Sandblasted And Acid-etched Surface Research Articles

Biomechanical Investigation of the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants With Different Surfaces Placed With Allogeneic Bone Transfer.

Allogeneic grafts can be preferred to autogenous grafts in plastic and oral-maxillofacial surgery for vertical and horizontal bone deficiencies. Implant surface properties are an important factor in osseointegration. This study aims to evaluate the osseointegration levels of titanium implants with machined, sand-blasted, and acid-etched (SLA) and resorbable blast material (RBM) surfaces placed together with allogeneic bone tissue transplantations obtained from the tibia bone using biomechanical method. Twenty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study. The rats were divided into groups in which machined (n=7), SLA (n=7), and RBM (n=7) surface implants were placed with the transplantation of bone taken from the tibia. Four rats (both left and right tibias) were used as donors. Grafts and implants were surgically placed in the corticocancellous part of the metaphyseal area of the tibia bones of rats. At the end of the 4-week experimental setup, all rats were killed, and the implants and surrounding bone tissue were subjected to biomechanical reverse torque analysis (N/cm). Sand-blasted acid-etched surface implants were observed to have higher biomechanical osseointegration levels than RBM and machined surface implants ( P <0.05). No statistical difference could be detected between the RBM and machined surface implants ( P >0.05). On the basis of the limited results of this study, it can be concluded that the osseointegration levels of SLA surface implants placed with allogeneic bone transplantation may be better than those of machined and RBM surface implants.

An Experimental Anodized and Low-Pressure Oxygen Plasma-Treated Titanium Dental Implant Surface-Preliminary Report.

Chemical composition and physical parameters of the implant surface, such as roughness, regulate the cellular response leading to implant bone osseointegration. Possible implant surface modifications include anodization or the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) treatment process that produces a thick and dense oxide coating superior to normal anodic oxidation. Experimental modifications with Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) titanium and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V plates and PEO additionally treated with low-pressure oxygen plasma (PEO-S) were used in this study to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. Cytotoxicity of experimental titanium samples as well as cell adhesion to their surface were assessed using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) or L929 cell line. Moreover, the surface roughness, fractal dimension analysis, and texture analysis were calculated. Samples after surface treatment have substantially improved properties compared to the reference SLA (sandblasted and acid-etched) surface. The surface roughness (Sa) was 0.59-2.38 µm, and none of the tested surfaces had cytotoxic effect on NHDF and L929 cell lines. A greater cell growth of NHDF was observed on the tested PEO and PEO-S samples compared to reference SLA sample titanium.

Micro/nanoscale bioactive oxide coatings on Ti6Al4V fabricated by SLA and induction heating

Titanium (Ti)-based implants with micro/nano multiscale structures have been highlighted in dental and orthopedic fields due to the enhanced osteogenic abilities and mechanical interlocking. In this study, induction heating treatment (IHT) was developed to superimpose nano structure on microrough sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) Ti6Al4V surface. The influences of SLA and IHT on the phase compositions, microstructures, properties, and formation mechanism of the coatings were explored. IHT for 12, 18 and 24 s realize the transformation of initially generated nanodot-like crystallites into a relatively uniform and high density of nanoscale protuberances. The oxide coating obtained by SLA + IHT has larger grains compared with that obtained by IHT separately. The nanoscale protuberances comprise crystalline rutile TiO2 and a small amount of α-Al2O3. IHT results in a successive increase of roughness on smooth surface with extension of IHT period, while samples induction heated for 18 and 24 s following SLA retain the initial microscale roughness of SLA surface. Since the larger porosity inside the oxide and local plastic deformation from SLA enhance adsorption and interaction ability of Ti6Al4V with oxygen, the thickness of oxide coating obtained by SLA + IHT increases to 861 nm compared with the 408 nm formed by IHT for 24 s. The micro/nano-structured oxide coating is in favor of improving the hydrophilicity of SLA surface in terms of the decreased contact angle from 129.4° to 69.1°, and shows good capability to induce hydroxyapatite deposition in simulated body fluid.

