Sandwich Generation Research Articles

Rusunawa dan Sandwich Generation: Resiliensi Masa Pandemi di Ruang Perkotaan

This study aims to analyze resilience from sandwich generation during the pandemics concerning the needs for living place (rusunawa) in city space East Java province. Rusunawa is a part of strategic plan from Flats directorate, ministry of public works and society housing in 2020-2024 which provides new houses for about 107-967 units through program flats building, special house and stimulant budget for constructing new self-subsistent house. Rusunawa is made especially for the people who has low income, and were built in around 18.380 unit. The method of taking data is using in-depth interviews on four members of sandwich generation which located in Malang, Probolinggo, Surabaya, and Sidoarjo also second data resources in form of empirical study report and government documents which related strategic plan rusunawa construction, the number of sandwich generation, also number of possession status of the rental house. The result is the narratives of experiences of sandwich generation for choosing a place to live also the interaction that happened among the sandwich generation in defining urban resilience. This debate happens in the context of understanding and embedding the word of tough and defense city in the thought of the sandwich generation. The economy factor happened dominantly to the sandwich generation for choosing the needs of a place to live other than the capacity of economy capacity, human, also disturbance during pandemic. All together think about the economy capacity which they had in a way of more to choose a place to stay with ste status of 'rental house' than possesed their own house without considering another capacities in the elements of city defense. This thing become contradictory in the middle of effort of the government which getting intense to the evaluation of indicator of the tough city for manifesting city defense.

Examining Mental and Physical Health Status Among Sandwich Generation Caregivers

With a sample of 54,076 caregivers, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS, 2015-2017) provides an opportunity to assess the impact of caregiving on U.S. adults varying in age, gender, and race. We focused on sandwich generation (SG) caregivers, aged 30-59, with childcare and eldercare responsibilities (n=8,805). In multivariate regression models of mental and physical health, we evaluated the association of age, gender, race and caregiving factors controlling for marital status, education, housing status, income, employment status, and self-rated health status. SG caregivers were predominantly female (65.6%), white (69.6%), black (13%) and were caring for a parent/parent-in-law (50%) or another relative (26.4%). Age, gender, and race were associated with mental health outcomes such that SG caregivers who were younger (aged 30-39), female, and white reported poorer mental health during the past month (p<.05). Older (aged 50-59), female, and white SG caregivers reported poorer physical health during the past month (p<.05). Caregiving factors were not associated with mental health, but SG caregivers who had been providing care for a longer period of time were more likely to report poor physical health in the past month. Finally, education, income, employment, housing status, and self-rated health status were statistically significant covariates in both models (p<.05). These findings demonstrate that young caregivers are at risk for poor mental health; older caregivers for poor physical health. Being female, white, with lower socioeconomic status is associated with poor mental and physical health. Future research should address the unique needs of SG caregivers with dual caregiving responsibilities.

Sandwich Generation Caregiving Among Baby Boomer and Generation X Caregivers in the United States

Sandwich generation caregivers are generally those who care for both a child and an older adult. Baby Boomer and Generation X belong to this age cohort. Using data from the 2015-2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Caregiver Module, we compared the prevalence and characteristics of sandwich caregivers across these two generations. Data represent adults from 44 jurisdictions. We categorized caregivers into generations using their age at the time of the survey (N=34,777). Sandwich caregivers were classified as those who lived with a child (≤18 years) and provided care/assistance to a parent/grandparent with a long-term illness/disability during the past 30 days. Prevalence ratios (PR) from log-binomial regression models that included generation, sandwich caregiver status, sex, and race/ethnicity were used to compare weighted estimates. Six percent of Baby Boomers and 31% of Generation X were sandwich caregivers (p<0.001). In adjusted models, sandwich caregivers had a lower prevalence of any chronic health condition (PR=0.77, p=0.01) and fair/poor health (PR=0.87, p=0.003) than other caregivers, but similar frequent mental and physical distress prevalence. Baby Boomer caregivers were more likely to report a chronic health condition, fair/poor health, and frequent physical distress than their Generation X counterparts, but less likely to report frequent mental distress. Sandwich caregivers in these generations appear to be in better health than other caregivers. Nonetheless, it is critical to support the needs of sandwich caregivers as they age, given their important role in meeting the needs of both children and older adults and the additional challenges created by the pandemic.

