Sanctions For Violations Research Articles

Sustainable ripples: Unveiling contractor knowledge-state transitions and group consensus based on environmental sanction violations

Sustainable development in the construction industry requires the reduction of ecological disturbances and energy consumption, control of pollution, and adherence to environmental regulations to avoid environmental sanctions. Green knowledge affiliated with environmental compliance spreads from the relationship network to the whole group of contractors, and knowledge gaps are filled via mutual learning and dissemination to promote the implementation of environmentally friendly behavior. This study examined the transfer-diffusion dynamics and evolution of knowledge on environmental violations derived from environmental sanctions in different contractor states. The contributions of different elements to the diffusion process were compared to identify the key factors that reduce the time until contractors reach a green consensus and achieve sustainable construction. Using an improved susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered model, contractors were characterized as non-informed, informed, spreaders, and forgetters to construct state-transfer paths. In addition, a cellular automaton model was used to demonstrate the diffusion of green knowledge in contractor groups and analyze how state-transfer paths, spreader layouts, and knowledge-reachability neighborhoods affect the diffusion efficiency. Simulations indicated that once knowledge diffusion stabilized, the spreader state was the only remaining state; moreover, differences in the scenario parameters affected the transition rates between each state but not the final proportions of the states. Discrete distribution and spreader influence were positively and significantly correlated to knowledge-diffusion efficiency, whereas the state-transition path had little influence. These findings provide guidance for facilitating the diffusion of green knowledge in the contractor community to reduce environmental damage while avoiding environmental risks to meet the green transformation needs of the construction industry.

Legitimacy in polycentric groundwater governance: Framework conditions identified in Nebraska's Natural Resource Districts

AbstractThis study considers how and why agricultural groundwater users would limit their own water consumption. We find that voluntary governance arrangements are based on a form of legitimacy that stems from informal social processes. Agricultural irrigation reform in Nebraska, U.S. took place after decades of collaboration in informal social settings; this background of decentralized rulemaking contributed to legitimizing extraction limits in times of water stress. The dimensions of social legitimacy are assessed through triangulation of interview data, integrated management plans, workshop facilitation, and recordings of legal proceedings related to the Natural Resources Districts in the state of Nebraska. These districts initially placed voluntary limits on extraction but evolved to sanction violators for over‐consumption. Groundwater rules are accepted because they are set by publicly elected boards, leaders participate in a state‐wide leadership training network, and the districts are granted rule‐making authority by the state. Our results show that voluntary self‐limiting behavior can form the basis for binding legal requirements. The legitimacy of polycentric governance stems from social acceptance, inclusive membership, a prior history of collaboration, and an understanding of rules. The rules themselves are context‐specific and self‐made. We summarize these elements in an evaluation framework to test whether and how authority in other polycentric groundwater governance arrangements is justified and accepted.

Green Banking for Environmental Management: A Sustainable Paradigm Shift

Abstract This study aims to determine the extent to which bankss (banks) in Indonesia implement green economy policies based on current regulations and how bank has played a role in implementing it in its banking activities. The urgency of this research is based on the worsening environmental conditions caused by climate change and extreme global warming. Financial Services Authority Regulation (FSAR) Number 51/POJK.03 of 2017 is deemed a rule that only regulates the course of green economy policies in financial institutions and has not specifically regulated green banking. This study employed qualitative methods with normative data collection using secondary data. This research’s results revealed that the banking activities carried out by Banks have complied with the applicable rules, as evidenced by the annual sustainability report. Nevertheless, the report issued by Banks has not been fully included in the financial reports requested by the FSA, thus it is a separate report from the financial reports required by the FSA and the report called sustainability report. It is considered that the green banking and SDG policies have not been implemented optimally since they are only in the form of an appeal, and there are no sanctions for violators. Therefore, they only have insignificant effect on environmental improvement.

The Effect of Work Supervision on Employee Performance at The Secretariat of The Riau Provincial DPRD With Work Discipline as an Intervening

This study aims to analyze the impact of work supervision on the performance of the State Civil Apparatus at the Riau Provincial DPRD Secretariat. Work discipline is considered crucial in employment relationships as it reflects adherence to rules and the sanctions for violations. Effective work supervision is expected to enhance employee performance. This research uses a quantitative method with analysis conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that work supervision has a significantly positive influence on the performance of the State Civil Apparatus at the Riau Provincial DPRD Secretariat, with an impact of 61.6%. Conversely, the work discipline of the State Civil Apparatus at the Riau Provincial DPRD Secretariat is relatively low at 35.7%. Therefore, it is recommended that the Riau Provincial DPRD Secretariat increases the strictness towards employees with low work discipline by imposing penalties corresponding to the level of violations committed. These findings indicate the need for enhanced supervision and work discipline to achieve optimal performance.