Micro/Nanostructured Topography on Titanium Orchestrates Dendritic Cell Adhesion and Activation via β2 Integrin-FAK Signals.

In clinical application of dental implants, the functional state of dendritic cells (DCs) has been suggested to have a close relationship with the implant survival rate or speed of osseointegration. Although microscale surfaces have a stable osteogenesis property, they also incline to trigger unfavorable DCs activation and threaten the osseointegration process. Nanoscale structures have an advantage in regulating cell immune response through orchestrating cell adhesion, indicating the potential of hierarchical micro/nanostructured surface in regulation of DCs' activation without sacrificing the advantage of microscale topography. Two micro/nanostructures were fabricated based on microscale rough surfaces through anodization or alkali treatment, the sand-blasted and acid-etched (SA) surface served as control. The surface characteristics, in vitro and in vivo DC immune reactions and β2 integrin-FAK signal expression were systematically investigated. The DC responses to different surface topographies after FAK inhibition were also tested. Both micro/nano-modified surfaces exhibited unique composite structures, with higher hydrophilicity and lower roughness compared to the SA surface. The DCs showed relatively immature functional states with round morphologies and significantly downregulated β2 integrin-FAK levels on micro/nanostructures. Implant surfaces with micro/nano-topographies also triggered lower levels of DC inflammatory responses than SA surfaces in vivo. The inhibited FAK activation effectively reduced the differences in topography-caused DC activation and narrowed the differences in DC activation among the three groups. Compared to the SA surface with solely micro-scale topography, titanium surfaces with hybrid micro/nano-topographies reduced DC inflammatory response by influencing their adhesion states. This regulatory effect was accompanied by the modulation of β2 integrin-FAK signal expression. The β2 integrin-FAK-mediated adhesion plays a critical role in topography-induced DC activation, which represents a potential target for material-cell interaction regulation.

Stability of dental implants with sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) and modified (SLActive) surfaces during the osseointegration period.

Background. The surface properties of implants are effective factors for increasing the osseointegration and activity of osteoprogenitor cells. This study compared the stability of dental implants with sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) and modified surfaces (SLActive) using the resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Methods. In a split-mouth design, 50 dental implants with either SLA surface properties (n=25) or modified (SLActive) surface properties (n=25) were placed in the mandibles of 12 patients with a bilateral posterior edentulous area. Implant stability was measured using RFA (Osstell) at implant placement time and every week for 1, 2, and 3 months before the conventional loading time. Results. One week following the implantation, implant stability increased from 70 to 77.67 for SLA and from 71.67 to 79 for SLActive (P < 0.05). Stability improved each week except in the 4th week in SLActive surface measurements. No significant differences were observed between the groups at 2 and 3 months (P > 0.05). Conclusions. For both implant surfaces, increased stability was observed over time, with no significant differences between the groups.

The early loading of different surface-modified implants: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundVarious surface treatment options have been adopted with the aim to improve osseointegration, reducing the overall treatment time. Implant stability of early loaded implants with different modified surfaces was compared in the present study.MethodsPatients were selected from the Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology at Semmelweis University. Patients randomly received SA (alumina sandblasted and acid-etched), NH (bioabsorbable apatite nanocoating) or SLA (large-grit sandblasted and acid-etched) surface implants. Outcome measures were: implant success, implant stability, and periodontal parameters. The implant stability was measured at the time of implant placement (primary stability) and six weeks after (prothesis delivery, secondary stability). Osstell and Periotest were applied to take all the measurements. The primary and secondary stability were compared in the three study groups Finally the periimplant probing depth appearing after three months of loading was checked on 6 points around to the implant-supported prostheses. Shapiro–Wilk and Mann–Whitney tests were used for the comparison between the study groups.ResultsA total of 75 implants with different length and diameter were inserted into various positions. One implant failed spontaneously at the fourth week after implant placement. The survival rate was 98,7%. Comparing the primary and secondary stability values, the data were significantly improved in every groups. The difference was the highest in the NH group, however, this difference was not significant compared to the two other groups. Good periodontal parameters were experienced in all the tested implants, independently by the groups.ConclusionsWith the limitation of the present study, all the implants showed improved stability six weeks after implant placement. A trend of higher result was found for the NH group. Further studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm this preliminary results.Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN13181677; the date of registration: 04/03/2021. Retrospectively registered.

