Scots Pine Samples Research Articles

Effect of Bleaching on Hardness, Gloss, and Color Change of Weathered Woods

The aim of this study was to eliminate the problems of hardness, gloss, and color change of some wood materials exposed to weathering conditions using a bleaching procedure to attempt to return the wood material to its natural state. For this, wood samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea L.), and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) were exposed to weathering conditions based on 12 months ASTM D-1641, followed by a bleaching procedure using 18% solutions of S1 (NaOH + H2O2), S2 (NaOH + Ca(OH)2), S3 (KMnO4 + NaHSO3 + H2O2), S4 (NaSiO3 + H2O2), and the commercial product S5 (Cuprinol Decking Restorer- (H2C2O4 + C2H4(OH)2). The color, gloss, and hardness changes of samples were determined according to ASTM D 2244-2, EN ISO 2813, and ASTM D 2240 standards. As a result, hardness and gloss values of all woods decreased due to weathering conditions and the wood color turned grey due to degradation. When comparing the weathered samples to the bleached samples, the hardness value was found to be highest in pine wood bleached with the S2 solution, and the gloss value was highest in oak wood bleached with the S1 solution. The greatest color change was found in pine, beech, and chestnut samples bleached with the S4 solution and in oak samples bleached with the S1 solution.

Leaching and decay resistance of alder and pine wood treated with copper based wood preservatives

The objective of this study was to determine the leaching and decay resistance of Alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood samples treated with copper based preservatives. Samples were treated with CCA, ACQ, Tanalith E and Wolmanit with different concentrations. Scots pine samples were exposed the mini-block test against brown rot fungi (Poria placenta) and Coniophora puteana while alder wood samples were tested against brown rot fungi (Coniophora puteana) and white rot fungi (Coriolus versicolor). Regarding to leaching test, treated samples were impregnated with 300 ml of distilled water and after 6, 24, 48 and thereafter at 48-hour intervals, the leachate was removed and replaced with fresh distilled water according to AWPA E11. Samples of each leachate were collected and retained for copper analysis. Amount of copper released from treated wood during the leaching test was chemically analyzed with Atomic Absorption spectroscopy. Perchloric acid procedure for the digestion of wood was used according to AWPA A7-97. The amount of copper component (Qd), the cumulative quantities leached (Qc) and the average daily fluxes (FLUX) were calculated. Results shows that CCA treated samples release less copper compared to other copper based preservatives used in this study. Highest mass losses were obtained from the leached samples treated with 1% of ACQ-2200 against decay fungi.

Wood Surface Protection against Artificial Weathering with Vegetable Seed Oils

Effects of UV-light irradiation and water spray on the mechanical strength and surface characteristics of untreated and pretreated Scots pine sapwood samples were studied. The specimens were treated with parsley seed oil, pomegranate seed oil, linseed seed oil, nigella seed oil, canola oil, sesame seed oil, and soybean oil. The compositional changes and surface properties of the weathered samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and color and surface roughness measurements. The results showed that all vegetable oils provided lower color changes than the control group after 600 h of exposure in a weathering test cycle. The least color change was found on the Scots pine surface pretreated with pomegranate seed oil. The vegetable oil treatment retarded the surface lignin degradation during weathering, indicating that the surface roughness values of pine wood treated with vegetable oils decreased with irradiation over time compared with those of control samples. The effect of artificial weathering on mechanical strength was determined with a compression strength test. It was observed that the compression strength values of Scots pine samples treated with vegetable oils was higher than that of untreated samples after 600 h of weathering exposure.

Chemometric Analysis of Heavy Metals Coexistence in Different Plant Matrices in The Upper Silesian Industrial District / Analiza Chemometryczna Metali Ciężkich Pochodzących Z Różnych Matryc Roślinnych Z Terenów Górnośląskiego Okręgu Przemysłowego

Abstract Contents of Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb and Fe in 36 samples of Scots pine collected in 9 sites located in the Upper Silesia Province have been determined using AAS technique. The samples were digested before the analysis. On the basis of cluster analysis the existence of links between the quantitative composition, the sampling sites and the type of the matrix have been found. The coexistence of certain groups of elements was found and described.