US economic sanctions targeting Latin America: Recent changes, developments and compliance challenges

The United States — specifically through the US Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Department of State — has maintained economic sanctions against certain Latin American countries since the 1950s. Starting with broad-based sanctions against Cuba, where OFAC prohibited virtually all transactions, the Department of the Treasury has instituted more-targeted sanctions regimes against Venezuela and Nicaragua, where non-government dealings are, for the most part, authorised. Together, the Departments of State and the Treasury also administer sanctions against various narcotics and terrorist organisations operating in Latin America. Most notable is the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, which has targeted trafficking organisations, foreign officials and their money laundering empires. To that end, sanctions, while initially imposed to fight certain political regimes, have developed into sanctions targeting all kinds of wrongdoing such as sponsoring terrorism, aiding and abetting drug trafficking, corruption and the commission of human rights violations. US sanctions violations are assessed under a strict liability standard (ie, no knowledge of the violation is required to trigger liability) and impact not only those directly subject to the jurisdiction of the US but also may carry implications for non-US persons undertaking certain ‘significant transactions' with sanctioned persons and jurisdictions. Further, while sanctions apply to US persons, OFAC can institute penalties on non-US persons for causing a US person to violate their compliance obligations. In addition, OFAC (or the Department of State) may sanction persons (individuals or entities) by adding them to the Specially Designated and Blocked Nationals (SDN) List. US persons must block the property and interests in property of SDNs, and are prohibited from virtually all, direct and indirect, transactions involving an SDN. SDN restrictions also apply to ‘Shadow SDNs' which are entities owned 50 per cent or more, directly or indirectly, by one or more SDNs in the aggregate. A Shadow SDN receives the same treatment as SDNs, regardless of whether such entity is itself on the SDN List. The challenge with Shadow SDNs is that they can only be discovered through rigorous due diligence into beneficial ownership structures of sometimes opaque corporate entities. This is where the world of sanctions compliance and enforcement crosses with that of anti-money laundering. The evolving customer due diligence, ongoing customer monitoring, suspicious activity investigations and reporting, and know your customer (KYC) (and know your customer's customer [KYCC]) evidenced are reflected through the evolving Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering in South America (GAFISUD) and domestic regulations. As a result of the increasingly unpredictable political changes in Latin America, and the concurrent changes in sanctions regimes, financial institutions (FIs) should maintain a proper understanding of the current sanctions prohibitions, the trends and updates in the area, but equally important, they should also maintain a good understanding of the complex legal provisions authorising certain behaviours — including the general licences and exemptions — that may apply. FIs must balance mitigating the risks of sanctions violations, and the associated hefty penalties, with the risks of a cumbersome and overly restrictive compliance regimen. An appropriately risk-based compliance programme that achieves both of these objectives is very much an art and not a ‘one size fits all’ model.

IMPLEMENTASI PROGRAM TAKHOSSUS LPBA DI PONDOK PESANTREN RAUDLATUL MALIKIYAH

The implementation of the Takhossus LPBA program at the Raudlatul Malikiyah Islamic Boarding School involves developing the Arabic language, teaching Arabic grammar rules, and implementing routine language activities. This program develops students' Arabic language skills, such as speaking, debating, hosting and delivering speeches. In addition, this research explains the history and teaching system of the program, and highlights the importance of nahwu and sharaf in learning Arabic to understand the structure and use of the language. The research methodology used is work analysis using primary and secondary data sources. The LPBA program in Islamic boarding schools is implemented through BANOM dirofiyah activities, which include routine Arabic language rules and sanctions for violators. This research aims to explore the implementation of the LPBA program in Islamic boarding schools using qualitative research methods. LPBA as a foreign language development institution encourages its members to speak Arabic every day to improve their language skills. Apart from that, Islamic boarding schools also implement the Takhassus LPBA program to deepen their knowledge of the Arabic language. Although the program faces challenges such as lack of student motivation resources, limited number of teachers, limited expertise, limited textbooks, teaching materials and multimedia resources, strategic steps have been taken to overcome these problems. Program evaluations are carried out periodically to ensure the effectiveness of activities. Keywords: Takhossus; Arabic; Banom.

