Samples Of Different Grades Research Articles

Nonlinear chaotic characteristic in leaching process and prediction of leaching cycle period

A laboratory leaching experiment with samples of different grades was carried out, and an analytical method of concentration of leaching solution was put forward. For each sample, respectively, by applying phase space reconstruction for time series of monitoring data, the saturated embedding dimension and the correlation dimension were obtained, and the evolution laws between neighboring points in the reconstructed phase space were revealed. With BP neural network, a prediction model of concentration of leaching solution was set up and the maximum error of which was less than 2%. The results show that there exist chaotic characteristics in leaching system, and samples of different grades have different nonlinear dynamic features; the higher the grade of sample, the smaller the correlation dimension; furthermore, the maximum Lyapunov index, energy dissipation and chaotic extent of the leaching system increase with grade of the sample; by phase space reconstruction, the subtle change features of concentration of leaching solution can be magnified and the inherent laws can be fully demonstrated. According to the laws, a prediction model of leaching cycle period has been established to provide a theoretical foundation for solution mining.

Comprehensive protein tyrosine phosphatase mRNA profiling identifies new regulators in the progression of glioma.

The infiltrative behavior of diffuse gliomas severely reduces therapeutic potential of surgical resection and radiotherapy, and urges for the identification of new drug-targets affecting glioma growth and migration. To address the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), we performed mRNA expression profiling for 91 of the 109 known human PTP genes on a series of clinical diffuse glioma samples of different grades and compared our findings with in silico knowledge from REMBRANDT and TCGA databases. Overall PTP family expression levels appeared independent of characteristic genetic aberrations associated with lower grade or high grade gliomas. Notably, seven PTP genes (DUSP26, MTMR4, PTEN, PTPRM, PTPRN2, PTPRT and PTPRZ1) were differentially expressed between grade II-III gliomas and (grade IV) glioblastomas. For DUSP26, PTEN, PTPRM and PTPRT, lower expression levels correlated with poor prognosis, and overexpression of DUSP26 or PTPRT in E98 glioblastoma cells reduced tumorigenicity. Our study represents the first in-depth analysis of PTP family expression in diffuse glioma subtypes and warrants further investigations into PTP-dependent signaling events as new entry points for improved therapy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0372-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Towards high throughput corrosion screening using arrays of bipolar electrodes

In this work we demonstrate the possibility of combining bipolar electrochemistry with arrays of samples as a fast and versatile method for comparing their corrosion resistances at a wide range of potentials. Several steel samples of different grades were arranged in a bipolar electrochemical cell and exposed to an electric field by applying a constant current. The gradient in electrochemical potential difference across each sample resulted in a pitting corrosion gradient on the anodic parts which was used as a simple, straightforward and qualitative method of screening the corrosion properties of several samples in one single experiment. In the cell, all samples acted as individual bipolar electrodes but interestingly, the current density for each sample was also found to be influenced by the corrosion resistances of its neighbours. Results from the bipolar array were also compared with standard polarisation curves and the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) for each steel type.

Sequencing IDH1/2 glioma mutation hotspots in gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Sequencing IDH1/2 glioma mutation hotspots in gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors

Sparc-Like Protein 1 Is a New Marker of Human Glioma Progression

High-grade gliomas (glioblastomas) are the most common and deadly brain tumors in adults, currently with no satisfactory treatment available. Apart from de novo glioblastoma, it is currently accepted that these malignancies mainly progress from lower grade glial tumors. However, the molecular entities governing the progression of gliomas are poorly understood. Extracellular and membrane proteins are key biomolecules found at the cell-to-cell communication interface and hence are a promising proteome subpopulation that could help understand the development of glioma. Accordingly, the current study aims at identifying new protein markers of human glioma progression. For this purpose, we used glial tumors generated orthotopically with T98G and U373 human glioma cells in nude mice. This setup allowed also to discriminate the protein origin, namely, human (tumor) or mouse (host). Extracellular and membrane proteins were selectively purified using biotinylation followed by streptavidin affinity chromatography. Isolated proteins were digested and then identified and quantified employing 2D-nano-HPLC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 23 and 27 up-regulated extracellular and membrane proteins were identified in the T98G and U373 models, respectively. Approximately two-thirds of these were predominantly produced by the tumor, whereas the remaining proteins appeared to be mainly overexpressed by the host tissue. Following extensive validation, we have focused our attention on sparc-like protein 1. This protein was further investigated using immunohistochemistry in a large collection of human glioma samples of different grades. The results showed that sparc-like protein 1 expression correlates with glioma grade, suggesting the possible role for this protein in the progression of this malignancy.

