Sand Bath Research Articles

Mitigating the Spread and Translocation of Salmonella Enteritidis in Experimentally Infected Broilers under the Influence of Different Flooring Housing Systems and Feed Particle Sizes.

This study aimed to evaluate the influences of different flooring designs and feed particle sizes on the spread of Salmonella (S.) in broiler chickens. Birds (n = 480) were allocated to four different housing systems (fully littered with and without floor heating, partially and fully slatted flooring with sand bath) and two dietary treatments (finely and coarsely ground diets) in 24 boxes. Two broilers per box were experimentally infected with S. Enteritidis (8.00 log10 CFU/bird) at d 17. Salmonella prevalence in caecal contents and the liver was highest in broilers housed on fully slatted floor until d 36/37 (88.1% and 91.5%, respectively), and lowest in litter flooring (caecal content 64.4%) and litter flooring with floor heating (liver 61.7%). In turn, broilers on littered flooring expressed the lowest Salmonella counts in caecal content at d 36/37 (2.21 ± 1.75 log10 CFU/g), partial slatted flooring the highest (3.76 ± 1.46 log10 CFU/g). The mean Salmonella count in the caecal content was significantly lower for birds fed a coarsely ground diet (0.96 and 1.94 log10 CFU/g) than a finely ground diet (5.07 and 3.34 log10 CFU/g) at d 23 and d 36/37, respectively (p < 0.0001). Slatted flooring with a sand bath did not show advantages in terms of Salmonella reduction, whereas the coarsely ground diet markedly reduced the spread of Salmonella.

Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

Headspace analysis of E-cigarette fluids using comprehensive two dimensional GC×GC-TOF-MS reveals the presence of volatile and toxic compounds

The analysis of electronic cigarrete (E-cigarette) fluids by high performance liquid chromatography or gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), GC hyphenated to flame-ionisation detection, or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy poses many challenges due to the complex matrix and extremely high number of compounds present. In order to overcome these challenges, this study focused on the detection of the multiple complex compounds classes produced by the pyrolysis of E-cigarette liquids using comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) coupled to time of flight (TOF)-MS. Gas samples were prepared by heating E-liquids inside aluminium tins for 5 min. The tins were placed in a sand bath, which was temperature controlled at 200 °C. The samples were collected using thermal desorption tubes connected to volatile organic compound (VOC) sampling pump attached and subsequently analysed using GCxGC-TOF-MS. The greater peak resolution obtained when using GCxGC-TOF-MS allowed to distinguish many toxic compounds and VOCs that could not be detected by the other methods mentioned above. As a result, a comprehensive list of volatile compounds emitted from E-cigarette fluids when heated was established, which might allow a better understanding of potential health effects of vaping. Heating E-liquids to moderate temperature results in the emission of over 1000 volatile compounds of which over 150 are toxic. These compounds are either present in the liquid or can be formed during storage or heating leading to a more complex volatile profile of E-cigarette liquids than previously assumed. The application of GCxGC-TOF-MS allows the elucidation of this profile and therefore a better understanding of possible health implications.

Review on the Effect of Heat Stress on Poultry Production and Productivities

Heat stress is a situation where too much heat is absorbed by a person, a plant or an animal and causes stress, illness or even death. Therefore, the objective of this review was to compile current knowledge and evidence from literature about the effects of heat stress in poultry production, and productivities. Heat stress is manifested by elevated body temperature, hot, dry skin, lack of sweating and neurological symptoms such as paralysis, headache, vertigo and unconsciousness. Poultry seems to be particularly sensitive to temperature-associated environmental challenges, especially heat stress. In the first days of their life poultry need hot climate (32-38°C), but the optimal temperature decreases rapidly with age by 2.5-3.0°C per week. Birds may use sand baths to dissipate the heat from the body, move to a shaded area or seek a micro-environment that avoids extremely high environmental temperature. Birds rose in an open-sided house at 37°C and humidity level of 50-60% showed signs of panting and wing lifting, elevation of body temperature, lower feed consumption, a higher feed conversion ratio, and lowered body weight gain. In females, heat stress can disrupt the normal status of reproductive hormones at the hypothalamus and ovary leading to reduced systemic levels and functions. Also in males, semen volume, sperm concentration, number of live sperm cells and motility decrease when subjected to heat stress. In egg production, heat stress has a significant harmful impact on body weight, and feed consumption of laying hens at peak production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and gravity. Both meat type and egg laying chickens respond negatively to high ambient temperatures. Heat stress reduces the relative weights of lymphoid organs like spleen, thymus and cloacae bursa.

Sweating as a Preventive Care and Treatment Strategy in Traditional Persian Medicine.

