Chicken Meat Samples Research Articles

Antibiotic Residues in fresh Chicken, Fish and Beef Meat samples in ‎Maiduguri, Nigeria

Prudent use of antibiotics in animal industry is essential for treatment of diseases and preventive measure. However, uncontrolled use of these agents in large amounts and consistently could result in the formation of antibiotic residues in muscle and organs of animal. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic residue in fresh meats in Maiduguri. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to December 2022 to determine the antibiotic residue in 3 sources of meat samples. A total of 150 fresh meat samples (chicken, fish and beef) were collected from different sale points Maiduguri, and analyzed using a Premi® Test kit (R-Biopharm AG, Germany), a microbial screening commercial test kit for the detection of antibiotic residues. The results showed an overall antibiotic residue of 127/150 (84.7%) meat samples were positive for antibiotic residues. High antibiotic residues was found in Chicken meats 47/50 (94%), followed by fish 43/50 (86%), and beef 37/50 (74%). The results in this study show the presence of antibiotic residues in meat. Therefore, it is recommended that effective legislation on antibiotic use in animals should be enforced.

Rapid and sensitive detection of tetracycline residue in food samples using Cr(III)-MOF fluorescent sensor

As tetracycline antibiotics were used in the poultry sector, their residue in edible animal products may adversely affect food safety and human health. The development of selective and sensitive tetracycline sensors has garnered a lot of interest due to the complexity of food samples. Therefore, a fluorescent sensing probe based on chromium(III)-metal–organic framework was developed for the rapid detection of tetracycline. After the addition of tetracycline, blue emission at λem 410 nm was effectively quenched by the interaction between TC and Cr(III)-metal–organic framework material. Under optimized conditions (sensor concentration: 30 mg/L and pH: 10.0), the sensing probe showed a fast response time (1 min), and low detection limit (0.78 ng/mL) with a linear range (5–45 ng/mL). Interestingly, the Cr(III)-metal–organic framework was successfully applied to quantity tetracycline residue in chicken meat and egg samples with recoveries of 95.17–06.93%. To deduce, our work can provide a new strategy for the direct detection of tetracycline in food samples.

Biorisk Management and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Biofilm producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Broiler Chicken: A Public Health Concern

Control of biosecurity and biosecurity within poultry consists of a set of practical measures meant to prevent and control the spread of disease between people and animals. Infections, caused mainly by zoonotic agents, occur frequently due to the lack of safety monitoring regulations, as well as the inappropriate use of antimicrobial products, leading to the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often known as the MDR pathogen has evolved resistance to multiple antibiotics. Because of its propensity to build biofilms in meat and other food products, P. aeruginosa is even more resilient to the phenomenon of drug resistance which is a major public health issue. Standard microbiological and biochemical tests were used to isolate and identify P. aeruginosa from a total of 100 meat samples (20 from each district from broiler chicken meat) gathered from various butcher shops and supermarkets. The Kirby Bauer method was used to identify antibiotic resistance, while the microtiter plate test was used to monitor biofilm formation. It was found that P. aeruginosa was identified from 22% of the broiler chicken meat samples and showed resistance to Cloxacillin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and meropenem, followed by linezolid, streptomycin, amikacin, compound sulphonamide, aztreonam and cefepime which showed intermediate resistance. Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) was calculated as 0.45 for a total of 11 antibiotics. Also, all 22 MDR isolates of P. aeruginosa tested positive for the presence of the biofilm. In conclusion, it was determined that chicken meat was contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and these strains that produce biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics. Thus, there is a serious threat to public health from biofilm-forming isolates found in broiler chickens.

The occurrence and molecular detection of mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry and poultry meats in Malaysia.

The advent of antimicrobials-resistant (AMR), including colistin-resistant bacteria, poses a significant challenge to animal and human health, food safety, socio-economic growth, and the global environment. This study aimed to ascertain the colistin resistance prevalence and molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The colistin resistance was determined using broth microdilution assay, PCR; and Sanger sequencing of mcr genes responsible for colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae (n = 627), including Escherichia coli (436), Salmonella spp. (n = 140), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 51), obtained from chicken and chicken meats. Out of 627 Enterobacteriaceae, 8.6% of isolates exhibited colistin resistance phenotypically. Among these colistin resistant isolates, 9.3% (n = 37) were isolated from chicken meat, 7.2% (n = 11) from the cloacal swab of chicken and 7.9% (n = 6) from the litter samples. Overall, 12.96% of colistin-resistant isolates were positive with mcr genes, in which mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes were determined in 11.11% and 1.85% of colistin-resistant isolates, respectively. The E. coli isolates obtained from chicken meats, cloacal swabs and litter samples were found positive for mcr-1, and Salmonella spp. originated from the chicken meat sample was observed with mcr-5, whereas no mcr genes were observed in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from any of the collected samples. The other colistin resistance genes, including mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-6, mcr-7, mcr-8, mcr-9, and mcr-10 were not detected in the studied samples. The mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes were sequenced and found to be 100% identical to the mcr-1 and mcr-5 gene sequences available in the NCBI database. This is the first report of colistin resistance mcr-5 gene in Malaysia which could portend the emergence of mcr-5 harboring bacterial strains for infection. Further studies are needed to characterize the mr-5 harbouring bacteria for the determination of plasmid associated with mcr-5 gene.