THE COLOR CHANGING EFFECT OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD MATERIALS ON WATER BORNE VARNISHES

One-component semi-matte (A) and two-component shiny (B) water-borne varnishes were applied on the surface of the test panels made of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) with 8%, 10%, and 12% moisture content in this study. The changes in color caused by the type of wood and moisture content on the water borne varnish layers were then investigated. The change of color in the samples was determined based on the statements in ASTM D 2224. It was determined that variations in the type of wood and moisture content affected water borne varnishes adversely, and the most apparent color change was observed in the Scots pine samples with 12% moisture content when varnish type B was applied.

Chemometric analysis of heavy metal content for various environmental matrices in terms of their use in biomass thermal processing

Abstract Chemometric analysis was performed to determine the heavy metal content, such as Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Pb, and Fe, in 36 samples of Scots Pine taken from 9 locations within the Upper Silesian Industrial Basin. The samples, after being pre-processed, were examined for the above elements through the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The highest concentration of heavy metals was discovered in samples from Jaworzno. Based on the concentration assessment, the relationship between element quantity, sampling location, and matrix type has been determined, and definite element group co-existence has been confirmed and described.

Evaluation of wooden materials deteriorated by marine-wood boring organisms in the Black Sea

Marine borers can destroy wooden structures exposed to the marine environment and cause great monetary loss. In the region of Amasra of the Black Sea in Turkey, ships continue to be built from wood, mainly Castanea sativa (sweet chestnut) and Quercus petraea (sessile oak) and therefore are subject to destruction by marine borers. Copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA), used to be one of the most common wood preservatives used in Turkey. However, in this area its ecacy against mari- ne borers is unknown. � e resistance of untreated and CCA-treated samples of chestnut, oak and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was examined and aer twelve months evaluated in two ways, EN 275, and a non-destructive measurement for dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE). Untreated samples, particularly Scots pine were severely attacked by Teredo navalis. Treated samples of oak and chestnut were moderately attacked while treated samples of Scots pine sapwood and heartwood were sound. Severity of wood boring attack determined using MOE showed a very good correlation with that de- termined by visual assessment in untreated wood, and a good correlation for treated wood. Dynamic MOE allows rapid on-site evaluation rather than measurements within a laboratory and also without causing damage to the structures being evaluated.

Variation of telomeric repeats in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) – is there a connection to ageing and loss of regeneration ability?

The shortening of telomeres, the specific structures of repeated DNA sequence at the end of the eukaryotic chromosomes, has been connected with ageing and loss of cell replication or regeneration capacity. There is, however, only limited information available on telomeres of long-living trees. Physiological ageing, on the other hand, represents a serious problem for vegetative propagation of conifers, while in deciduous tree species ageing has no such a strict influence on regeneration ability. The aim of this study was, for the first time, to determine the variation in telomeric repeats in an economically important Nordic conifer, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and to study potential connections to tree ageing. Scots pine individuals ranging from immature embryos to 200-year-old trees were examined. In 1- and 5 year-old seedlings and 50-, 100- and 200-year old trees, cambium, bud and needled samples were collected from different positions within a tree. The length of telomeric repeats in the extracted total genomic DNA was then determined by Southern hybridisation. In addition, telomerase enzyme activity was measured from the protein extracts prepared from the same tissues using TRAP (Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol) . In Scots pine samples, the size of telomeric repeats detected was variable, ranging from 0.9 kb up to 26 kb. Based on exonuclease treatment, high molecular weight repeats seem to be genuine telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes, while the low molecular weight signals probably originate at interstitial or centromeric positions. The Southern hybridisation was thus adjusted to show only high-molecular weight signals, and analyses were performed based on them. A decline in the average length of the telomeric repeats was observed with increasing level of tissue differentiation: immature and germinating embryos had the longest repeats, followed by cambium, elongating buds with tiny meristems and, finally, full-sized needles without meristems having the shortest repeats. When embryo samples were excluded from the data, the age of the tree had no significant effect on the length of telomeric repeats, although there was a tendency for telomere shortening with increasing age. In cambium samples, also the position of the tissue within tree (stem base versus top) affected the length of telomeric repeats, the telomeres shortening towards top of tree. The telomeric repeats also varied remarkably between tree individuals. Potential connections to regeneration ability are discussed.