Context Modulates Perceived Fairness in Altruistic Punishment: Neural Signatures from ERPs and EEG Oscillations.

Social norms and altruistic punitive behaviours are both based on the integration of information from multiple contexts. Individual behavioural performance can be altered by loss and gain contexts, which produce different mental states and subjective perceptions. In this study, we used event-related potential and time-frequency techniques to examine performance on a third-party punishment task and to explore the neural mechanisms underlying context-dependent differences in punishment decisions. The results indicated that individuals were more likely to reject unfairness in the context of loss (vs. gain) and to increase punishment as unfairness increased. In contrast, fairness appeared to cause an early increase in cognitive control signal enhancement, as indicated by the P2 amplitude and theta oscillations, and a later increase in emotional and motivational salience during decision-making in gain vs. loss contexts, as indicated by the medial frontal negativity and beta oscillations. In summary, individuals were more willing to sanction violations of social norms in the loss context than in the gain context and rejecting unfair losses induced more equity-related cognitive conflict than accepting unfair gains, highlighting the importance of context (i.e., gain vs. loss) in equity-related social decision-making processes.

Perlindungan terhadap Satwa Endemik yang Dilindungi Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1990 Tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya

Animal protection must be developed as a counterweight to the democratic system developed by humans. The concept of animal protection can be understood in the context of a balanced relationship between God, nature and humans. So far, power relations have only been seen as a human problem. In democracy, only humans, called the people, are made the starting point and center of attention, which will lead to massive exploitation of nature.The research method used is the Normative Juridical research type, in accordance with the objectives the author wants to achieve, the methodology in designing the thesis research uses two types of approaches, namely the Statutory Approach and the Conceptual Approach. The Statute Approach is an approach carried out by examining all laws with the concept of law. Authority for Endemic Animals Protected in the Conservation of Biological Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems, Based on the material regulated in this Law, Law no. 5 of 1990 contains fundamental weaknesses, namely: It only categorizes types into protected and unprotected. For protected species, the provisions regarding sanctions for violations are clearly regulated and adequate.Legal Protection of Endemic Animals which are Protected Based on Law Number 5 of 1990 Conservation of Living Natural Resources and Their Ecosystems, Regulations that regulate the balance between utilization and balancing must also be balanced. It must always be controlled to maintain forest stability

MECHANISMS AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES IN CARRYING OUT EMERGENCY MEASURES IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

In carrying out their duties and authority in treating patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), a nurse is required to obtain a mandate from a doctor, which is a legal relationship that arises as a result of delegation of authority. This certainly has a clear mechanism because it will have legal consequences if errors or omissions occur in the delegation of authority. In fact, there are still cases that have fatal consequences for patients and those who are asked to be held accountable are nurses whose capacity is only as recipients of mandates. The method in this research is empirical juridical and normative juridical, based on field data and statutory regulations and related documents. The results of this research show that doctors who are unable to carry out medical procedures due to certain factors may ask the nurse for help to carry out medical procedures, provided that the doctor is obliged to provide a clear delegation of authority to the nurse in writing to carry out the medical procedure. Delegation of authority to carry out medical procedures from doctors to nurses as intended in Article 27 letter a Minister of Health Regulation Number 26 of 2019 concerning Explanation of Law No. 38 of 2014 concerning Nursing can take the form of delegation of delegated authority or mandate. Delegation of authority to carry out medical procedures must be done in writing to professional nurses or trained vocational nurses. Emergency actions carried out by nurses aim to save the patients life and prevent further disability. The delegation of authority is mandatorily given by doctors to nurses to carry out medical procedures under the supervision of the medical personnel who delegate authority. The form of accountability can be in the form of civil law, criminal law and administrative law, so that all three can provide their own sanctions for violations that occur due to losses, negligence or administrative errors.

Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan Terkait Konservasi Lahan Pertanian Di Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow

This study aims to determine the implementation of Law No. 41 of 2009 concerning Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land in Surakarta City and its obstacles. Research background, that the development of food security and sovereignty needs to be carried out through the provision and establishment of sustainable food agricultural land. But in urban areas, efforts to maintain the existence of agricultural land are quite complicated problems. The high demand for land due to the development of housing, trade, services, industry and others causes a large proportion of the agricultural area to continue to decline every year. The promulgation of Law No. 41 of 2009 concerning Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land is expected to reduce the high rate of conversion of rice fields and maintain their ecological functions. This type of research is an empirical legal research. The nature of the research is descriptive because it wants to describe the implementation of Law Number 41 of 2009 concerning Protection of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land in Surakarta City. The results of the study, that the implementation of Law Number 41 of 2009 concerning Land Sustainable food agriculture in the City of Surakarta was only at the stage of inventorying paddy fields and had not yet arrived at the formation of a Regional Regulation. The reason is that paddy fields in the city of Surakarta are not productive because there is no technical irrigation network available, the majority of the livelihoods of the people of Surakarta are not as farmers, and the high demands of settlement needs as a consequence of the development of urban areas. This is in accordance with the results of identification by the Department of Agriculture, BPN and BAPPEDA that out of 111 hectares of agricultural land listed in the Regional Spatial Planning of Surakarta City No. 1 of 2012, the total area of agricultural land is less than 111 hectares and only 80-90 hectares of land. agriculture that is not cultivated and partly in the form of paddy fields surrounded by housing. The absence of a regional regulation that stipulates the protection of sustainable agricultural land causes in practice there is no clarity regarding protected land, sanctions for violations or incentives that will be accepted by the community if they do not carry out or protect the agricultural land they own.

Efforts to Resolve Law Enforcement Barriers to Traffic Violations on the Waru Toll Road - Juanda Surabaya Indonesia

The growth in production of motorized vehicles that is not proportional to the existing road infrastructure causes frequent traffic jams. Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation (UU LLAJ) regulates traffic regulations and provides sanctions for violators. It is important to ensure conformity of regulations with developments in society and technology, and increase the effectiveness of law enforcement against traffic violations. This research was conducted on the Waru – Juanda Toll road which is one of the Toll roads with a high level of density and many violations. Data on traffic violations on the Waru – Juanda Toll road from January 2019 to May 2019 shows the number of violations based on the type of violation such as speed factor, load factor, completeness factor, documents factor, safety belt factor, sign marking factor, counter – flow factor, use HP factor, and other factors. This research can provide an understanding of patterns of traffic violations on the toll road, and become the basis for increasing law enforcement against traffic violations in the future.

STRATEGY OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL ARRANGEMENT AS AN EFFORT TO PREVENT NATURAL DISASTERS, FLOODS, AND LANDSLIDES IN NORTH SULAWESI

The prevention of violations of Environmental Law is based on Law Number 32 of 2009, which requires all members of society to comply with the law. National guidelines for preventing natural disasters have been established by BNPB, Provincial and Regional Governments as policies for society to follow. Compliance with environmental laws is crucial to ensure that people do not live in prohibited areas designated by the government. Failure to comply with environmental permits has resulted in losses and casualties during floods and landslides in Manado and North Sulawesi. Environmental standards are regulated by laws and institutions such as BNPB, as well as local government regulations. However, despite these regulations, environmental problems still persist. This research aims to address the legal strategies for structuring environmental law that must be followed by the community, as well as the enforcement strategies and sanctions for those who violate environmental laws. The research uses normative research methods focusing on two indicators: the basic strategies for structuring environmental laws and the enforcement strategies and sanctions for violators.