Sulfonamides and β-lactam antibiotic residues and human health risk assessment in commercial chicken meat sold in Nairobi City, Kenya

The use of antibiotic pharmaceuticals in chicken husbandry has risen steadily over time. Antibiotic residues in chicken meat poses risks to human health in addition to their contribution to the advancement of antibiotic resistance. Despite the increased use of antibiotics in chicken farming in Kenya, assessments of the residues and human exposure have not been conducted. In this study, the sulfonamides (SAs); sulfapyridine (SPD), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) and the β-lactams (βLs); ampicillin (AMP), penicillin G (PEG) and amoxicillin (AMX) were determined in three chicken meat types; ex-layers, broilers, and indigenous meat marketed in Nairobi City, Kenya. Residual SAs ranged from 0.1 to 154.4 μg kg−1, with SPD recording the highest concentration in ex-layers’ chicken meat samples. A range of 19.7 to 309.0 μg kg−1of BLs was found, where the highest amount represented AMX in ex-layers. Mean AMX contents in all chicken types, and AMP in broilers were above the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). For SAs, only SPD mean content was above MRL in ex-layers. Human health risks from exposure to antibiotic-contaminated chicken meat was evaluated using % ADI. All tested βLs were of no risk (<1% ADI) to human health. SPD and SDZ posed considerable risk (1–5% ADI) in some chicken meat, whereas SPD in ex-layers’ chicken meat posed distinctive risk (>5% ADI) to children. Considering the co-occurrence of different types of antibiotics in same samples, obtained MRLs and % ADI (for some of the antibiotics) are indicative of potential human health risks. Information is valuable in provoking response from concerned agencies and fostering activities that advocate for judicious use of antibiotics.

Occurrence of mcr genes and alterations in mgrB gene in intrinsic colistin- resistant Enterobacterales isolated from chicken meat samples

BackgroundTolerance of gram negative pathogens toward last resort colistin is mediated by mcr genes and alterations in chromosomal mgrB via modification of lipopolysaccharide through the PmrAB and PhoPQ component system. Proteus sp., Morganella sp., Neisseria sp., Burkholderia sp. and Providencia sp. are intrinsic resistant to colistin drug. Recent reports have shown that colistin intrinsic resistant organisms harbor and act as reservoirs for mcr genes. AimTo evaluate the presence of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes and alterations in mgrB gene in intrinsic colistin-resistant gram negative bacteria isolated from chicken meat samples in Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. MethodsOne hundred chicken meat samples were collected during 2019–20. Samples were enriched and plated on MacConkey agar supplemented with colistin (2 μg/ml). The bacterial isolates were then identified using biochemical tests. DNA were extracted from isolates using the thermal lysis method. mcr-1 to mcr-5 and mgrB genes was detected using conventional PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis methods. Result and conclusionThe presence of mcr-1 to mcr-5 genes was found to be 23 % (23/100). mcr-1 and mcr-5 genes were not detected in sample isolates. 17/23 samples positive for mcr genes were also found to be carrying alterations in mgrB gene. Phenotypic characterization of these isolates revealed that these bacteria were belonging to colistin intrinsic resistant gram negative bacteria such as Proteus sp., Providencia sp., and Morganella sp. Intrinsic resistant bacteria could act as a potential reservoir and disseminate mcr genes to the colistin sensitive non-intrinsic pathogens of clinical importance in the environment.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella spp. Isolated From Chilled Chicken Meat Commercialized at Retail in Federal District, Brazil