Development of a lemon sorting system based on color and size

Grading systems give us many kinds of information such as size, color, shape, defect, and internal quality. Among these color and size are the most important features for accurate classification and/or sorting of citrus such as oranges, lemons and tangerines. Basically, two inspection stages of the system can be identified: external fruit inspection and internal fruit inspection. The former task is accomplished through processing of color images, while internal inspection requires special sensors for moisture, sugar and acid contents. In this paper, an efficient algorithm for grading lemon fruits is developed and implemented in visual basic environment. The system consists of two CCD cameras, two capture cards, an appropriate lighting system, a personal computer and other mechanical parts. The algorithm initially extracts the fruit from the background. The samples of different grades of lemon are situated in front of the cameras and are calibratted off-line. Then information on the HSI color values and estimated volumes of fruits are extracted and saved in a database. By comparing the information during sorting phase with the available information inside the database, the final grade of the passing fruits are determined. This algorithm can be easily adapted for grading and/or inspection of other agricultural products such as cucumber and eggplant. Key words: Lemon, sorting, volume, image processing, machine vision, HSI color.

Shift in AP-2α localization characterizes astrocytoma progression

Activator protein 2α (AP-2α) has been shown to be lost in the advanced stages of many cancers, including gliomas. In this study, we wanted to analyze the expression of AP-2α in astrocytoma samples of different grades both at the RNA level, by real-time qPCR and at the protein level, by immunohistochemistry, and to examine its correlation, if any, with patient outcome. Five Grade I, 14 Grade II, 18 Grade III, 72 Grade IV samples and 13 normal brain controls were included. We did not find any clear pattern of regulation at the RNA level with tumor grade. The RNA expression levels however, correlated to a large extent with the nuclear AP-2α staining in these samples (72.09%; 31/43). Further, we did not find a complete loss of nuclear AP-2α expression in the higher grades, in contrast to previous reports. Interestingly, we found cytoplasmic AP-2α expression in a majority of higher grade astrocytomas (Grade IV - 85%; 33/39 and Grade III- 74%; 14/19) in comparison to lower grades (Grade I - 0%; 0/5 and Grade II - 37.5%; 3/8) suggesting that the translocation of this protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm may be responsible for the increased malignancy. The nuclear expression in these grades was found to be concomitantly reduced. Within GBMs, we found that decreased nuclear expression was indicative of a better prognosis. The striking observation was the shift in localization of this protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with increasing tumor grade, pointing to a crucial role for this transcription factor in the progression of astrocytomas.

Neospora caninum antibodies in commercial fetal bovine serum

The protozoan parasite Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle throughout the world. In the process of propagating Neospora in vitro and producing specific antibodies for development of diagnostic assays in the food supply, our laboratory identified the presence of bovine antibodies to N. caninum in fetal bovine sera. The sera were produced commercially and preferentially recommended for tissue culture use and monoclonal antibody production. Seventeen different fetal bovine serum samples of different grades and from four different companies were examined for the presence of total IgG, IgG 1, IgG 2, and IgM specific for N. caninum. All of the tested serum samples recognized N. caninum specific bands on Western blot. Low IgG serum also recognized these antigens but with lower intensity. Antibody response was also evaluated using a commercially available ELISA kit for N. caninum.

Expression of Hyaluronan in human tumor progression

BackgroundThe development and progression of human tumors is accompanied by various cellular, biochemical and genetic alterations. These events include tumor cells interaction with extracellular matrix molecules including hyaluronan (HA). Hyaluronan is a large polysaccharide associated with pericellular matrix of proliferating, migrating cells. Its implication in malignant transformation, tumor progression and with the degree of differentiation in various invasive tumors has well accepted. It has been well known the role HA receptors in tumor growth and metastasis in various cancer tissues. Previously we have observed the unified over expression of Hyaluronic Acid Binding Protein (HABP), H11B2C2 antigen by the tumor cells in various types progressing tumor tissues with different grades. However, the poor understanding of relation between HA and HA-binding protein expression on tumor cells during tumor progression as well as the asymmetric observations of the role of HA expression in tumor progression prompted us to examine the degree of HA expression on tumor cells vs. stroma in various types of human tumors with different grades.MethodsIn the present study clinically diagnosed tumor tissue samples of different grades were used to screen the histopathological expression of hyaluronan by using b-PG (biotinylated proteoglycan) as a probe and we compared the relative HA expression on tumor cells vs. stroma in well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors. Specificity of the reaction was confirmed either by pre-digesting the tissue sections with hyaluronidase enzyme or by staining the sections with pre-absorbed complex of the probe and HA-oligomers.ResultsWe show here the down regulation of HA expression in tumor cells is associated with progression of tumor from well differentiated through poorly differentiated stage, despite the constant HA expression in the tumor associated stroma.ConclusionThe present finding enlighten the relative roles of HA expression on tumor vs. stroma during the progression of tumors.