Early Loading of Posterior Nonsubmerged Titanium Implants with a Modified Sandblasted and Acid-Etched Surface: A Prospective Case Series with Up to 149 Months of Follow-up.

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the success rates and prosthetic complications of implants with a modified sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface inserted for posterior single-implant crown restorations. Final crowns were placed 3 to 4 weeks after surgery, and patient follow-up spanned 10 years in a private practice setting. A total of 22 patients (8 women, 14 men) with 25 posterior implants placed (16 mandible, 9 maxilla) were selected, including only implants for posterior single-implant crowns with insertion torque values of ≥ 35 Ncm at placement. Twenty-one implants passed the reverse torque test at 3 to 4 weeks after implant placement, and final restorations were placed. Three patients (4 implants) had "spinners," and there was one patient dropout after completion of the final restoration. All patients were recalled for clinical exams, digital periapical radiographs, and clinical photos at short-term (≤ 5 years) and long-term (> 5 years) follow-up appointments. The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs was also determined at the initial and follow-up visits. Crestal bone level was measured at crown placement (T1), short-term follow-up (T2; mean: 29.4 months), and long-term follow-up appointments (T3; mean: 114.4 months). Twenty patients (23 implants) returned for examination at T2, and 15 (18 implants) were available at T3. For the 17 implants available at all evaluations, statistically significant bone loss was found from T1 to T2 (0.23 ± 0.30 mm), and the mean crestal bone level appeared stable from T2 to T3. Based on clinical and radiographic findings, the success rate for the implants and restorations at T2 and T3 was graded as 100%. Therefore, it can be stated that an early loading protocol of 3 to 4 weeks using a modified SLA surface at premolar/molar single-tooth locations can result in favorable clinical and radiographic long-term results.

Role of New Hydrophilic Surfaces on Early Success Rate and Implant Stability: 1-Year Post-loading Results of a Multicenter, Split-Mouth, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To compare early implant failure and implant stability of one-stage Hiossen ET III implants with its new hydrophilic (NH) surface, compared with Hiossen ET III implants with the sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surface at 1-year follow-up. Materials and Methods This study was designed as a split-mouth, multicenter randomized controlled trial aimed to compare SA surface implants (SA group) and NH surface, (NH group). Outcomes were implant and prosthetic survival rates, complications, the insertion torque at implant placement, and implant stability quotient (ISQ) values. Results Twenty-nine patients (mean age 59.9 ± 11.3 years) were treated and followed up to 1 year after loading. No patient dropped out. Fifty-eight implants (29 SA group and 29 NH group) were placed. No implants or prostheses failed and no complications were experienced during follow-up. The mean insertion torque was 40.5 ± 3.23 (38.17–41.83) Ncm in the SA group and 40.48 ± 3.49 (38.02–41.98) Ncm in the NH group ( p = 0.981). There was a statistically significant difference at the second week (T2) with higher values in the NH group ( p = 0.041). Similar results were found in the maxilla ( p = 0.045), but not in the mandible ( p = 0.362). A positive correlation was found between initial insertion torque and ISQ with higher value in the NH group (0.73 vs. 0.66). Conclusions NH implants are a viable alternative to SA surface, as they seem to avoid the ISQ drop during the bone remodeling phase.