Working More, Less or the Same During COVID-19? A Mixed Method, Intersectional Analysis of Remote Workers

The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed where paid work is done. Workers able to do so have been required to work remotely. We draw on survey data collected in October 2020 from a nationally representative sample of 3,017 remote workers, as well as qualitative survey data collected from 231 remote workers, to examine perceived changes in work hours from before to during the pandemic. Results indicate women are at greater risk of change (either a major decrease or a major increase)—rather than stability—in work hours. Gender also intersects with caregiving, race/ethnicity, prior remote work experiences, and socioeconomic status to shape changes in hours. Women and men in the sandwich generation, as well as women (but not men) with pre-school children, are the most likely to report a decrease in work hours, whereas women with older children at home or caring for adults (but not both) are the most likely to have an increase in hours. Remote working Black women and women moving into remote work are more likely to experience a major increase in hours worked, even as Hispanic women and Black men are the most likely to report somewhat of a reduction in work hours. Gender also intersects with SES, such that women without a college degree are more likely to have a decrease in work hours, while women with an advanced degree and women managers report a considerable increase in work hours. Qualitative data further illuminate why work hours change or remain stable for remote workers during COVID-19.

The “Sandwich Generation” Revisited: Global Demographic Drivers of Care Time Demands

AbstractGenerational overlap affects the care time demands on parents and grandparents worldwide. Here, we present the first global estimates of the experience of simultaneously having frail older parents and young children (“sandwichness”) or young grandchildren (“grandsandwichness”) for the 1970–2040 cohorts, using demographic methods and microsimulations. We find that sandwichness is more prevalent in the Global South—for example, almost twice as prevalent in sub‐Saharan Africa as it is in Europe for the 1970 cohort—but is expected to decline globally by one‐third between 1970 and 2040. The Global North might have reached a peak in the simultaneous care time demands from multiple generations but the duration of the grandsandwich state will increase by up to one year in Africa and Asia. This increasing generational overlap implies more care time demands over the entire adult life course, but also opens up an opportunity for the full potential of grandparenthood to materialize.

Building Motivation in Saving on Elementary School Students through Financial Literacy

Financial literacy is one of the literacy skills among 6 other literacy’s that are useful in this century. Financial literacy can be used as a tool to increase the motivation of an individual in increasing his financial capacity. In terms of financial literacy, it can be tried to be applied to individuals as early as possible, here the application of understanding financial literacy is given to elementary school students so that they are expected to be able to understand the concept of money and risk in making financial decisions for the future. It is hoped that the increased financial literacy of these elementary school students can help encourage the movement to eliminate the sandwich generation chain in this generation.

Effect of older adults in the family on the sandwich generation's pursuit of entrepreneurship: evidence from China

AbstractHousehold entrepreneurship is a basic unit of entrepreneurial activity, and a crucial aspect of connecting personal and social wellbeing. This study examines the relationship between the proportion of elderly family members and household entrepreneurship. This study also assesses the mediating effect of the middle-aged generation's support to their parents and the moderating effect of the parents’ support with respect to the proportion of elderly family members and entrepreneurship. We use data from the China Family Panel Studies. We adopt the instrumental variable method to deal with endogeneity, robustness and credibility of the estimation results. The results show that a higher proportion of elderly family members impedes household entrepreneurship. Moreover, the financial and instrumental support provided by the middle-aged generation to their parents significantly mediates the relationship between the proportion of elderly family members and household entrepreneurship. In turn, parents’ financial support to the middle-aged generation moderates the focal relationship; however, parents’ instrumental support does not moderate the focal relationship. These findings emphasise the need to develop a comprehensive social security network for older adults that will indirectly promote household entrepreneurship, and improve personal and social wellbeing.