의료법인 명의 의료기관 개설·운영에 대한 의료법상 규제에 관한 고찰

Under the Medical Law, medical practice has a characteristic of serving public interest, so profitability should not be pursued. Therefore, in principle, medical institutions can only be opened by medical personnel and those who fall under each subparagraph of Article 33 (2) of the Medical Act. However, it takes a considerable amount of money to open a medical institution, so it is not easy for individual medical personnel to handle it. For this reason, a so-called “Non—medical personnel hospital”, a form in which non-medical personnel raise the funds necessary to open medical institutions, open practical medical institutions, and hire medical personnel to operate medical institutions, appears.
 Previously, although a medical institution formally appeared to be a legitimate one, if a non-medical person took the lead in opening and operating a medical institution, the Supreme Court considered it to be an illegal non-medial person medical institution. However, in the case of medical corporations, Section 2 of Chapter 3 of the Medical Act is separately regulated, and in addition to those stipulated in the Medical Act, the provisions on foundations under the Civil Act are applied mutatis mutandis. Therefore, in the case of a medical corporation, a legal personality is given to the substance of the contributed property, and the establishment of a medical corporation is possible only when a third party contributes to the property. At this time, a third party who contributed property can become a non-medical person, and in this situation, the non-medical person can be evaluated as playing a leading role in the opening and operation of a medical institution in the name of a medical corporation. According to the “Law of Leadership” established by the Supreme Court, this results in a violation of the qualification to open a medical institution, which is directly contrary to the regulation that non-medical personnel can legally intervene under the medical law.
 Therefore, if a medical corporation complies with the prescribed regulations and procedures of a medical corporation under the Medical Act, there is a room for a differentiated judgment standard from other types of non—medical personnel hospital. It is reasonable that the majority opinion of the target judgment established a new additional standard for determining whether the opening and operation of medical institutions in the name of medical corporations is illegal. However, measures are required to prevent non-medical personnel from becoming a for-profit corporation by intervening in the operation of medical institutions for the purpose of pursuing profit. For example, it is necessary to consider directly and clearly controlling and sanction violations of the qualifications of medical institutions in the name of medical corporations through legislative procedures and inducing them to establish medical corporations in medical vulnerable areas through policies.

Enforcing economic sanctions by tarnishing corporate reputations

AbstractWhat strategies work best for enforcing sanctions? Sanctions enforcement agencies like the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) face resource limitations and political constraints in punishing domestic firms for violating sanctions. Beyond monetary fines, sanctions enforcement actions also serve a “naming and shaming” function that tarnishes violators’ reputations. Larger, higher-profile companies tend have much more at stake in terms of their reputations than smaller or less well-known firms. At the same time, punishing higher-profile companies for sanctions violations is likely to generate more publicity about the risks and potential consequences of not complying with sanctions. We theorize that OFAC should impose larger fines on high-profile companies to draw attention to those cases, make the enforcement actions more memorable, and enhance the reputational costs that they inflict. We conduct a statistical analysis of OFAC enforcement actions from 2010 to 2021 and find support for our theory.

Legal Consequences For Foreign Guaranteers in Indonesia Who Do Violation

Every foreigner who holds a Visit Stay Permit, Limited Stay Permit, and Permanent Stay Permit is required to have a Guarantor who guarantees the existence and activities of guaranteed foreigners while in Indonesian Territory. The absence of detailed regulations and special legal protection for a guarantor has various impacts and consequences. One of them is the lack of responsibility of a guarantor. This research is legal research, which focuses on legal studies on positive law. The problem approach used is the philosophical approach, the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations relating to research problems and secondary legal materials, namely legal materials that provide explanations of primary legal materials, such as legal books, journals, published magazines relating to the problem. The results of the research show that the responsibility of a guarantor is to supervise and monitor the activities of the foreigners he guarantees in Indonesian territory, to be responsible for the presence and activities of foreigners while in Indonesian territory, Article 63 paragraph (2) of Law no. 6 of 2011, which confirms the guarantor's obligation to report if there is a change in civil status, immigration status and change of address or becomes the subject of immigration administrative action in the form of deportation, the guarantor's sanctions for violations are more administrative in nature. More severe criminal sanctions are often not carried out in law enforcement. Supposedly a foreigner who violates the provisions of Article 116, the guarantor can already be said to have violated the provisions of article 118 because he does not fulfill obligations related to the existence of the guaranteed foreigner.

Stop and account process

Over time, we notice that the measure of identification of persons has undergone small changes, and the refusal of identification has become a problem among police officers performing their duties. Thus, the laws were created to ensure public order and the safety of citizens, and then to sanction violators. In the theme, we took into account what various authors have published in the books written by them, regarding the identification of people and all the activities that a policeman has the obligation to perform, as well as the laws by which the French police carry out their activity. The purpose of stop and account a person is to procure a set of rules for establishing a person's identity and carrying out the tasks regarding the preparation and approval of the documents related to this procedure. Romanian and foreign citizens have the obligation to legitimize themselves on the territory of Romania either with an identity document, or verbally if they do not have any document on them, whenever they are asked to do so by the officers and agents of the Romanian Police, as well as on the territory of France.