Influence of Three Dental Implant Surfaces on Cell Viability and Bone Behavior. An In Vitro and a Histometric Study in a Rabbit Model

The chemical composition and the surface characteristics of dental implants are factors that have a decisive effect on the osseointegration process. The surface characterization at the compositional and topographic level of three dental implants available in the market was performed with different surface treatments: (1) sandblasted and acid etched surface (SLA), (2) hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) blasted surface (HA/TCP), and (3) HA-blasted and non-etching acid washed surface (HA + AW). In addition, an in vitro viability study of MG-63 osteoblast cells was performed with a JC-1 test. To complete the study, an in vivo study was conducted in New Zealand rabbits. The study analyzed the histometric characteristics of the bone formed around the implants at the level of area, volume, bone density, accumulated bone density, and bone–implant contact (BIC). The rabbits were sacrificed at 6 weeks after implants were placed in the tibial metaphysis. No statistically significant differences were observed at the level of cell viability or histometric parameters between the different study groups (p &gt; 0.05). SLA and HA/TCP surfaces were the ones that obtained a higher BIC value. Taking into account the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the different implant surfaces analyzed favor a good bone response.

The Effect of Age of Titanium Dental Implants on Implant Survival and Marginal Bone Resorption: A 5-Year Retrospective Follow-Up Study.

It has been demonstrated that the osteoconductivity, hydrophilicity, and biological capacity of titanium decreases over time, and this phenomenon was described as the biological aging of titanium. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the age of sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium dental implants (duration from the production date until the date of dental implant surgery) affects marginal bone resorption and implant survival. This nonrandom convenience-sample retrospective pilot study was carried out in 200 implants of 64 patients. Radiographic measurements were performed on intraoral periapical radiographs. Implants were divided into 2 age groups; group 1 = 0-3 months and group 2 = 36-41 months. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. Of the implants, 41% (n = 82) were between 0 and 3 months old, and 59% (n = 118) were between 36 and 41 months old. All (n = 200) of the implants survived and maintained their function. The mean mesial marginal resorption measurement was 0.60 ± 0.65 mm, and the mean distal marginal resorption was 0.77 ± 1.07 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the amount of mesial and distal marginal bone resorption according to implant age (P > .05). In SLA surface titanium implants with adequate initial primary stability and a 3-month osseointegration period before loading, biological aging of titanium did not affect implant survival and marginal bone resorption.

TiO2 Nanotubes Alleviate Diabetes-Induced Osteogenetic Inhibition.

BackgroundPatients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have a higher failure rate of dental implant treatments. However, whether titanium (Ti) implants with TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) surface can retain their biocompatibility and osteogenetic ability under DM conditions has not been investigated; in addition, their behavior in DM conditions is not well characterized.Materials and MethodsPure Ti discs were surface treated into the polishing (mechanically polished, MP), sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA), and TNT groups. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the surface morphology. The cell adhesion and proliferation ability on different modified Ti surfaces at various glucose concentrations (5.5, 11, 16.5, and 22 mM) was detected by the CCK-8 assay. The osteogenetic ability on different modified Ti surfaces under high-glucose conditions was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN) immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Alizarin Red staining in vitro. Detection of cell apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was undertaken both before and after N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment to assess the oxidative stress associated with different modified Ti surfaces under high-glucose conditions. An in vivo study was conducted in DM rats with different modified Ti femoral implants. The osteogenetic ability of different modified Ti implants in DM rats was assessed using a micro-CT scan.ResultsHigh-glucose conditions inhibited cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenetic ability of different modified Ti surfaces. High-glucose conditions induced higher apoptosis rate and intracellular ROS level on different modified Ti surfaces; these effects were alleviated by NAC. Compared with the SLA surface, the TNT surface alleviated the osteogenetic inhibition induced by high-glucose states by reversing the overproduction of ROS in vitro. In the in vivo experiment, micro-CT scan analysis further confirmed the best osteogenetic ability of TNT surface in rats with DM.ConclusionTNT surface modification alleviates osteogenetic inhibition induced by DM. It may provide a more favorable Ti implant surface for patients with DM.