Proper and regular sweating plays a significant thermoregulatory role. It is a common perception that, sweating has other important homeostatic functions such as clearance of excessive micronutrients, waste products of metabolic processes, and toxins from the body, which helps to maintain human good health. In addition, sweating, thermotherapy, and sauna are commonly used to treat various diseases such as cardiovascular, respiratory and joint diseases. In traditional Persian medicine (PM) textbooks, sweating is considered a preventive care and treatment strategy as well. In this study, we aim to explain the beneficial effects of sweating in human health and its role in the management of various diseases, as well as introducing the therapeutic applications of some diaphoretic plants from the viewpoint of PM. We reviewed the most famous PM textbooks such as Kamil al-Sinaa al-Tibbiya, Al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb, Zakhireye Kharazmshahi, Kholasat al-Hikmat, Exir-e-Azam, and Hifzos-sihhat-e Naseri. Also, current evidence was searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and other relevant databases related to the topic. The results of this study revealed that PM scientists believed proper sweating removes waste products and maintains the body’s health, thus, any disturbances in the excretion of these waste products can cause diseases. They recommended the induction of sweating through hot and dry baths, sun bath, sand bath and also the use of diaphoretic herbs for the management of various diseases. Therefore, further researches are recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of these diaphoretic plants.

Sand bath assisted green synthesis of carbon dots from citrus fruit peels for free radical scavenging and cell imaging

A sand bath assisted strategy for the synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) using citrus fruit peels as a renewable green resource is reported in this work. The CDs were synthesized without any alkaline or acidic environment. The synthesized CDs were characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopy techniques. The CDs exhibited excellent water solubility and superior optical properties like excitation dependent emission, and multicolor fluorescence. In addition, the CDs have exhibited remarkable free radical scavenging activity (EC50: 4.7382 μg ml−1).The CDs were highly biocompatible and showed lower toxicity. The CDs when modified with folic acid have shown a significant potential as biological labels for cellular imaging at multiple excitations. Synthesis of CDs from natural fruit peels as an excellent carbon source for versatile applications has been demonstrated.

Method Development for Quantitative Determination of Diosgenin from the Seeds of Fenugreek, &lt;i&gt;Trigonella foenum-graecum&lt;/i&gt; L.

Introduction . Modern pharmacognostic research is aimed at searching for plant biologically active individual compounds (RBAIS) isolated from plant extracts. Aim . Study of the content of the steroid sapogenin diosgenin in fenugreek seeds in plant extracts by HPLC-UV method. Materials and methods . The object of study was raw materials-fenugreek seeds produced as medicinal plant raw materials by LLC «Sage» (Irkutsk). Series of extraction and chromatographic separation by HPLC-UV method were performed. Results and discussion . In this work, the method of diosgenin extraction was successfully optimized (after acid hydrolysis of dioscin with a 5 % aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid when heated for at least 4 hours in a sand bath at a power of 150 W) from raw fenugreek seeds using a 50 % aqueous solution of isopropanol, h.h. A simplified technique for chromatographic separation of diosgenin from fenugreek seed extracts using an isocratic mode of 99.9 % acetonitrile elution (h.h.) was proposed. Conclusion . The average content of diosgenin (after acid hydrolysis of dioscin) in fenugreek seeds, taking into account the humidity of raw materials, is (M ± σ ) 5,3 ± 0,05 mg/g (95 % CI: 5,1-5,4 mg/g; n = 6).

Determination of radiation doses to the skin due to 238U and 232Th series for the therapeutic application in the Merzouga sand baths

Abstract In this work, we used CR-39 and LR-115 type II solid-state nuclear track detectors to measure 238U, 232Th,222Rn and 220Rn concentrations in Merzouga sand. The measured concentrations of 238U and 232Th in the studied sand samples vary from (332.59±16.62) mBq·cm−3 to (335.54±20.13) mBq·cm−3 and (80.43±4.02) mBq·cm−3 to (84.75±5.08) mBq·cm−3, respectively. We evaluated the radiation doses to the skin from the application of different sand baths by the patients by using a model based on specific alpha-dose and alpha-particle residual energy concepts. The maximum total equivalent dose to the skin due to the 238U and 232Th series from the cutaneous application of different sand baths by patients was found equal to (148.12±11.85) µSv y−1cm−2

The effect of polysaccharides from Cibotium barometz on enhancing temozolomide–induced glutathione exhausted in human glioblastoma U87 cells, as revealed by 1H NMR metabolomics analysis

