Sand Replacement Material Research Articles

Coal-derived char as new sand replacement material in cement mortars: A comprehensive experimental study

Coal char is a coal-derived product produced by pyrolysis of char, which has valuable applications in the production of building materials. This paper presents the use of coal char in developing coal char-based cement mortar. Coal char is used to replace the sand, partially, at different proportions in cement mortar, and the change in properties is studied. Four cement types are used in the initial study, and one is selected for a detailed study based on the water retention, density, and compressive strength of the mortar. The properties of coal char-based mortar for the selected cement are comprehensively evaluated in terms of flow, water retention, air content, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, water absorption, drying shrinkage, thermal conductivity, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The addition of coal char at an optimum sand replacement content of 5 % increases the compressive strength of mortar by 17.55 % and the flexural strength by 17.57 %, compared to conventional cement mortar. The thermal conductivity reduces by a maximum of 20 %, compared to traditional cement mortar. This paper also presents a study to compare the addition of coal char and commercial biochar on the properties of masonry cement mortar. The compressive strength of mortar with coal char is 44.39 % greater than that of mortar with the same content of biochar. The addition of coal char as a new sand replacement material shows good potential in improving the engineering properties of mortar.

Mechanical and microstructural properties of structural and non-structural lightweight foamed concrete with coal bottom ash as cement and sand replacement material

This study aims to assess the feasibility of including coal-bottom ash (CBA) as a substitute for cement and fine aggregate, with a replacement ratio of 20%, and 75%, respectively, in the production of lightweight foamed concrete (LWFC) at two different densities: 1300 kg/m3 and 1700 kg/m3. The study provided data on both its fresh and hardened states. These include water absorption, density, compressive, splitting tensile strength, rupture modules, modulus of elasticity, X-ray Diffraction, and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. The findings indicated that including CBA as a substitute for cement and fine aggregate can yield environmentally friendly foamed concrete suitable for structural applications, exhibiting a compressive strength of up to 25.5 MPa. In addition, decreasing the CBA aggregate size in specimens with a density of 1300 kg/m3 resulted in increased strength. The mixes that included CBA contained additional C-S-H gels, which led to a more compact structure.

Strength of Green Concrete

The waste and by-products from industries, thermal plants, and recycled materials have been used historically in cement, concrete and other constructional activities. By-products such as fly ash ,bottomash, silica fume, etc., gains it sutilisation owing to their physical, chemical and engineering properties when used either by processing or directly on concrete. This paper was aimed in making concrete green and durable by utilization of bottomash as sand replacement material in concrete that can conserve river sand from exploitation and also prevents environmental pollution caused by bottom ash which is dumped in the form of slurry as ash ponds. Bottomash is replaced for river sand for that30%bottom ash can beneficially be added to the concretet produce 40–50 MP a without affecting the strength. The durability of bottom ash exhibited superior and better performance than reference concrete.

Investigating the advantage of copper and steel slags as partial replacement material in a sand compaction column in stabilizing the soft clay

ABSTRACT The current study aims in finding the utilization of Industrial waste such as copper and steel slags as a partial replacement material for sand in Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. From the direct shear tests, it is observed that the angle of internal friction increases from 27.59° to 40.1° and 34.82° for copper and steel slags, respectively. The tests are done by installing the SCP in a soft clay in California Bearing Ratio mould and it is tested under soaked and unsoaked conditions. The optimum percentage found from the study for both the slag material is 30%. Tests were also done by air-curing the composite soil within the mould for 7 days and water-curing the sample under soaked conditions for 4 days for the optimum replacement percentage.

Production of Washed Bottom Ash as Sand Replacement Material in Concrete Paving Block