Upregulation of ASCL1 and inhibition of Notch signaling pathway characterize progressive astrocytoma

Astrocytoma is the most common type of brain cancer constituting more than half of all brain tumors. With an aim to identify markers describing astrocytoma progression, we have carried out microarray analysis of astrocytoma samples of different grades using cDNA microarray containing 1152 cancer-specific genes. Data analysis identified several differentially regulated genes between normal brain tissue and astrocytoma as well as between grades II/III astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; grade IV). We found several genes known to be involved in malignancy including Achaete-scute complex-like 1 (Drosophila) (ASCL1; Hash 1). As ASCL has been implicated in neuroendocrine, medullary thyroid and small-cell lung cancers, we chose to examine the role of ASCL1 in the astrocytoma development. Our data revealed that ASCL1 is overexpressed in progressive astrocytoma as evidenced by increased levels of ASCL1 transcripts in 85.71% (6/7) of grade II diffuse astrocytoma (DA), 90% (9/10) of grade III anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 87.5% (7/8) of secondary GBMs, while the majority of primary de novo GBMs expressed similar to or less than normal brain levels (66.67%; 8/12). ASCL1 upregulation in progressive astrocytoma is accompanied by inhibition of Notch signaling as seen by uninduced levels of HES1, a transcriptional target of Notch1, increased levels of HES6, a dominant-negative inhibitor of HES1-mediated repression of ASCL1, and increased levels of Notch ligand Delta1, which is capable of inhibiting Notch signaling by forming intracellular Notch ligand autonomous complexes. Our results imply that inhibition of Notch signaling may be an important early event in the development of grade II DA and subsequent progression to grade III AA and secondary GBM. Furthermore, ASCL1 appears to be a putative marker to distinguish primary GBM from secondary GBM.

Inactivation of the Invasion Inhibitory Gene IIp45 by Alternative Splicing in Gliomas

The invasion inhibitory protein 45 (IIp45) we recently identified was underexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme, the most malignant form of glioma. The IIp45 gene is located at chromosome 1p36 where frequent deletions have been reported in various types of tumors, including gliomas, raising the possibility that IIp45 may be a classic tumor suppressor gene that can be inactivated by frequent point mutations. To test this hypothesis, we sequenced the IIp45 gene in 59 diffuse glioma samples of different grades and histologic subtypes and identified a possible point mutation or a rare polymorphism in only one sample (1.7%), suggesting that IIp45 is not a classic tumor suppressor gene such as p53. Instead, reverse transcription-PCR and subsequent sequencing results revealed a tumor-specific IIp45 spliced isoform (IIp45S) in 20 of 59 (34%) gliomas examined, particularly in glioblastoma multiformes, including native tissue samples (15 of 25; 60%) and cell lines (5 of 5; 100%). The alternative splicing event is independent of 1p36 deletion, which is not common in glioblastoma multiforme. The IIp45S transcript was not detected in any of 18 normal organs, including fetal and adult brain. We determined that the IIp45S isoform results from exclusion of IIp45 exon 7 and encodes a variant protein that carries a COOH terminus different from that of IIp45 due to a frame-shift mutation. IIp45S protein was undetectable in glioma tissues, although IIp45S mRNA was prevalent. We found that IIp45S, once translated, is rapidly degraded by an ubiquitin-proteasome mechanism. Thus, the IIp45 gene is inactivated by a tumor-specific alternative splicing that generates an aberrant and unstable IIp45 isoform in infiltrative gliomas.