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant central nervous system tumor, with poor prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) has been used as a first–line drug for the treatment of GBM for over a decade, but its treatment benefits are limited by acquired resistance. Polysaccharides from Cibotium barometz (CBPs) are polysaccharides purified from the root of Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm., possessing sensitizing activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti–cancer effect of CBP from different processing methods on U87 cells using a 1H NMR–based metabolic approach, complemented with qRT–PCR and flow cytometry, to identify potential markers and discover the targets to explore the underlying mechanism. Cibotium barometz is usually processed under sand heating in clinical applications. Polysaccharides from both the processed (PCBP) and raw (RCBP) C. barometz were prepared, and the effect on enhancing the sensitivity to TMZ was investigated in vitro. CBP can significantly increase the toxicity of TMZ to the U87 cell line, promote apoptosis, enhance cell cycle changes, and arrest cells in S phase, and RCBP demonstrated better activity. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis (OPLS–DA), were used to identify metabolic biomarkers, and 12 metabolites in the cell extract samples were clearly identified as altered after RCBP exposure. NMR–based cell metabolomics provided a holistic method for the identification of CBP's apoptosis–enhancing mechanisms and the exploration of its potential applications in preclinical and clinical studies.

Ameliorative potential of black sand therapy on carpal tunnel syndrome during pregnancy: A case report

Hot sand baths are used for the treatment musculoskeletal diseases. The aim of this study was to assess beneficial effect of black sand bathing in the treatment of antenatal carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Study was conducted in single case with CTS of the right dominant hand. The treatment time was 20 min/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks.CTS were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), pinch gauge dynamometer and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) with electrophysiological studies at baseline and at week 2. Pain intensity (VAS) was decreased (34.2%), Tip, Key and Tripod pinch strengths were increased (14.29%), (19.23%) and (21.74%) respectively. Mean scores on the BCTQ-SSS and BCTSQ-FSS were decreased (23.69%) and (20.7%) respectively. Electrophysiological studies revealed that decreased mMDL (11.47%), increased mSNCV (9.23%) at the end of treatment. The black sand bathing is supported as a complementary therapy in antenatal CTS.

Chronic toxicity study of Sameera Pannaga Rasa in Charle's foster albino rats.

Introduction:SameeraPannagaRasa (SPR) is a Kupi Pakwa Rasayana (a mercurial–arsenical formulation of Ayurveda prepared by specific pharmaceutical-controlled, indirect heat treatment [sand bath] in glass bottle) that contains Shodhita Parada (processed mercury), Shodhita Gandhaka (processed sulfur), Shodhita Haratala (processed arsenic trisulfide), Shodhita Somala (processed arsenic oxide) and Shodhita Manahshila (process arsenic disulfide) in equal quantity as ingredients. Parada, Haratala, Manahshila and Somala are highly potent minerals which are included in the Drug and Cosmetic Act 1940 under Schedule E1 because of their toxic nature in crude form.Materials and methods:In the present study, SPR was evaluated for safety profile through its chronic toxicity study in Charle’s foster albino rats. The test drug was made into suspension in vehicle (4 ml honey and 7 ml distilled water). The test drug was administered orally once a day for 90 consecutive days in the dose of 11.25 (therapeutic dose [TED]), 56.25 (5 times TED) and 112.25 mg/kg (10 times TED). Animals were sacrificed on 91st day and animals of recovery group were sacrificed on 121st day. Parameters such as hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathology of various organs were studied.Results:Test drug at a higher dose level and recovery study showed no toxic effect in albino rats during chronic toxicity study.Conclusion:SPR is found to have no toxic effect in albino rats during the repeated dose, oral, chronic toxicity study of 90 days, even at 10 times therapeutic equivalent dose (112.25 mg/kg) and even during recovery period of 1 month. It may be safety used at TED level.

Identification of Climate and Psammotherapy Results at Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium in the Western Mongolia

In this study, we have presented the climate and psamotherapy results at the Tavan Els Kidney Sanatorium of Mongolia. Patient variety for 10 years, since 2001-2011 there admitted 2000 patients in their remission of chronic kidney illness. Contents of renal diseases diagnoses are as following: glomerulonephritis 52%, phylonephritis 35%, hydronephrosis 3%, obstructive renal disease 2%, chronic renal failure 7% and debatic nephropathy 1%. Sand sauna therapy is lain into heated sand baths for adults 8 to 20 mins and for child 7 to 15 mins long, and it is performed twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 2 or 3 weeks once a year. Particularly, the sanatorium offers a type of physiotherapy through the application of thermally warmed sand and a combination of healthy micro-bioclimate, purity of the natural environment, and the presence of fresh and healthy local foods to treat a wide range of medical conditions. The sand sauna treatment most likely affects the body by means of the sand’s high temperature and the presence of chemical elements those are biologically important. Its specific climate and geographical condition of sanatorium is unique by length of sunshine, wind and content, color of sand.