Do the New Hydrophilic Surface Have Any Influence on Early Success Rate and Implant Stability during Osseointegration Period? Four-Month Preliminary Results from a Split-Mouth, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective The objective of this study is to compare the implant stability of Hiossen ET III implants with its new hydrophilic (NH) surface and Hiossen ET III implants with the sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) surface. Materials and Methods Patients required at least two teeth to be rehabilitated with a fixed, implant-supported restoration, consecutively enrolled. Patients randomly received SA surface implants (SA group) or SA implants with a newly developed bioabsorbable apatite nanocoating (NH group). Outcome measures were implant and prosthetic survival rate, complications, insertion torque, and implant stability quotient (ISQ) measured at implant placement and every week up to 8 weeks after implant placement. Comparison between groups was made by unpaired t -test, while the comparison between each follow-up will be made by paired t -tests to detect any change during the follow-up. Complications and failures were compared using Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 14 patients were treated with 28 implants (14 SA and 14 NH). No implant and prosthesis failed 4 months after implant placement. No complications were experienced. At the 2nd week after implants placement, two implants in the SA group showed discontinuous measurements versus none in the NH group ( p = 0.4815). Implants unscrewed during ISQ measurements and were rescrewed. Data recording stopped for 6 weeks. Both implants osseointegrated without any further complication. The NH implants did not show physiological ISQ decrease between 2nd and 4th week after implant placement, showing a more even pattern of ISQ values compared with SA implants (77.1 ± 4.6 vs. 72.9 ± 11.5; difference: 4.2 ± 12.1; p = 0.258). High ISQ values were found in both groups at each time point. Conclusions NH implants are a viable alternative to SA surface, as they seem to avoid the ISQ drop during the remodeling phase.

The Influence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants With Different Surface Modifications-A Histomorphometric Study in High-Fat Diet/Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Treated Rats.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a systemic disease that also compromises the bone healing capacity. In healthy individuals, surface modifications of dental implants are proven to increase bone response and implant success. The aim of this study was to clarify if the surface modifications also improve osseointegration in a setting with diabetes mellitus. T2DM was induced in 7 rats by a high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin injection. All animals received a hydroxyapatite (HA) implant, a sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) implant, and a standard machined titanium implant for control in the tibia. After 4 weeks, thin-ground sections were produced, and the volume of new bone formation (nBV/TV) and bone-to-implant contact (nB.I/Im.I) were histomorphometrically analyzed. Both surface modifications led to an increase of osseointegration compared with the machined surface implant in rats with T2DM. nBV/TV was highest in the SLA implants, whereas nB.I/Im.I was highest in the HA group. Regardless of the surface modification, a superordinate regional pattern of new bone formation over the length of the implant was observed. Implants with HA coating and SLA surface modifications seem to have the potential to increase osseointegration also in T2DM rats when compared with a conventional machined surface.

Hydrophilic modification of sandblasted and acid-etched implants improves stability during early healing: a human double-blind randomized controlled trial

A randomized controlled trial was performed to evaluate and compare the changes in implant stability quotient (ISQ) of implants of the same brand, design, length, and diameter but with two different surface treatments, placed in the posterior mandible: sandblasted and acid-etched (SAE) and chemically modified SAE (hydrophilic). Twenty implants of the same design, length, and diameter (cylindrical and compressive, 3.75×11mm) but with different surface treatments (control group: 10 SAE; test group: 10 modified SAE) were randomly assigned to placement in the posterior mandibular region in 20 different patients. ISQ values were assessed in a blinded manner for six consecutive weeks. The maximum and minimum ISQ values observed during follow-up were 76.0 and 48.5, respectively, in the test group, and 76.0 and 49.0, respectively, in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference (P=0.19) in ISQ variation for the test group implants (modified SAE). Comparison between the test and control groups revealed a significant difference in the measurements: the ISQ in the test group was higher than that in the control group during the follow-up period (parametric Mann–Whitney test). This study demonstrated that implants with a modified SAE surface installed in the posterior mandible showed higher and faster ISQ stability during the healing period when compared to implants with a SAE surface.