The effect of grain angle and species on thermal conductivity of some selected wood species

In this study the thermal conductivity of different wood materials was determined. For this purpose, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Uludag fir (Abies Bornmülleriana Matff), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L), Oak (Quercus robur L.), and Chestnut of Anatolia (Castanea sativa Mill.) woods were used. In the test, the thermal conductivity of the woods was measured according to procedure of ASTM C 1113-99 standards. The lowest thermal conductivity was obtained in the perpendicular direction of Scots pine samples as 0.156 Kcal/mh°C. The highest thermal conductivity was obtained from perpendicular direction of samples in Oriental beech as 0.331 Kcal/mh°C.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the fire retardant mixture containing potassium carbonate using a cone calorimeter

SUMMARYThis article presents the results of investigations obtained for a wood fire retardant agent which is currently under production. Experiments were conducted using a mixture of potassium carbonate and urea in accordance with the PN‐C‐04914 standard (the Polish equivalent of ISO 5660‐1). Wood samples of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were treated with the above mixture as well as with its individual components. It was observed that impregnation of samples with potassium carbonate and a mixture of potassium carbonate and urea has an advantageous influence on the reduction of the heat release and the heat of combustion, and also prolongs the time to ignition. Urea alone failed to exert a fire‐retardant effect on wood samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The combined effects of boron and oil heat treatment on beech and Scots pine wood properties. Part 1: Boron leaching, thermogravimetric analysis, and chemical composition

The aim of the study was to screen any possible synergistic effect available with combination of plant oils and boron compounds to decrease boron leaching and improve thermal degradation of wood by means of dual treatment. In order to reduce the leachability of boron compounds, sapwood of beech and Scots pine samples were treated with oils to create a hydrophobic layer on the wood cells that may prevent water uptake. Increase (%) of boron retained in double-treated samples after leaching was approximately 20% compared to boron-treated samples without oil. The most promising results on boron leaching obtained in the case of using waste and sunflower oil. Thermogravimetric residues were increased by the higher loading of boron compounds in double-treated samples. Spectra of FTIR-Photoacoustic spectrometer showed some deformation of lignin and cellulose followed by degradation of hemicelluloses of treated wood samples due to heat effect at 160 °C.

Investigation of growth responses in saprophytic fungi to charred biomass

We present the results of a study testing the response of two saprophytic white-rot fungi species, Pleurotus pulmonarius and Coriolus versicolor, to charred biomass (charcoal) as a growth substrate. We used a combination of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, elemental abundance measurements, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (13C and 15N) to investigate fungal colonisation of control and incubated samples of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) wood, and charcoal from the same species produced at 300 °C and 400 °C. Both species of fungi colonise the surface and interior of wood and charcoals over time periods of less than 70 days; however, distinctly different growth forms are evident between the exterior and interior of the charcoal substrate, with hyphal penetration concentrated along lines of structural weakness. Although the fungi were able to degrade and metabolise the pine wood, charcoal does not form a readily available source of fungal nutrients at least for these species under the conditions used in this study.