Salmonella represents one of the most common foodborne pathogens, frequently associated with the contamination of poultry products, constituting a prominent worldwide public health concern. This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in chilled chicken meat (115 samples) commercialized at retail in the Federal District, Brazil. Microbiological tests were performed to screen for Salmonella spp. in the chicken meat samples, and the isolated strains were confirmed by the invA gene presence (PCR technique). The strains were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disk diffusion technique (Kirby-Bauer method) and tested for the presence of the sul2, blaCTX, and tetB antimicrobial resistance genes. The Salmonella spp. prevalence in chilled chicken meat sold at retail in the Federal District, Brazil, was 46.1% (53 of 115 chicken meat samples analyzed had invA gene-positive strains). Seventy-eight strains of Salmonella spp. isolated from the 53 contaminated samples showed higher resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (83.3%), followed by sulfonamide (64.1%) and tetracycline (46.2%); 53.8% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The sul2 gene that confers resistance to sulfonamide was found in 53 strains (68.0%), the blaCTX gene that confers resistance to beta-lactams was identified in 39 strains (50.0%), and the tetB gene that confers resistance to tetracycline was identified in 29 strains (37.2%). The high percentage of Salmonella contamination in chicken meat can pose a risk to consumers’ health due to the possibility of causing salmonellosis. In addition, many isolates were MDR and carried antimicrobial resistance genes. Public agencies can use these results to develop effective public health policies and strategies to ensure the safety of these food products.

Prevalence and Distribution of Thermotolerant Campylobacter Species in Poultry: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on the Factors Affecting the Detection and Enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Chicken Meat

It is well known that the strong-evidence foodborne outbreaks of human campylobacteriosis are associated with the consumption of raw or incompletely thermally processed poultry meat, whereas broilers act as the main reservoir for Campylobacter species. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are the two main species of campylobacters detected in chicken meat, while they account for almost 90% of the reported cases of campylobacteriosis in humans. Over 80% of these cases are attributed to C. jejuni and about 10% of them are due to C. coli. Therefore, until recently the dominance of C. jejuni against all other Campylobacter spp. isolated from chicken meat samples was well-established and unquestionable. Lately, however, C. coli has been increasingly recovered from chicken meat to such an extent that it is now evident that it often comprises the dominant species among the identified campylobacters in the meat samples. This work attempts for the first time a detailed review of the literature to deepen into this noteworthy epidemiological swift in the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli, along with the distribution of Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat. Factors such as the sampling method followed for screening campylobacters in broiler carcasses (e.g., swabs or carcass rinsates, skinned or skinless meat excised samples) and part of the animal carcass from which the sample is obtained (e.g., neck, breast, leg), seasonality of sampling (summer vs. winter) and environmental conditions (e.g., rainfall, relative humidity) at the farm level, the isolation procedure (enumeration or detection) and pathogen identification (biochemical or molecular), the enrichment and plating isolation media (e.g., Bolton vs. Preston broth, charcoal-based vs. chromogenic agars), as well as the biofilm-forming ability of different campylobacters, highlight the multivariate dimension of the phenomenon and are thoroughly discussed in the present review.

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from poultry and poultry products

Overall occurrence of Escherichia coli in the current study was 7.55% and corresponding group wise occurrence was 13%, 2.66%, 10% and 7% in a faecal and cloacal samples, environmental samples, Retailer’s shop’s samples, and restaurant samples respectively. Amongst the different type of samples processed, highest recovery was from samples collected at poultry farms (13%) followed by Retailer’s shop (10%) suggesting heavy infection and contamination occurring at the initial points of poultry chain. In this study, four isolates failed to exhibit pathogenic potential of E. coli by using in - vitro pathogenic assays viz. Congo red dye binding assay and haemolysis by using 5% sheep blood agar, also turned out to be negative on virulent marker based PCR, suggesting proficient efficacy of targeted genes viz. ecp and uidA for precise and time saving determination of pathogenic potential of E. coli isolates. Besides, one isolate recovered from raw chicken meat sample showed resistance against all 15 antibiotics and other two isolates recovered from litter samples showed resistance against 14 antibiotics suggesting development of multi-drug resistance in common food pathogens, against the most widely used and effective drug of choices in animal as well as human medicine.

The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in Japan and Thailand.