The effect of strontium-loaded rough titanium surface on early osseointegration.

It is not clear whether surface bioactive chemistry plays an important role in the early osseointegration of micro-structured titanium implants that have the same surface topography at the micrometer and submicrometer scales. In this study, magnetron sputtering methodology was employed for the preparation of Sr coating on sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium implant without changing the surface characteristics. The study of the surface morphology of the coating was carried out with the use of scanning electron microscopy, and the chemical composition of the surface was examined by X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry. Twenty SLA implants together with 20 Sr-SLA implants were randomly inserted into the proximal tibia of 20 rats. The early osseointegration of the Sr-SLA implant was compared with SLA implant by removal torque test and histological analysis following two and eight weeks of implantation, correspondingly. As revealed by the surface characteristics, both Sr-SLA and SLA surfaces exhibited similar typical isotropic irregular indentations. The strontium ions were effectively incorporated into the SLA surface (the atomic ratio is 2%). Following two and eight weeks of healing, significant increases in removal torque values ( p < 0.05) were taken into observation in respect of Sr-SLA implant. Histologically, the Sr-SLA implants displayed significantly higher bone-to-implant contact percentages and bone area ratio in comparison with the SLA implant at eight weeks ( p < 0.05). At two weeks, the bone-implant contact percentages, together with bone area ratio of Sr-SLA surface appeared to be a little bit slightly greater than that of SLA surface. But the statistical difference was not significant. These results indicated that the chemical modification with Sr incorporated by magnetron sputtering treatment in moderately rough surfaced implants remarkably increases early bone apposition.

A New Highly Hydrophilic Electrochemical Implant Titanium Surface: A Histological and Biomechanical In Vivo Study.

The aim was to compare the osseointegration degree and secondary implant stability between implants with different surface treatments. A novel electrochemical treatment was applied to modify the sandblasted and acid-etched surface (SLA) to obtain the new hydrophilic Feeling (FEL) surface presenting a highly soluble and homogenous film made of calcium and phosphorus nanocrystals. Twenty 3.8 × 10-mm dynamix implants (Cortex) were inserted in sheep iliac crests. Sheep were killed after 2 months. Bone-to-implant contact percentage (%BIC) and biomechanical parameters, such as implant stability quotient (ISQ) and value of actual micromotion (VAM), were evaluated for each implants. No implant failures were observed. Implants of test group showed %BIC value 30% higher in respect with control group (P = 0.001). No statistical differences were detected between the 2 groups in VAM and ISQ values. Both surface treatments were highly osteoconductive because they were able to significantly increase the bone density onto implant surface in respect with that in which they were inserted (D4 bone density). The hydrophilic FEL surface demonstrated an increase of about 216% in BIC in respect with host bone density and an additional 30% more in respect with SLA surface. Faster osseointegration process is desirable in case of early implant loading protocol.

The Effects of Hierarchical Micro/Nano-Structured Titanium Surface on Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation Under Diabetic Conditions.

The aim of the present study was to mimic the hierarchical structure of bone tissues by simple sandblasting/acid-etching and anodization to investigate the effects of such surface characteristics on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in high glucose concentrations. By the way, the effects of high glucose levels on osteoblast functions were tested. MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on sand-blasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface and nano-modified SLA (NMSLA) surface were subjected to normal serum (NS) and diabetic serum (DS), respectively. The surface characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTT assay. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization were measured and compared. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to detect the expression levels of osteogenic genes. NMSLA significantly increased cell proliferation at time points ranging from 3 to 7 days under both serums. Cells cultured on NMSLA surfaces displayed significantly higher ALP activities and mineralization. The expression levels of Runx2 (indicates runt-related protein 2), collagen I (COL1), and osteocalcin (OCN) were notably increased on NMSLA surface compared with SLA surface. Moreover, we found that high glucose increased osteoblast proliferation but decreased differentiation of osteoblast slightly. The hierarchical micro/nano-structured titanium surface has a favorable biocompatibility on simultaneously improving osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in diabetic serum.