Outdoor exposure of untreated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] wood samples

Untreated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) samples were exposed above ground in a durability test for 6 years. The samples consisted of three pieces of wood, 22×95×500 mm, screwed together; two pieces lengthwise with a third piece overlapping. Weight was measured, to calculate moisture content (MC), and samples checked regularly for cracks and fungal growth. Parameters investigated were heartwood/sapwood (pine), annual ring orientation (spruce), stand site, annual ring width and density. Stand site, annual ring width and density had no influence on MC or fungal growth for either pine or spruce. Spruce samples with vertical annual rings had fewer cracks than samples with horizontal annual rings. Pine sapwood samples had a high MC and a large amount of rot fungi, while heartwood had a lower MC and no rot. Most spruce samples were similar to pine heartwood, except from a few samples that had high MC and fungal growth. Those were all sawn from the outer part of the log. Therefore, it can be stated that spruce sawn from the inner part has almost the same properties as pine heartwood, while spruce from the outer part of the log has similar properties to pine sapwood.

Effects of application methods and species of wood on color changes of varnishes

In this study, the color effects of wood materials to coloring with different application methods (brush, roller sponge and spray gun) and waterborne varnishes were investigated according to ASTM-D 2244. For this purpose, the experimental samples of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and oak (Quercus petreae L.), which are commonly used woods in the carpentry and furniture industry in Turkey, were prepared and varnished with one and two-pack waterborne varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. According to the result of the research, significant color changes in coloring as red and yellow tones on the sample surfaces of varnished wood materials were found. The highest color change was obtained in the samples of oak, when varnished with brush and spray gun while the lowest value was obtained in roller sponge in respect to the application methods for waterborne varnishes. However, the application method of spray gun for self crosslinked polyurethane, topcoat-clear, (SCPt) gave the highest metric chroma value among the three different application methods.

English

In this study, the color effects of wood materials to coloring with different application methods (brush, roller sponge and spray gun) and waterborne varnishes were investigated according to ASTM-D 2244. For this purpose, the experimental samples of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis L.) and oak (Quercus petreae L.), which are commonly used woods in the carpentry and furniture industry in Turkey, were prepared and varnished with one and two-pack waterborne varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023. According to the result of the research, significant color changes in coloring as red and yellow tones on the sample surfaces of varnished wood materials were found. The highest color change was obtained in the samples of oak, when varnished with brush and spray gun while the lowest value was obtained in roller sponge in respect to the application methods for waterborne varnishes. However, the application method of spray gun for self crosslinked polyurethane, topcoat-clear, (SCPt) gave the highest metric chroma value among the three different application methods.

The efficacy of commercial silicones against blue stain and mould fungi in wood

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) samples were vacuum pressure impregnated with quaternary ammonium (quat)-silicone micro-emulsion (<40 nm particle size), amino-silicone macro-emulsion (110 nm) and silicone macro-emulsion with alkyl modified side groups (740 nm). Quat-silicone micro-emulsion caused highest cell wall bulking (4.8%) and anti-swelling efficiency (21.8%) in wood when treated with 30% concentration of silicone in the treatment solution. All three formulations made wood hydrophobic which was evident from a capillary (longitudinal, tangential and radial) water uptake test. Amino-silicone macro-emulsion (10% silicone in treatment solution) resulted in strong resistance to blue stain attack with both pre-weathered and not pre-weathered wood samples. Signs of blue staining were more evident on the pre-weathered samples. Treatment with amino-silicone macro-emulsion (10% silicone in treatment solution) resulted in a certain resistance to mould growth on wood surfaces, whereas wood treated with the same concentration of quat-silicone micro-emulsion and alkyl-modified silicone macro-emulsion exhibited comparatively lower resistance.