Do not mention Russia: A theoretical framework for bank penalties due to economic sanction violations and policy implications

In this paper, penalties to banks violating economic sanctions have been investigated and discussed. This topic has sparked renewed interest and attention following the beginning of the conflict in Ukraine due to the Russian aggression in February 2022 and the ongoing general deterioration in the global economic climate. Thus, based on the experience with penalties to banks for violations of economic sanctions from 2007, a theoretical model has been proposed. It is proposed that this model may be informative in devising the optimal level of penalties based on behavioral characteristics of banks and regulators. The model is based on the economic examination of the motives and incentives for bank misconduct, by drawing on the Shapiro-Stiglitz model addressing typical consequences of asymmetric information in principal-agent models. From a policy perspective, the proposed model also has the potential to provide opportunities for standardization of restrictions posed on banks as a result of bank misconduct. Relevant policy implications concerning penalties are put forward that may be implemented for future considerations, particularly in cases related to violations of economic sanctions.

Challenges of sanctions lists screening and the impact of sanctions triggered by conflict zones

This paper emphasises the importance of sanctions policy and the role of different sanctions regimes triggered by various conflict zones today and in past decades. Based on examples of sanctions against Iraq, the Russian Federation and Venezuela, it highlights the difference between traditional embargo-style sanctions and recently introduced sectoral sanctions specifically targeting specific economic sectors. The paper also discusses coordination efforts between different sanctions regimes towards a global sanctions policy through the experience of the sanctions against the Russian Federation, as well as a new human rights sanctions regime. On the other hand, different political considerations can also lead to a clash of sanctions regimes. The paper discusses the impact of divergent international relations with Iran on sanctions when the United States withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018, reinstating secondary sanctions against Iran and causing legal and economic challenges for companies within the European Union (EU). Based on the recent preliminary ruling of the Court of Justice of the EU in the Bank Melli v Telekom Deutschland GmbH case, the paper points out the main considerations regarding the blocking statute activated by the EU in order to protect enterprises within the EU from the extraterritorial effect of foreign sanctions laws. In addition, the paper features the possible criminal as well as civil law liability for sanctions violations in different jurisdictions, highlighting some examples such as sanctions law offences by BNP Paribas. In the light of the possible penalties and financial losses caused for companies, the paper sets out a comprehensive decision matrix for experts and decision makers who want to evaluate whether another entity is sanctioned or has sanctioned ownership in a certain jurisdiction. Finally, it elaborates which technical add-on features a sanctions list screening software should possess in order to detect and manage sanctioned entities.

PEMENUHAN HAK-HAK PERLINDUNGAN ANAK (STUDI PERBANDINGAN HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM TATA NEGARA ISLAM)

The results of the author's research in this study that the fulfillment of chidren's rights in positive law is fully regulated by law in which it is regulated explicitly and clearly both the fulfillment of the rights of the child itself and the sanctions for violators. whereas in Islamic constitutional law, the fulfullment of children's rights is explained in the arguments of the Qur'an, hadith, compilations of Islamic law, and also MUI fatwas where are clear. but the similarity is that in positive law and Islamic constitutional law the fulfillment of children's rights is fully guarded and protected so that the child's life is safe and peaceful..

Parking enforcement - support for parking management

Parking management is used to balance the supply and demand for parking. Furthermore, it is used to limit the traffic demand and enable the efficient functioning of the traffic network. However, street parking regulations are uneasy to enforce. In almost all cities in Serbia, parking on the street does not work in the desired way. Many drivers park on prohibited places. Those who park on regular places where one of the restrictive regimes applies, often do so without paying and/or exceeding the prescribed time limit. Poor functioning of the enforcement system was recognized as one of the main causes for the poor parking condition. Parking enforcement represents a reaction to non-compliance with the prescribed parking regimes. For adequate reaction, it is necessary to understand the causes and patterns of such drivers behavior. Therefore, we need to investigate the connection between non-compliance with the parking regime and the control and sanctioning of violations. The analysis of the parking situation in three cities in Serbia assessed the extent and consequences of non-compliance with the parking regime on street parking places. In addition, it determined the causes of insufficient efficiency of the system for controlling and sanctioning parking violations. We proposed possible directions and measures for mitigating these problems. As argument, we pointed out positive experiences and effects from cities in Europe and the world that implemented those measures.