Concrete Paving Block (CPB) is made by mixing sand, gravel, cement, and water and is used in non-traffic and traffic areas. The CPB is proposed in a variety of shapes, sizes, colours, and materials. The demand for the CPB is increased in line by increasing in residential houses and building construction, and infrastructure activity. The advantages of CPB when compared with the rigid and flexible pavement is a more beautiful and interactive surface, fast-paced production without high technology equipment or skilled worker, and also creating a balanced humidity. Nowadays, concrete using waste materials such as cement, sand, or gravel replacement becomes more popular which supported the sustainable development requirement and goal. The replacement activity of concrete ingredients for promoting waste material with low carbon content in CPB is also part of the sustainable development programme which reduced the environmental impact of the waste material or production of natural concrete ingredients and cost production. With the intention of the issue, the CPB using bottom ash (BA) which is washed to reduce the carbon content is produced and tested for skid resistance, water absorption, and mechanical behaviour. The chemical and physical behaviour of WBA is conducted and shown the suitability to replace sand in CPB. The compressive strength of WBA with 100% of sand replacement in CPB illustrates the maximum load and compressive strength of approximately 1198.35 kN and 30.73 MPa and is appropriately used for paving blocks.

Utilization of crushed recycled glass and metakaolin for development of self-compacting concrete

• Crushed recycled glass and metakaolin were used for developing self-compacting concrete. • Crushed recycled glass has capability to improve the flow-ability of SCC. • The use of metakaolin offers improved strength properties at all glass replacement levels. • A relation between compressive strength, glass replacement and metakaolin content was developed. • Microstructural investigation of SCC was done through SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. Hypothetically, all the glass is recyclable, despite of which, only a small fraction of it is recovered globally. Furthermore, decomposition rate of waste glass is lowest when compared to conventional waste such as paper, rubber and plastic. So a gainful utilisation of waste glass in production of self-compacting concrete (SCC) would be fascinating. To this goal, a greener SCC incorporating crushed recycled glass (CRG) has been developed in this study. Alongside, the influence of metakaolin (MK) on fresh, strength and microstructural properties of CRG incorporated SCC was studied. To achieve this purpose, a total of 24 different SCC mixtures were prepared in which MK was used as a cement substitute; cement was partially replaced with 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% MK and CRG was used to replace fine aggregate at the level of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 % by volume. Slump flow, V-funnel, l -box and U-box test relates to passing and flowing ability of SCC, were improved as the CRG content increased in the mix. However, mechanical properties were decreased with increase in CRG content. Incorporating MK in CRG incorporated SCC mixtures improved the strength properties corresponding to all the glass replacement levels. The results showed that a greener SCC can be made using crushed recycled glass as sand replacement material and metakaolin as cement substitute.

Coupled Effect of Polypropylene Fibers and Slag on the Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Concrete.

The disposal of steel slag leads to the occupation of large land areas, along with many environmental consequences, due to the release of poisonous substances into the water and soil. The use of steel slag in concrete as a sand-replacement material can assist in reducing its impacts on the environment and can be an alternative source of fine aggregates. This is the very first paper that seeks to experimentally investigate the cumulative effect of steel slag and polypropylene fibers, particularly on the impact resistance of concrete. Various concrete mixes were devised by substituting natural sand with steel slag at volumetric replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, with and without fibers. Polypropylene fibers of 12 mm length were introduced into the steel slag concrete at 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% by weight of cement as a reinforcing material. Performance evaluation of each mix through extensive experimental testing indicated that the use of steel slag as partial substitution of natural sand, up to a certain optimum replacement level of 30%, considerably improved the compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the concrete by 20.4%, 23.8%, and 17.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of polypropylene fibers to the steel slag concrete played a beneficial role in the improvement of strength characteristics, particularly the flexural strength and final drop weight impact energy, which had a maximum rise of 48.1% and 164%, correspondingly. Moreover, integral structure and analytical analyses have also been performed in this study to validate the experimental findings. The results obtained encourage the use of fiber-reinforced steel slag concrete (FRSLC) as a potential impact-resistant material considering the environmental advantages, with the suggested substitution, of an addition ratio of 30% and 1.0% for steel slag and polypropylene fibers, respectively.