Cdk9 regulates neural differentiation and its expression correlates with the differentiation grade of neuroblastoma and PNET tumors

Cdk9 is a member of the Cdc2-like family of kinases. Its cyclin partners are members of the family of cyclin T (T1, T2a ad T2b) and cyclin K. The Cdk9/cyclin T complex appears to be involved in regulating several physiological processes. Recently, Cdk9 has been identified as a regulator of the differentiation program of several cell types, such as muscle cells, monocytes and lymphocytes, suggesting that it may have a function in controlling specific differentiative pathways. We analyzed whether Cdk9 and Cyclin T1 may be involved in the regulation of neuron and astrocyte differentiation. Cdk9 and Cyclin T1 expression levels were monitored during the differentiation program of a neuroblastoma and an astrocytoma cell line. Our results suggest that Cdk9/Cyclin T1 complex may be required for neuron differentiation induced by retinoic acid, because the expression level of the complex varies during differentiation, but no significant changes were observed in its expression in the astrocytoma cell line. In addition, the expression of Cdk9 and Cyclin T1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in samples of neuroblastoma, PNET (Primary Neuroectodermal Tumor) and astrocytoma tumors of different grades, in order to assess whether there was a correlation between Cdk9 expression and tumor grading. Our results show that in neuroblastoma and PNET tumor samples Cdk9 is more expressed the more differentiated the tumor is. Conversely, no significant alteration of Cdk9 expression was observed in astrocytoma tumor samples of different grades, thus confirming the results obtained for the cell lines.

Differential protein expression in human gliomas and molecular insights

Gliomas are the most common of the primary intracranial tumors with astrocytomas constituting about 40%. Using clinically and histologically assessed astrocytomas, we have studied their protein profiles using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry approach and identified differentially expressed proteins which may be useful molecular indicators to understand these tumors. Examination of the protein profiles of 27 astrocytoma samples of different grades revealed 72 distinct, differentially expressed proteins belonging to various functional groups such as cytoskeleton and intermediate filament proteins, heat shock proteins (HSPs), enzymes and regulatory proteins. Based on the consistency of their differential expression, 29 distinct proteins could be short-listed and may have a role in the pathology of astrocytomas. Some were found to be differentially expressed in both Grade III and IV astrocytomas while others were associated with a particular grade. A notable observation was underexpression of Prohibitin, a potential tumor suppressor protein, Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor, Rho-GDI, a regulator of Rho GTPases and HSPs as well as destabilization of glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP, major protein of the glial filaments, in Grade III malignant tumors. We attempt to explain glioma malignancy and progression in terms of their combined role.

THE PHYLLOSILICATES IN DIAGENETIC-METAMORPHIC ROCKS OF THE SOUTH PORTUGUESE ZONE, SOUTHWESTERN PORTUGAL

Devonian and Carboniferous metasedimentary sequences in the southernmost sector of the Iberian Massif, part of the Hercynian Orogen in southwestern Portugal, contain shales and slates of low but variable metamorphic grade. These rocks have been studied by optical microscopy and XRD to obtain basic data on their clay mineralogy and crystal-chemical parameters (IC, the index of “crystallinity”, b and d001). Electron-microscopy techniques (SEM, HRTEM and AEM) have been used to characterize the textural relationships and chemical evolution of the minerals, mainly the phyllosilicates. A good correlation has been foun d between the data determined by XRD methods and by electron microscopy. The main mineral association is quartz + dioctahedral K-rich mica + feldspars, but Na–K intermediate mica, paragonite, kaolinite and chlorite also are present, although discontinuou sly. The thickness of crystallites measured directly from lattice-fringe images is related to the IC, providing information on the evolution of the metamorphism through the sequences, with decreasing IC from southwest to northeast. The IC values for both the Brejeira and Mira formations correspond to diagenesis and anchizone, the Mertola and Phyllite–Quartzite formations, to high anchizone–epizone, and the Pulo do Lobo Formation presents values typical of epizonal conditions. Despite this pattern of evolution, however, the changes in metamorphic grade are not progressive, and the abrupt changes found between the characterist ic values of each stratigraphic formation are interpreted as being associated with thrust surfaces. Textural data provide a clear contrast between the samples of different grade, with the lowest-grade samples showing a bedding-parallel microfabric and stacks of phyllosilicates. The most strongly metamorphosed pelites, on the other hand, present a crenulation-cleavage microfabr ic and a recrystallized matrix. As grade of metamorphism increases, crystal thickness increases and defects decrease in the phyllosilicates, although chlorite shows a higher density of strain-related defects than mica. There is wide scatter in the che mical data for both dioctahedral micas and chlorites, but some chemical characteristics can still be discerned. XRD and AEM reveal a tendency for the micas to be more similar to muscovite and less to illite with increasing metamorphic grade, although both compositions are present in all samples. The extent of phengitic substitution is extremely low, indicating low-pressure conditi ons. The formation of chlorite and its composition are mainly controlled by the host-rock composition.