Mitigating Personal Financial Distress: The Role of Religiosity and Financial Literacy

Millennials tend to face personal financial distress due to sandwich generation problem. Personal financial distress is one of issues in personal financial management. It can bring many problems to another aspect in personal life. Therefore, it’s important for people to mitigate that issue and reach personal financial goals. Personal financial distress is condition when individual is unable to fulfill a financial needs. This condition can be influenced by religiosity and financial literacy. Religiosity and financial literacy could explain a spending behaviour and how to use money. This study aims to test the influence of religiosity and financial literacy on personal financial distress. Using online survey targeting millennial generation in Indonesia, this study find that religiosity have negative significant impact on personal financial distress and financial literacy play a role as moderating variable that weaken relationship between religiosity and financial distress. In conclusion, mitigating personal financial distress could be implemented in several ways. Personal financial distress could be avoided by higher religiosity and financial literacy

Comparison of Child Health between Sandwich Generation and Non-Sandwich Generation

Sandwich Generation must treat two generations simultaneously and undoubtedly, having an impact on health in the sandwich generation, the previous generation, and the following generations. This study used IFLS data in 2007 and 2014 because IFLS provides longitudinal data that can see the relationship between sandwich generation households and children’s health status with the Multinomial Logistics Regression method. The results showed that the BMI of non-sandwich generation children was higher than the group of sandwich generation children and was statistically significant, so it was concluded that there were differences in the average BMI between groups of sandwich generation children and non-sandwich generation children. BMR of sandwich generation children is lower than the group of not sandwich generation children and statistically significant, so with these results, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the average BMR between groups of sandwich generation children and non-sandwich generation children. The status of sandwich generation where relative to non-sandwich generation is only significant if the child is obese. Meanwhile, the status of the sandwich generation, which is relative to non-sandwich generation, significantly affects BMR for children in both the below-average BMR category and above-average BMR category for the overall sample.

Peningkatan Pemahaman mengenai Perencanaan Pensiun pada Guru SMK di Palembang

One of the reasons for the emergence of the sandwich generation is the inability of parents to plan for retirement. One of the ways to break the sandwich generation chain is to do good financial management and planning. Good financial planning usually needs to be supported by a good level of financial literacy. One reason for the lack of knowledge in retirement planning is the low level of financial literacy in society. Therefore, it needs efforts to increase retirement planning knowledge to reduce the number of sandwich generation in Indonesia. The purpose of this service activity is to increase financial literacy in teachers and introduce retirement planning. The implementation of this community service activity is carried out using the lecture and discussion method. Activities are carried out in the form of webinars using the Zoom application. From the results of these community service activities, it can be assumed that there are still many teachers who do not realize the importance of preparing for pension funds. This is due to a lack of understanding of retirement planning.

Gender, Religious, and Political Ideologies Among Three‐Generation Families: Implications for Family Conflict

ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to identify subgroups of families based on ideologies and examine intergenerational conflict predicated by ideological subset.BackgroundGender, religious, and political ideologies are key to understanding how individuals' function both within their families and in society and can provide insight to intergenerational conflict.MethodsFamilies (85%–95% White) included individuals across three generations (late, middle, and emerging adulthood). Data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSOG) was used to conduct latent profile analyses.ResultsThree subgroups of families were identified: nontraditional ideology families, traditional ideology families, and adapting ideology families. Using the modified Bolck‐Croon‐Hagenaars (2004) approach, intergenerational conflict between profiles was examined.ConclusionsFindings provide a snapshot of common groupings of families based on generational members' gender, religious, and political ideologies. Findings indicate that conflict may be reported more frequently by middle‐aged parents or children (i.e., “sandwich generation”) in nontraditional ideology and adapting ideology families.ImplicationsFindings suggest that in approximately half of families in this study, emerging adults have similar ideologies to their grandparents, indicating there may not be such extreme differences between generations as are colloquially perceived.