Activation of T‐cell proliferation by Enseki sandbath

Activation of T‐cell proliferation by Enseki sandbath

Designing and Synthesis of Flavonoids Derivatives and Screening of their Antioxidant Activity

The flavonoids present in red wine were responsible this low cardiovascular mortality rate. Epidemiologic studies further suggest that dietary flavonoids are useful to control and protect the CHD. The flavonoids are yellow color substance (pigments) and the name given on the basis of Latin term Flavus which means yellow color. Flavonoids are derivatives of benzo-pyrone. Banzopyrone is a group of heterocyclic aromatic oxygen containing compounds. Finely powdered zinc chloride (8.25) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (18ml) by heating on sand bath then dry resorcinol (appx.5.5 gm) was added with continuous stirring to the mixture at 1400C. Antioxidant Screening by hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. Hydrogen peroxide solution (40 mini moles) was prepared with standard phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. Different concentration of the compound stock solution and 4ml distilled water was added to 0.6 ml of hydrogen peroxide solution. UV absorbance was determined at the wavelength of 230 nm after 10 min with a blank solution containing phosphate buffer without H2O2. Take 4 ml different concentration of sample solution and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution, added and incubated for 2.5 hrs at 370C. After incubation baseline was taken with methanol and 1ml sodium nitroprusside solution as blank solution. Griess reagent and methanol was added immediately before recording of readings. The readings were recorded at 546nm wavelenth. In the series of synthesized and evaluated compounds of Flavanoid electron withdrawing group at position four shows good activity. 2,3-dihydroflavan-3-ol derivatives showed lower activity than that of 3- hydroxyflavone derivatives. The 4-oxo (keto double bond at position 4 of the C ring), especially in association with the J2-J3 double bond, increases scavenger activity by delocalizing electrons, 3-hydroxy group on the C ring generates an extremely active scavenger; the combination of J2-J3 double bond,3-hydroxy group and 4-oxo group appears to be the best combination for potent antioxidant activity.&#x0D; Keywords: Flavonoids, Antioxidant activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, free radicals

Pengaruh Waktu dan Temperatur terhadap Sifat Mekanik Pasir dan Kualitas Produk Cor dengan Metode Shell Moulding

The shell molding method is one of the processes of coating sand grains in a thermo setting resin which preserves heat on the model. To produce castings products that have good quality and produce maximum mechanical properties from the shell molding process, it must be known that the right procedure stages such as the right heating time. But currently there is no technical procedure that is found that is the right temperature and heating time for making shell molding to produce good surface quality of castings. This study aims to determine the effect of temperatures and heating time on the mechanical properties of RCS (resin coated sand) and the quality of the object castings. A series of testing methods, carried out by heating the RCS on the sample mold bending and hardness test. Testing the mechanical properties of sand includes bending test and hardness test. The time variations used in sand heating are 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes with temperature variations of 1800C, 2000C, 2200C, 2400C, 2600C and 2800C. After knowing the results of the most optimal temperature and time from testing mechanical properties then making molds using the shell molding method, the molding material used is aluminum. The mold formed from the shell molding method is then cast using NiHard1 material with a temperature of 14000C. The results of the castings will be identified visually and compared with the mechanical properties of the sand obtained. The results of this study obtained the highest value on the graph of the results of mechanical properties testing at a temperature of 2200C with a heating time of 2 minutes. The results of castings best viewed in terms of visual obtained by heating time for 2 minutes and 3 minutes at a temperature of 2200C. This showed that the heating time for 2 minutes and 3 minutes at the temperature of 2200C results in the highest mechanical properties and the best quality of castings for shell molding method.

Kinetics and modeling of supercritical pyrolysis of endothermic hydrocarbon fuels in regenerative cooling channels

Endothermic hydrocarbon fuel (EHF) is used as on-board coolant quenching the combustors of advanced aircrafts through sensible and endothermic pyrolysis reactions. The supercritical pyrolysis of EHFs was experimentally investigated under conditions (3.5 MPa, 525–600 °C) in a stainless steel mini-tubular reactor heated by a fluidized sand bath system. A simplified molecular reaction kinetic model (16 species and 11 reactions) was proposed based on the primary/secondary pyrolysis mechanism and the residence time estimation using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The experimental and predicted results using the developed kinetics model agree very well with the errors less than 10% under the conversion up to 70%. The pyrolysis model was also used in modeling EHF flowing and pyrolysis in an electrically heated tube showing the conversion prediction errors less than 15% and the fuel and wall temperature prediction deviations less than 20 K, which is a significant improvement on the previous model (Energy Fuels 2013, 27, 2563).

