deserved pay attentions in the study of surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy. In this work, a hybrid sandwich structure is designed to transfer single-layer graphene to the surface of discs substrate covered by silver film and assembly of the dense Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). Blu-ray disc has a cycle density of approximately 5.7 times that of DVD-R due to the different storage capacities of these optical discs. In the research, enhancement effects have been explored for two different periodic grating structures. Compared to spectra of Si/G structure, Graphene Raman spectra from Blu-grating/AuNPs/G structure and Blu-grating/G/AuNPs enhancement multiples at the 2D peak position possesses different Raman responses of 1.09 and 2.51 times, respectively. The sandwich hybrid structure of Ag grating/graphene/AuNPs obtains a Raman enhancement factor (EF) of 6.2×108 for Rhodamine 6G and surface-enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS) detection limit of 0.1 nM. These findings can be attributed to the electric field enhancement of the hybrid structure and the chemical enhancement of graphene. This study provides a new approach for SERS detection and offers a new technique for designing SERS sensors with grapheme-plasmon hybrid structures.