Innowacyjne rozwiązania dla sandwich generation. Raport z międzynarodowego projektu „4P – międzysektorowa inicjatywa pomocy rodzinom wielopokoleniowym”

The text presented below is a summary of the test phase of the International project “4P – cross-sectoral policy initiative helping multigenerational families”. Two innovative solutions for the “sandwich generation” such as “combined care facility” and the “geriatric care manager” were introduced here. The solutions, described and tested on a group of 140 people, aim at solving family and professional problems of the so-called secondgeneration; that is the middle-aged people, being the actual caregivers for two dependant people originating from two extreme generations who are a child and an older person (parent or grandparent).

An overview of chinese one-child policy issues and their possible solutions

The one-child-per-couple policy (OCP), which has had a negative impact on fertility rates in China since 1979, was implemented in 1979. Many studies have been conducted since then to demonstrate the impact of the OCP on China's population's increasing age. The growing percentage of old people in China is causing significant social and economic problems, which need the creation of suitable policies. Using the sandwich generation as an example, this essay explores this problem in a unique manner, highlighting the challenges faced by individuals who are frequently responsible for both younger and older generations. An effort is made to personalize the implications of this demographic transition and to offer potential remedies for mitigating its impacts through the presentation of qualitative data recently gathered from a wide range of members of this generation. We find that there are many opportunities in metropolitan regions, while problems are more pressing in rural areas, owing to the proportionally higher number of older people and the scarcity of alternatives available.

Health-related quality of life in sandwich generation Iranian women

Health-related quality of life in sandwich generation Iranian women

Caregiving in Quarantine: Evaluating the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Adult Child Informal Caregivers of a Parent.

Informal caregivers form a shadow workforce projected to become even more essential as the U.S. population ages. Most are untrained in the role and manage caregiving with competing life demands that compound burden and threaten the welfare of the older adults in their care. The 12-item Zarit Burden Interview measure was employed to investigate differences in subjective burden before and during the Covid-19 pandemic among adult children who are primary informal caregivers of a parent. Additionally, this study explored family composition to determine if the presence of siblings or dependent children affected burden scores. A convenience sample (N = 77) reported significantly more burden since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic when compared to pre-pandemic burden. Since the pandemic began, those with living siblings reported less burden than those without siblings, while there was no difference in burden between sandwich generation caregivers and those providing care only for a parent. This study’s results point to the role family plays in resilience during a crisis and emphasizes the need to promote efficient supports and networks to alleviate caregiver burden.

Intergenerational Caregiving Patterns, BMI, and Gender Gaps Among the Sandwich Generation in China

Existing literatures yield established evidence about the heightened stress brought by multiple roles and potential role overload across work-family context, but little is known about the BMI levels of the “sandwich” caregivers within families and the associated gender inequalities. Indeed, the Chinese pivotal generations are exposed to unshared stress and higher health risks considering that intergenerational support still predominates the caregiving patterns for the oldest old and dependent children under current socioeconomic backgrounds. Using 2011 and 2013 waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, N = 12186), we examine associations of BMI and intergenerational caregiving patterns among the “sandwich generation” aged 45 to 69. We find that the sandwich generation with at least one parent alive and one grandchild under 16 have higher BMI (24.2, within obesity range) than their counterparts (23.7, within normal range). A higher proportion of females act as caregivers and especially high-intensity caregivers than males, and they also score one-unit higher in BMI than males (23.4). Fixed effect regression results indicate that simultaneous caregiving to both parents and young grandchildren significantly advances individuals’ BMI levels, while no evidence shows similar negative effect of providing care to one generation. Moreover, high-intensity caregiving (1000 hours and above during the past year) is associated with elevated BMI for females but not for males. The gendered caregiving patterns and health implications inform the physical and psychological vulnerability of the pivotal generation and the necessities of gender-specific intervention in middle and later life.