The Strength and Thermal Properties of Concrete containing Water Absorptive Aggregate from Well-Graded Bottom Ash (BA) as Partial Sand Replacement

Bottom ash (BA) is a hazardous waste material from power plant. The well-graded BA can be a good sand replacement material in concrete. This study presents strength and thermal properties of concrete containing high calcium and water absorptive fine aggregate from well-graded BA as partial sand replacement (control mix (CM) 0%, BM5: 5%, BM10: 10%, BM15: 15%, and BM20: 20%). The workability of fresh concrete mixes was tested via slump test. The strength of the hardened concrete was assessed based on compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The thermal property was evaluated based on thermal conductivity test. The optimization of these model parameters was conducted via I-Optimal design. The workability of concrete mixes was reduced with an increase of well-graded BA due to high water absorption effect. The compressive strengths of all mixes reached more than 50% on 28th curing days with maximum strength by BM15 (49.0 MPa). The split tensile strengths showed one quadratic curve combining all mixes with maximum strength reached by BM10 (2.7 MPa). The flexural strength has slow growth exponential pattern with maximum strength by BM20 (6.0 MPA). The thermal conductivity values were steadily increased up to BM15 (2.44 W/mK) and reduced at BM20 (2.15 W/mK). The well-graded BA proportions (5 to 20%) were not showing any significant effect on the thermal properties. The optimised model of compressive strength has the highest accuracy with percentage errors below 5% compared to other parameters. The optimal well-graded BA as sand replacement material was BM10 giving 47 MPa compressive strength, 2.7 MPa split tensile strength, 5.3 MPa flexural strength, and 2.1152 W/mK thermal conductivity. The highest positive correlation coefficients were obtained between compressive strength and thermal conductivity (R2: 0.921). Thus, the well-graded BA improved the strength properties providing a sustainable supply in concrete technology.

Preliminary Study of Sago Fine Waste as a Sand Replacement Material for Cement Brick

This paper presented a preliminary results of utilization sago fine waste as a sand replacement material for cement bricks. Sago waste is a by-product of the extraction of sago starch. Usually, the bark is not utilized for other products and being dumped directly into the rivers or left for natural degradation. About 32,250 tons of sago bark waste annually. Sand however usually obtained by using machinery at the riverbank which greatly contribute to damaging the ecosystem of the river and contributing to global warming. For environmental protection and sustainable development, extensive research has been conducted on the production of bricks from waste materials. The replacement percentage of SFW are 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% with water content of 50% and 60%. Density, water absorption and compressive strength are the properties that have been investigated. From the results obtained, both density and compressive strength are decreasing as the percentages of SFW increasing. On the other hand, from the data of water absorption it was found that the percentage of water absorption of brick was increased correspond to the increasing percentages of the SFW. Based on the findings, the optimum brick properties are SFW1W0.6 with the strength 5.18 MPa that can be used as non-load bearing bricks and the optimum percentage of water absorption is at 13.33%. From this study, it was found that the replacement of sand by SFW give a significant impact on density, strength, and water absorption performance of concrete brick.

Use of waste recycling coal bottom ash and sugarcane bagasse ash as cement and sand replacement material to produce sustainable concrete.

Concrete is widely used as a building material all over the world, and its use is increasing the demand of cement and sand in the construction industry. However, the limited resources and environmental degradation are driving scientists to develop alternative materials from vast volumes of agro-industrial wastes as a partial replacement for conventional cement. In the manufacture of concrete, cement is a major binding resource. This study looked into recycling agro-industrial wastes into cement, such as sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA), coal bottom ash (CBA), and others, to create sustainable and environmentally friendly concrete. This study aims to see how the combined effects of agricultural by-product wastes affected the characteristics of concrete. SCBA is used to replace fine aggregate (FA) ranging from 0 to 40% by weight of FA, while CBA is used to replace cement content ranging from 0 to 20% by weight of the total binder. In this case, a total of 204 concrete samples (cubes and cylinders) are made using a mixed proportion of 1:1.5:3 and a water-cement ratio of 0.54. Workability, density, water absorption, and mechanical characteristics in terms of compressive and splitting tensile strengths were examined in this study. In addition, for each mix percentage, the total embodied carbon was determined. Workability, density, and water absorption were found to be considerably decreased when CBA and SCBA concentration increased. Due to the pozzolanic nature of CBA and SCBA, an increase in compressive and splitting tensile strengths were seen for specific concrete mixtures, and further addition of CBA and SCBA, the decrease in strength. The embodied carbon of SCBA has augmented the total embodied carbon of concrete, though it can be seen that C15S40, which comprises of 15% CBA and 40% SCBA, is the optimum mix that attained tensile and compressive strength by 3.05MPa and 28.75MPa correspondingly, with a 4% reduction in total embodied carbon.