Quantifying the interrelationship between tree stand growth rate and water table level in drained peatland sites within Central Finland

The quantitative relationship between stand growth rate and water table level in peatland forest sites has not been fully ascertained in the literature. In this study, we investigated this relationship by means of a bivariate regression model. Tree and stand attributes, including volume and past 5-year volume growth as well as median water table depth (WTM) during the 1984 growing season, were observed in 69 Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) sample stands with three subplots established in each stand. All stands were located in deep-peated, moderately rich to poor organic soil sites in Central Finland (61°45′–62°26′N, 22°40′–28°29′E) that had been ditched for forestry about 25 years earlier (1959–1961). Prediction models for the fixed mean functions for 5-year volume growth and WTM as well as estimates for variances and the correlation of random effects at plot and subplot levels were estimated simultaneously using bivariate regression methods. The correlation of model residuals at the plot level was highly significant. The model was applied to simulate stand volume development for a period of 20 years. Simulations illustrated the dynamic interaction of stand volume, volume growth, and soil water levels: deep initial WTM resulted in stand growth and volume-development increases and subsequently further deepened the WTM in the stand. The model can be applied to southern boreal drained Scots pine peatlands to estimate the WTM in different stand volume conditions and to assess the effect of stand management on WTM.

Studies on Some Properties of Quality and Performance in Wood Windows

The determination of some quality and performance properties of windows, made of tree species used frequently in industrial window manufacturing and the effects of tree species on those properties have been examined. According to the results of the study by considering regular standards, in the air resistance tests, the classification has been determined as follows: those made of Scots pine as (Pinus sylvestris) A4, European larch (Larix decidua) as A3 and Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindiricum) as A2. The water resistance test has classified those made of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) as in between RA6 and RA7, European Larch (Larix decidua) as in between RA1 and RA3 and Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindiricum) as RA1. As for wind resistance test, all species have been found in the class W5. When having made the same test in PVC for the purpose of controlling and making comparison and to verify the outcomes obtained from regular test, it was found that air permeability was A4, water tightness was RA9 and wind resistance test was W5. As can be seen from the given results, PVC has proved to show best performance among all, whereas Scots pine samples has shown the the best performance among all the other wood products followed by European Larch and Sapele. The reasons for that are the woodworking and workmanship quality rather than changeable physical, mechanical and technical properties of the wood species.

Impacts of impregnation solutions on the adhesion strength of outer usage varnish coatings

This study was carried out to determine the effects of Protim WR-230 and imersol aqua impregnation materials on the adhesion strength for synthetic, yatex and hickson decor varnishes in the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis lipsky.) and white oak (Quercus petreae L.) woods. Before varnishing process, the test samples were impregnated according to the procedure in ASTM-D 1413-76 standards. And then, impregnated samples were varnished according to the ASTM-D 3023 principles. Finally, Samples were exposed to the effects of exterior factors for 12 months. The surface adhesion strength of test samples was determined according to ASTM-D 4541 and TS 24624 principles. As a result; the highest adhesion strength was determined as 4.153MPa on the control samples of Scots pine processed with synthetic varnish and the lowest as 1.359MPa on the white oak wood processed with Protim WR-230 with yatex varnish at the end of the fourth season. The adhesion strength for varnishes was decreased by approximately 13% in the first season, 16% in the second season, 26% in the third season, 35% in the fourth seasons, respectively.

DNA from pollen: principles and potential

This paper describes our recent extraction of ancient DNA (aDNA) from Holocene pollen and discusses the potential of the technique for elucidatingtimescales of evolutionary change. We show that plastid DNA is recoverableand usable from pollen grains of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris from 10 ka and 100 years ago. Comparison of the ancient sequences with modern sequences,obtained from an extant population, establish a first genetic link betweenmodern and fossil samples of Scots pine, providing a genetic continuity through time. One common haplotype is present in each of the three periods investigated, suggesting that it persisted near the lake throughout the postglacial. The retrieval of aDNA from pollen has major implications for palaeoecology by allowing (i) investigation of populationlevel dynamics in time and space, and (ii) tracing ancestry of populations and developing phylogenetic trees that include extinct as well as extant taxa. The method should work over the last glacial oscillation, thus giving access to ancestry of populations over a crucial period of time for the understanding of the relationship between speciation and climate change.