Fluorescence of Petroleum Products II. Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots of Gasolines

Abstract The technique of three-dimensional fluorescence, first used in the forensic science analysis of motor oils and auto lubricants, is evaluated in the study of gasoline samples taken straight from the pump. The study includes ten samples of different grades and brands. No common spectral features attributable to brand or grade type could be shown. A program designed to determine the similarities or differences between two three-dimensional plots is employed to determine if two samples of gasoline could have a common source.

Determination of arsenic and antimony in niobium by radiochemical neutron activation—γ-spectrometry

A method for the determination of arsenic and antimony in niobium, with simultaneous determinations of Au, Cu and Mo, is described. The samples are irradiated for 12 h in a thermal neutron flux of 8 × 10 13 n cm -2 s -1 and then dissolved in hydrofluoric —nitric acid. After addition of various masking agents, and reduction with potassium iodide, As(III) and Sb(III) are extracted with diethylammoniumdiethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform. Before reduction, Au, Cu and Mo can be extracted as dithiocarbamates and determined. For samples of about 100 mg, the limits of detection are 10 pg g -1 for As, 20 pg g -1 for Sb, 0.8 pg g -1 for Au, 10 pg g -1 for Cu and 25 ng g -1 for Mo. Results are given for niobium samples of different grades of purity.

Synthèse des observations d'érosion-corrosion recueillies en centrale sur des circuits en vapeur humide

From the HP turbine up to and including the separator feed heaters, there has been considerable erosion-corrosion of carbon steels in the PWR stations under observation; it has affected about 35 % of surfaces with losses of thickness locally attaining 2.7 mm/10,000 h. This erosion-corrosion has been stopped at Chooz by morpholine treatment of the secondary circuit together with the use of finned elbow pieces. At Tihange, treatment with morpholine has caused a spectacular reduction in erosion-corrosion. Compared with ammonia treatment, total content of iron in the drain water from the separators has been reduced by a factor of 11 ; this value is strongly representative of erosion-corrosion phenomena. At Doel, despite the use of ammonia treatment, erosion-corrosion has been limited by the total demineralization unit and the use of finned elbow joints. At Fessenheim, one unit has been treated with ammonia and the other with morpholine. The former showed extensive destruction by erosion-corrosion, while in the latter there was repassivation after the adoption of morpholine as the treatment reagent. Samples of different grades of steel were placed under severe exposure conditions facing a flow of damp steam in various PWR stations. Useful information was obtained after 40,000 hours of test: - steels with low chromium content (Cr = 1 %) appear to be on the threshold of the appearance of erosion-corrosion phenomena, though these steels stand up well when used for elbow joints ; - steels containing about 2 % chromium are unaffected by erosion-corrosion and make it possible to avoid the use of austenitic steels, which are subject to corrosion under tension. While finned elbow joints improve the flow, the experiment with laminar elbows, of circular or elliptic section, divergent convergent, did not give the expected results. An attempt was made to reduce the humidity of the steam at the HP output by preseparation of the liquid phase using experimental equipment of the water-trap type. While 30 % of the water is recovered with this equipment, the slight reduction in the liquid film cannot prevent the electrochemical process of erosion-corrosion in a unsuppressed electrolytic environment. High-speed driers seem to be a solution to the problems of erosion-corrosion for the future in PWR stations; they would result in total elimination of humidity in the HP exhaust, and consequently remove ail problems of erosion-corrosion, whatever steels or treatments are used. The Studies and Research Division of Electricite de France has developed such devices : they are a special type of centifugal separator, consisting of separation cells placed in parallel in the linkage piping immediately after the HP turbine. Two experimental units have been installed since 1980 in the Le Bugey station. The humidities attained at the output from them are less than 0.1 %, thus bringing us back to the classical conditions in the steam turbines of fossil-fuel power stations, and eliminating all erosion-corrosion problems. If the test results were confirmed, the very substantial reduction in the size of the separators should make it possible to lower the cost of the drier-feed heaters, and in general that of the machine room.