Experimental study on replacing sand by M−Sand and quarry dust in rigid pavements

In modern days of construction, many materials have alternatives that satisfy the characters of the replaced material. The present study is made to identify the replacement material for river sand in construction activities, as it is being difficult to acquire river sand in the coming days. Scarcity of river sand is on line. Materials namely Manufactured -sand (M−sand) and quarry dust is considered in this experimental study as100% replacements for river sand which is being used as fine aggregate (FA) in concrete. Characteristics like temperature difference, skid resistance and fatigue behavior of M−sand modified concrete, quarry dust modified concrete and conventional concrete are studied at optimum quantity (1.5 %) of super plasticizer. The mechanical properties of the modified concrete and conventional concrete were compared. From the results, it is observed that, the M −sand modified concrete seen better skid resistance of 12 mm and 11 mm higher as compared to quarry dust modified concrete on dry surface and wet surface respectively. Similarly, it is seen that 16 mm and 12 mm higher skid resistance than compared to conventional concrete on a dry surface and wet surface respectively. Moreover, the fatigue life of M−sand modified concrete is more than quarry dust modified concrete and conventional concrete. From the temperature readings it is observed that there is no significant variation in temperature differences between top and bottom of the slabs, the observed temperature readings are 12.1⁰, 11.6⁰C and 11.1⁰C in conventional concrete slab, quarry dust concrete slab and M−sand concrete slab respectively. However these values are less than the maximum value specified by code.

Implementation of Feldspar as a partial replacement material in cement mortar (exploration and application)

This paper aims to explore and evaluate the use of Jordanian Feldspar as a natural resource partial replacement material for cement and sand in cement mortar. First, Al-Jaishia area was explored through a global positioning system (GPS) navigation to gather site samples of Feldspar raw material. Then, cement and sand were partially replaced by Feldspar with substitution ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% for each. The study included the effect of cement replacement on normal consistency and setting time for cement paste. The water content along with initial and final setting times increased with the increment of cement replacement ratio. Moreover, mechanical properties (compressive, flexural, and residual compressive strengths) of cement mortar with cement and sand replacement were evaluated. The compressive and flexural strengths after 3, 7, and 28 days of curing were examined for both cement and sand replacement. While, residual compressive strength for cement replacement after 28 days was measured at elevated temperatures of 400°C, 600°C, and 800°C. The compressive and flexural strengths decreased by increasing the Feldspar replacement ratio for both cement and sand at all specimen ages. Whereas, heat resistance properties were improved by cement/Feldspar replacement. The best result for residual compressive strength was obtained at 15% replacement ratio and 400°C temperature.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste Utilisation for Production of Low Thermal Conductivity Cement Sand Bricks

There is a tremendous increase in plastic waste that negatively impacts the environment due to various industrial activities. Furthermore, plastic waste has non-biodegradable properties that make it hard to reduce its accumulation around the globe. Hence, this study aims to investigate the possibility of incorporating Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste as a partial replacement material of sand to improve the thermal insulation properties of cement sand brick by looking at findings of low thermal conductivity value. The study uses a PET plastic bottle that has been cut into small flakes and grind using a granulator machine to produce PET waste granules whose size is not more than 5 mm, similar to the sand size. This waste was added to other raw materials, i.e., cement and sand. The percentages of PET waste vary from 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% by weight. This study produced two types of samples, i.e., control brick and PET waste cement sand brick. All samples undergo laboratory works involving geotechnical gradation, physical, mechanical, and thermal conductivity testing. Based on the results obtained, the optimum proportion of PET waste replacement in cement sand bricks making is 5% by its having the lowest thermal conductivity value of 0.581 W/mK and meeting the standard requirements of 3.90 MPa > 3.45 MPa (ASTM C129-11 for compressive strength), and 2,146 kg/m3 > 2,000 kg/m3 (ASTM C129-11 for normal weight non-loadbearing brick). Thus, PET plastic bottle waste can be a potential partial sand replacement material in cement sand bricks. Its potential to enhance the thermal conductivity of existing cement sand brick reduces sand consumption, solves plastic waste problems, and promotes a better environmentally-friendly construction industry.