The Effects of a Er:YAG Laser on Machined, Sand-Blasted and Acid-Etched, and Resorbable Blast Media Titanium Surfaces Using Confocal Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Purpose: Laser treatment has become a popular method in implant dentistry, and lasers have been used for the decontamination of implant surfaces when treating peri-implantitis. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of an Erbium-doped:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Er:YAG) laser with different settings on machined (MA), sand-blasted and acid-etched (SA), and resorbable blast media (RBM) titanium surfaces using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Materials and Methods: Four MA, four SA, and four RBM discs were either irradiated at 40 mJ/20 Hz, 90 mJ/20 Hz, or 40 mJ/25 Hz for 2 minutes. The specimens were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Result: The untreated MA surface demonstrated uniform roughness with circumferential machining marks, and depressions were observed after laser treatment. The untreated SA surface demonstrated a rough surface with sharp spikes and deep pits, and the laser produced noticeable changes on the SA titanium surfaces with melting and fusion. The untreated RBM surface demonstrated a rough surface with irregular indentation, and treatment with the laser produced changes on the RBM titanium surfaces. The Er:YAG laser produced significant changes on the roughness parameters, including arithmetic mean height of the surface (Sa) and maximum height of the surface (Sz), of the MA and SA surfaces. However, the Er:YAG laser did not produce notable changes on the roughness parameters, such as Sa and Sz, of the RBM surfaces. Conclusion: This study evaluated the effects of an Er:YAG laser on MA, SA, and RBM titanium discs using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with the laser produced significant changes in the roughness of MA and SA surfaces, but the roughness parameters of the RBM discs were not significantly changed. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficiency of the Er:YAG laser in removing the contaminants, adhering bacteria, and the effects of treatment on cellular attachment, proliferation, and differentiation.

The Effects of Different Titanium Surfaces on the Behaviour of Osteoblast-Like Cells

This study investigated the influence of different titanium surfaces on the differentiation of rat osteoblast-like cells (osteo-1). Osteo-1 cells were cultured on the following titanium surfaces: 1) pretreated, smooth surface (PT); 2) sandblasted and acid etched surface (SLA); and 3) sandblasted and acid-etched surface rinsed under nitrogen protection to prevent exposure to air and preserved in isotonic saline solution (modSLA). Cell metabolism, total protein content, collagen content and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the formation of calcified nodules were analyzed. The titanium surface did not influence cell metabolism, total protein content and collagen content. The SLA surface influenced cell differentiation, with the observation of a significant reduction of AP activity and formation of calcified nodules after 21 days compared to the PT surface. No difference was observed between the PT and modSLA surfaces. All titanium surfaces tested permitted the full expression of the osteoblast phenotype by osteo-1 cells, including matrix mineralization.

The influence of ultraviolet irradiation on sandblasted and acid-etching surface adsorbing human fibronectin

To study the influence of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on physical and chemical properties of sandblasted and acid-etched (SA) titanium surface and their ability to adsorb human fibronectin (HFn). SA and UV-SA surfaces were separately prepared. Surface morphology, roughness, elemental composition, wettability and HFn adsorption assay were performed for comparative analysis of these two surfaces. SA and UV-SA surface had a similar morphology with multi-holes, and average roughness. UV-SA surface had a lower C content (22.83%) and higher O content (51.20%) and presented hydrophilicity, while SA surface showed hydrophobicity. But the quantity of adsorbed HFn on SA surface at 10 min assay point [(0.41 ± 0.07) µg] was statistically higher than that on UV-SA surface [(0.26 ± 0.08) µg](P = 0.007). UV irradiation would not change the morphology and roughness of SA surface. However, it could reduce the hydrocarbon and increase the hydroxyl groups, and the absorption of HFn on UV-SA surface at 10 min assay point was statistically lower than that on SA surface. Therefore, the in-vitro bioactivity of UV-SA surface was not as good as that of SA surface.