Impact of Water Holding Capacity and Moisture Content of Soil Substrates on the Moisture Content of Wood in Terrestrial Microcosms

Terrestrial microcosms (TMCs) are frequently used for testing the durability of wood and wood-based materials, as well as the protective effectiveness of wood preservatives. In contrary to experiments in soil ecology sciences, the experimental setup is usually rather simple. However, for service life prediction of wood exposed in ground, it is of imminent interest to better understand the different parameters defining the boundary conditions in TMCs. This study focused, therefore, on soil–wood–moisture interactions. Terrestrial microcosms were prepared from the same compost substrate with varying water holding capacities (WHCs) and soil moisture contents (MCsoil). Wood specimens were exposed to 48 TMCs with varying WHCs and MCsoil. The wood moisture content (MCwood) was studied as well as its distribution within the specimens. For this purpose, the compost substrate was mixed with sand and peat and its WHC was determined using two methods in comparison, i.e., the “droplet counting method” and the “cylinder sand bath method” in which the latter turned out advantageous over the other. The MCwood increased generally with rising MCsoil, but WHC was often negatively correlated with MCwood. The distance to water saturation Ssoil from which MCwood increased most intensively was found to be wood-species specific and might, therefore, require further consideration in soil-bed durability-testing and service life modelling of wood in soil contact.

A higher efficiency removal of neonicotinoid insecticides by modified cellulose-based complex particle

Cellulose as an eco-friendly material is extensive in the nature. In this study, modified cellulose-based complex particle (MCCP) was produced through hydrothermal carbonization with methacrylic acid in the stirring and sand bath circumstance. The activated modified carbon-based porous particle (AMCCP) was prepared by treating with potassium hydroxide at high temperature, showing higher efficiency in removing neonicotinoids than MCCP. The AMCCP was fully characterized via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis showed the prepared AMCCP has smaller aggregated particles with higher surface area than MCCP. The adsorption kinetic and the adsorption isotherm of AMCCP were studied, revealing that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model correlated with the experimental data better. The maximum adsorption capacity of AMCCP is 142.36 mg/g for acetamiprid. The adsorption process is spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic in nature. After five regeneration time, the adsorption efficiency of the AMCCP is still over 95%.

Laboratory study of creosote removal from sand at elevated temperatures

In situ thermal treatment (ISTT) technologies have been applied at sites impacted by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). There is a need to establish expectations for the treatment of semi-volatile NAPLs, including those consisting primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the potential benefits and limitations of partial NAPL removal. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate NAPL removal and soil concentrations during the heating of creosote-impacted sand, as well as aqueous concentrations during post-heating dissolution. The results showed co-boiling near the water boiling temperature due to the low volatility of most creosote components, with limited decreases in NAPL saturation (from 30% to 21% of the pore space). Decreases in soil concentration were more substantial than decreases in NAPL saturation (by a factor of 2–180), with greater removal for higher-volatility components at higher treatment temperatures. Results of the dissolution experiments showed mixed results, with decreases in the aqueous concentrations for 12 of 15 components, but increases in aqueous concentrations for phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene after heating to 205 °C or 320 °C. Overall, the results illustrate the utility of bench-scale treatability tests in helping to establish ISTT goals and expectations.

Red-legged partridges perceive the scent of predators and alarm scents of an avian heterospecific

A growing body of evidence suggests that birds can use olfactory cues to detect the presence of predators. We predicted that the ability to gather information about predator presence through chemical cues might be particularly important for ground-living and foraging bird species, since their main predators, namely mammals and reptiles, use chemical communication. In this context, we experimentally examined the role of olfaction in the nondomesticated, ground-living red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa, in a natural and context-dependent situation. We tested how individuals responded to three different olfactory stimuli, which were presented in sand bath tubs: (1) a mammalian predator (ferret faeces), (2) an avian alarm scent (alarm secretion of the European hoopoe) and (3) a control (orange oil). As dependent variables we recorded side preferences and dustbathing activity. Red-legged partridges avoided the predator scent to the same extent as the alarm scent of the hoopoe, whereas orange oil scent did not affect side choice or dustbathing behaviour of individuals. Our results indicate that red-legged partridges avoid the scent of a predator as well as the alarm scent of an avian heterospecific. In regard to this, we provide the first indication that, in risk assessment, chemical cues, similar to avian alarm calls, may possibly act as a source of information between avian species.