Synthesis and characterization of synthetic sand by geopolymerization of industrial wastes (fly ash and GGBS) replacing the natural river sand

The diminution of the natural sources in the form of dredging the riverbanks and blasting the mountain ranges has always dented the balance of the ecosystem which in turn results in disasters as well at times. This alarming situation accelerates the global warming, threatens the biota life in riverbanks, diminishes the ground water level, harms the aquatic life, and affects the growth of agriculture. This study is an attempt to synthesis fine aggregates from the industrial byproducts, namely, fly ash and GGBS through the process of geopolymerization. This enables the formation of aluminosilicate networks upon the addition of the alkaline activator solution (Na2 SiO3 + NaOH) into the byproducts. The dry mix is then allowed for oven drying as well as air drying to accelerate the geopolymerization process. The fly ash-geopolymerized fine aggregate (F-GFA) and the GGBS-geopolymerized fine aggregate (G-GFA) were noted to exhibit adequate physiochemical and mechanical properties in par with the natural sand. The production of GFA is considered eco-friendly process since it ceases the extensive usage of river sand and incorporates the effective usage of industrial byproducts (fly ash and GGBS), thereby minimizing the land pollution and its consequent harmful hazards. Though the F-GFA and G-GFA showcased higher water absorption ratio than the natural sand due to the presence of unreacted fly ash and GGBS particles, the complete replacement of fine aggregate with geopolymerized sand initiated the adequate compressive strength attainment up to 90% of natural sand, by reacting with the lime expelled out of the hydration process of cement in the mortar specimens developed in this experimental study. The geopolymer itself is hydrophilic in nature, and it will also aid for the higher water absorption ratio of the polymer sand. The microstructure of the samples was further examined through optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis in order to corroborate the experimental results of this study. The results thus obtained strongly recommend the potential of the F-GFA and G-GFA as an ideal replacement material for natural sand.

PROPERTIES OF CEMENT-FLY ASH MIXTURES WITH SUBSTANDARD FLY ASH AS A PARTIAL CEMENT AND FINE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT

This research investigated the effects of using a substandard fly ash as a partial cement and/or fine aggregate replacement on the basic and durability properties of cement-fly mixtures. Experimental results showed that utilizing the substandard fly ash led to increase in water requirement and autoclave expansion of pastes. The strength activity indexes of the substandard fly ash passed the requirements of TIS 2135 and ASTM C618. Utilization of the substandard fly ash as cement replacement led to higher expansion of mortar bars stored in water and sodium sulfate expansion as compared to that of the OPC mixture. However, sodium sulfate resistance of mortar mixtures improved when utilizing the substandard fly ash as sand replacement material. The compressive strength of concrete at all ages was higher with the increase of the content of the substandard fly ash as sand replacement material. When the substandard fly ash was used as cement replacement material in concrete, the carbonation depth increased. On the other hand, the use of the substandard fly ash as sand replacement material decreased the carbonation depth of the concrete. Utilization of the substandard fly ash, both to replace cement and/or fine aggregate, reduced the rapid chloride penetration of the concrete.

Mechanical and Abrasion Resistance Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled Abrasive Waste as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

In grinding wheel, the stub portion is unused and dumped after end of its primary purpose. The portion, which is considered as waste, has unused abrasives in it. The present work deals with reusing this abrasive waste as the replacement material for sand in concrete production. Reuse of the crushed vitrified brown alumina abrasive wheel which passes through 80 mesh can be used as a partial replacement for sand in concrete production. Structural properties of the crushed abrasive waste were analysed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Concrete samples were made with five different replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to replace the fine aggregate(sand) in concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split-tensile, flexural strength and water absorption properties of the prepared concrete were determined. It was found that partial replacement of sand by abrasive waste was able to increase the compressive by 32%, tensile strength by 17% and flexural strength by 14%. Abrasive resistance of the concrete was measured using sand blasting equipment. Concrete with 40% abrasive waste shows around 83% improvement in abrasive resistance. The reuse of abrasive wastes as a partial replacement of sand in concrete is seen to enhance its mechanical properties and enable proper utilisation of these non-biodegradable solid wastes for better environment.