Should I care for my mum or for my kid? Sandwich generation and depression burden in Italy

Setting and objectiveIn Italy, over the last decades, elderly care has been mostly provided by family members, especially adult offspring, and in particular daughters. This paper investigates the relationship between informal caregiving and mental distress among Italians aged 35–59, with a focus on gender effect and parenthood responsibilities. DataThe dataset is the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), second wave, year 2015. As far as it is known, the Italian EHIS has not been used for studies on ageing and caregiving. MethodsUsing selected subsamples, a Propensity Score Matching between caregivers and non-caregivers aged 35–59 is implemented, with the aim of measuring the difference in level of depression, if any, between the two groups. ResultsFindings show that women providing their frail relatives with informal care are less likely to suffer from mental distress compared to non-carers. However, results change radically if they have children aged less than 15 at home, and a higher probability of being depressed is detected for women overwhelmed by the double responsibility of assisting both dependent relatives and their own children. Results are not significant for men.

Malaysian Sandwich Generation Issues and Challenges in Elderly Parents Care

Ageing is a growing concern all around the world. It is the biggest challenge for developing and developed countries, including Malaysia. Malaysia is a country, where ageing care centre runs under the government, NGOs and public sector, and recently few of the religious centres and entrepreneurs are working in this regard. However, still the facilities are lacking ; therefore; all across Malaysia Sandwich Generation families are still providing support to the elderly by themselves. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the concept of Sandwich Generation under the perspective of ageing issues in Malaysia. The “Sandwich Generation” is still an unknown term for Malaysian Society. It practically focuses on the new inclinations in a familial responsibility in the form of support and care for elderly parents along with children. This paper discusses the issues and challenges confronted by the sandwich generation (who are taking care of family and supporting elderly) residing in the leading states of Malaysia. This study adopts the qualitative research strategy, and the population consists of five sandwich generation families living in main states of Malaysia (Johor, Penang, Kedah, Selangor and Klang Valley area). The results highlight that issues such as financial, emotional, dim future, stress, fewer savings and time management are main issues confronting sandwich generation while they perform their role as a caregiver in Malaysia. A recommendation plan is being produced by keeping in view the problems facing by the sandwich generation.

Evaluation of within and Between Role Experiences on Role-Balance Outcomes for working Sandwich Generation Women with a Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) Child

Developmental coordination disorder is marked by difficulty in participation in sports as well as in academic activities; they experience difficulty in planning any event, sequencings and implementing any motor tasks. Women engaged in employment as well as responsible for children with motor impairment were referred to as a sandwich generation. 5% of women were found to have a dual-role and it is expected that it is more common among urban localities. They experience difficulty in balancing work as well as home, and it is expected that they experience low quality of life. Literature review over the past ten years resulted with inconclusive evidence, and no documents exist in considering the role on balance outcomes for working sandwich generation women with a Developmental Coordination Disorder child. The aim of the current study was attained by the use of a questionnaire to 20 mothers in Kancheepuram district, and they should full fill the criteria as a working sandwich generation women. Data were summarized, and descriptive statistics, as well as correlation coefficient, was used to find out that they experience neither balance nor imbalance in their quality of life. It has been concluded that between role conflict and role interaction were the factors affecting role balance.

In search of Filipino “women in the middle”

ABSTRACT The ‘sandwich generation’ is a unique familial position and refers to persons who are expected to care simultaneously for children and older adults in extended families. The non-availability of information about women of this cohort in leading government sources of data and their invisibility in the care work discourse led me to investigate their condition. Data for three census years—1990, 2000, 2010—in the National Capital Region of the Philippines were processed using Stata, a statistical software, to analyze patterns in the numbers and demographic characteristics of these women. The number of such women has grown steadily in 20 years. Female household heads in the sandwich generation are typically middle aged, without partners or spouses, college graduates and homeowners. Female family members in the sandwich generation are typically 30–35 years old, legally married, college graduates, and living in their own homes. By categorizing sex into male and female and not recognizing gender identity and sexual orientation, censuses are largely gender blind. Expanding this research to the entire Philippines and other low-income countries, including LGBTQI persons, and recognizing their unpaid care work may open channels for inclusive global recognition of the sandwich generation and lead to their emancipation and equality.