魚肉腐敗中の揮発性脂肪酸のガスクロマトグラフィーによる分離・定量

In the process of spoilage of fish meat or its food products, it is known that the volatile fatty acids increase in amount with the progress of spoilage, and it is supposed that the composition of the acids may also be altered. The author devised a easy method of separating and estimating esters of the acids by converting the acids into methyl esters first, and then by using gas-liquid chromatography with PEG-600 as stationary liquid phase and hydrogen as carrier gas at the temperature of 60°C. With this method, the presence of volatile acids such as formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric and iso-butyric acid was confirmed in the samples of different grade of quality, including mackerel, tuna and fish sausage. During esterification process, it was disclosed that comparatively little loss observed in the amount of methylmercaptan, which existed with volatile acids in the distilate from spoiled fish sample. In addition, no ethylmercaptan was found in these samples.

Ocorrência de halófilos vermelhos em sal e reprodução do "Vermelhão" em charque, pele salgada de bovino e peixe salgado

The author studies bacteriologically 90 samples of different grades of industrial solar salt and also 5 samples of refined table salt, in order to know the extension of the occurrence of chromogenic halophilic organisms in these products. The percent of contamination of the different grades of salt was high (82 out of 95 samples). The occurrence of this kind of organisms in industrial solar salt is almost a common fact but the finding of the same kind of bacteria in refined salt is not a normal one because according to the sanitary regulations this grade of salt must be sterilized and do not contain bacteria, mainly halophils, which are thermolabil organisms being killed in 5 minutes at 65 °C. From the 82 halophils isolated from 95 samples of salt, only 64 were included in the genus Halobacterium but no species were determined due to the peculiar difficulties in studying these bacteria and also to the insufficient number or tests and sharp differential characteristics for a more reliable classification. The interpretation of the biochemical tests and the morphological findings is also difficult (ex: motility, slow motility and no motility)- It seems to us that there is no sufficient reason for the existence of 5 species of Halobacterium because the difference between species is very fault of sufficient sharp biochemical and morphological characteristics. From the cultures isolated from salt, 80 were reproduced on the surface of different salted protein products ( hides, fish, meat) and 2 failed to do so. The growth on the salted products is less luxurious and has not so a bad smell and color shade as compared to naturally infected products. The best material for the reproduction test of ‘reddening’ were the salted hide pieces. We do not know yet the reason of that fact. There exists the opinion between technicians and industry men that the stocking of marine salt eliminates many chemical and also bacterial contaminants from the salt. In order to test this point, we reexamined 40 positive samples of salt after holding them for about 36 months in laboratory conditions. After that long time, only one of the samples was negative for halophils and the remainder 39 were still positive. This experience proves that stocking of solar salt is not sufficient for the destruction of the red halophils which are the causing agents of “reddening” of salted protein products.

水添魚油の泡立ちに關する研究(第2報)

In the previous report we observed the high foam when some foods were fried with the partially reduced sardine oil, and assumed that the foaming tendency of the oil is caused by the partially reduced highly unsaturated fatty acid. To prove our assumption we prepared the methyl esters of several unsaturated fatty acids e. g., highly unsaturated, linolenic, linolic, and oleic acid. Each methyl ester was reduced at 150°C. During reduction of each ester we took the samples of different grade of reduction and observed the height of foaming when it was used as frying oil. Estimation of the height of foaming has been carried out as follows: Apparatus-(Fig. I.)-the apparatus shall consist of the following (a) Test tube-A standard test tube, 40mm in inside diameter and 150mm in length. It may be marked with a filling line, 10cc above bottom. (b) Wet filter paper-Filter paper (diameter 50mm) is wet with 0.5cc of test water and folded up to little size (smaller than diameter of test tube) with copper wire. (c) Thermometer-A thermometer is a normal type from 0°C to 360°C. (d) Volume of ester-10cc Procedure-10cc of the sample (ester) is put into the test tube and heated as 180°C. Then wet filter paper is immersed in the heated ester. The foam is produced by boiling of the water of wet filterpaper. The height of the foam is varied during boiling. We defined that the height of foaming is the highest foaming from the surface. By those experiments we confirmed that the foaming tendency of the partially reduced sardine oil as frying oil is caused by the partially reduced highly unsaturated fatty acid.