Sustainable Alternate Materials for Concrete Production from Renewable Source and Waste

Natural resources are being continuously extracted for the production of concrete which leads to degradation of the ecosystem. This is also a challenge for sustainability to save Nature. This study seeks to identify a suitable replacement material for river sand and stone aggregate for the sustainable utilization of renewable sources. Manufactured sand (M-sand) from industrial by-products and coconut shell (CS), an agricultural waste, are the resources selected as replacement materials for sustainability. This study uses M-sand as fine aggregate and CS coarse aggregate in place of river sand (R-sand) and crushed stone aggregate (CSA) for concrete production, respectively. To prove that M-sand and CS are sustainable alternate materials, this study focused on the microstructural characteristics on concrete constituents and CS aggregate and also conducted on concrete produced using R-sand, M-sand and CS. Also, this study focused on the microstructural characteristics and properties of conventional concrete (CC) and coconut shell concrete (CSC) produced using both R-sand and M-sand. Since this study aims to find sustainable alternative materials for R-sand and CSA by M-sand and CS, its properties are studied and compared since microstructural characterization is very significant for concrete compatibility. Microstructural studies revealed that the use of M-sand does not affect the microstructural properties of concrete compared to R-sand concrete and rather it improves the strength of concrete. A similar same trend was observed when CS was used with M-sand compared to CS used with R-sand. Hence, this study strongly suggests that the use of M-sand in its place of R-sand and CS in its place of CSA are sustainable alternatives for the production of concrete so that natural resources can be saved and hence sustainability could be sustained.

An Investigation on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete Blended with Rice Husk Ash as Cementitious Ingredient and Coal Bottom Ash as Sand Replacement Material

This research offered that the rice husk ash is served as replacement for cement ingredient such as 5%, 10% and 15% along with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of fine aggregates replaced with coal bottom ash in concrete. In this regard, total 180 concrete samples were prepared with mix proportion of 1:2:4 at 0.50 water/cement ratio and theses specimens were cured at 28 days. However, the main theme of this study is to perform the slump test, compressive strength, split tensile strength and water absorption of concrete including different proportions of rice husk ash as replacement for cement and fine aggregates replaced with coal bottom ash separate and combine. The outcome was detected that the workability and water absorption is dropped as the dosages of rice husk ash and coal bottom ash increases in concrete. Moreover, the compressive and split tensile strength is enhanced by 9.10% and 7.73% while the utilizing of 5% RHA along with 30% of fine aggregate replaced with coal bottom ash in concrete at 28 days consistently.

Feasibility study on compost as partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete

The current paper validates the possibility of the usage of recycled organic matter in concrete. The amount of decomposable matter generated as waste is increasing at an alarming rate due to the evolution and adaptation of new edible food products in the society. Also countries with prominent agricultural resources like India also contribute to large amount of bio degradable wastes from farms and markets. Hence compost which is generally beneficial as a manure in agricultural sector is chosen as a replacement material for river sand, which has to be preserved to maintain the eco system. The dual benefits of making use of compost in concrete thereby reducing the magnitude of bio degradable waste disposal and going for a green alternative in place of conventional sand are the objectives of this paper. Three different variations of partial replacement is tried with the concrete mix. The cubes and cylinders are tested for understanding the mechanical characteristics of the concrete mix with green waste material. Test results have shown that concrete with the compost material under study is in par with the conventional concrete mix.

Material Characterization and Optimum Usage of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) as Sand Replacement in Concrete

Recently, the deficiency of natural sand is considered one of the most important thoughtful issues in the construction industry as it is one of the raw materials of concrete. The use of industrial waste by-products as an alternative material in concrete production is one solution to natural sand depletion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the properties of the concrete containing Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) produced by coal-based power plants as sand replacement material. Initially, physical, chemical, microstructural properties like specific gravity, density, sieve analysis, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic were investigated. Then, the optimum replacement of sand with CBA was determined based on the workability, compressive and splitting tensile test. The results displayed that the physical properties of CBA are similar to sand. Moreover, CBA was classified chemically as Class-F ash. It was found that the optimum replacement dosage of CBA with sand is 10% in which achieved the targeted/designed strength. In general, CBA has good potential to be utilized as a sand replacement material.