Poultry meat is a popular food consumed globally. However, poultry farming is a source of Salmonella contamination which causes human salmonellosis. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Salmonella among chickens and meat at poultry slaughterhouses in province study areas in Thailand and Japan. Chicken meat and feces samples were collected in Thailand and Japan. In Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, 558 samples were obtained from slaughterhouses from January 2021 to March 2022. In Gifu Prefecture, Japan, 140 samples (70 each of intestinal contents and meat) were purchased from slaughterhouses from June to October 2022. For Salmonella detection, the samples were cultivated according to the International Organization for Standardization 6579:2002/AMD 1:2007 method and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agglutination tests for serotyping. Isolated Salmonella were tested for AMR to nine antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Selected phenotypic multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates were evaluated for AMR genes (AMRGs) using PCR. Salmonella prevalence from chickens and meat at slaughterhouses in Thailand and Japan was 41.2% and 40.7%, respectively. All the Salmonella isolates in Japan were serotyped as Schwarzengrund, and no Salmonella isolates were resistant to the nine antibiotics tested. In contrast, most of the Thai Salmonella isolates from chicken cloacal swabs and meat were resistant to doxycycline (78.3%) and colistin (63.5%). The prevalence of MDR Salmonella (MDRS) in chickens and meat from Thailand and Japan was 29.1% (67/230) and 0% (0/57), respectively. However, the most frequent AMRGs found in MDRS in Thailand were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-Temoneira (ESBL-TEM) (45.1%). All isolated Salmonella from Japan revealed a class 1 integron gene (Int-1). Phenotypic MDRS isolates from Thailand showed the greatest correlation to AMRG and ESBL-TEM. Although there were no phenotypic AMR Salmonella isolates found in Japan, they can be found associated with Int-1, which may carry other AMRGs within the gene cassettes.

Effect of the gelatin mixed with titanium dioxide nanoparticles as active packaging on bacterial growth and some characteristics of refrigerated chicken meat

This study was carried out to preparation of the gelatin film alone and gelatin mixed with TiO2 NPs at concentration at (2%) and (4%) as active films and determine the antibacterial effect of the active films against total bacterial count, also evaluate the chemical and physical properties of refrigerated chicken meat during 16 day. To reach the goal of the study, we counted total bacterial count, chemical parameters such as pH value and Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) as well as physical parameters that include water holding capacity of chicken meat samples storage without coated (control) T1, coated with gelatin alone T2, gelatin with TiO2 NPs at (2%) T3 and gelatin with TiO2 NPs at (4%) T4. The results showed that The total bacterial count in samples were coated by active film was significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05), compare with samples coated by gelatin alone and samples without coated. The a significant increase in the pH and TBA value with advance the storage period in all groups of chicken meat samples, while the rate increasing was significantly lowest in the T3 and T4 compared with T1 and T2 group. The water holding capacity (WHC) were significantly decrease with the increased of the storage period, and the rate decreasing was significantly lowest in the samples were coated by gelatin alone and gelatin incorporated with NPs. It was concluded from this study the gelatin mixed with TiO2 NPs helped to increased shelf life of chicken meat samples for 16 day storage in refrigerator at 4 º C.

Design and Testing of Electrosurgery Unit

Bleeding during surgery is common in major surgical operations. So, it is not recommended to make an incision using a conventional scalpel. As an alternative to replacing a conventional scalpel, an electric scalpel or know as electrosurgery unit (ESU) is made by utilizing a high frequency whose duty cycle can be adjusted and then being focused on one point is a solution to prevent bleeding. This research will design a bipolar electric scalpel or bipolar electrosurgical unit with a frequency of 210-250 KHz and an input voltage of 50-90 VDC to perform pure cuts on chicken meat samples. The box pulse frequency will be generated from IC 4069. The output of the oscillator generator will read the high and low voltage on the Arduino Nano digital pin. The current will be amplified at the oscillator output and then processed in the inverter driver circuit. The selection of the DC input voltage will use a voltage driver circuit. The inverter driver output and voltage driver will be step-up to get a maximum power of 10.4W with a resistance of 100Ω at a frequency setting of 210 KHz and an input voltage of 90 VDC and a minimum power of 1.4W with a resistance of 100Ω at a frequency setting of 250 KHz and input voltage 50 VDC.

Research Note: Detection of Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat using culture methods and quantitative PCR with propidium monoazide

Globally, Campylobacter spp. are prominent causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis. These pathogens are commonly detected using conventional culture methods; however, culture methods are unable to detect viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria. Currently, the detection rate of Campylobacter spp. on chicken meat does not correlate with the seasonal peak of human campylobacteriosis. We hypothesized that this may be due to the presence of undetectable VBNC Campylobacter spp. Therefore, we previously established a quantitative PCR assay using propidium monoazide (PMA-qPCR), which can detect viable Campylobacter cells. In this study, PMA-qPCR was conducted to detect viable Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat, and the detection rates of PMA-qPCR and the culture method throughout all 4 seasons were compared. A total of 105 chicken meat samples (whole legs, breast fillets, and livers) were screened for the presence of Campylobacter spp. using both PMA-qPCR and the conventional culture method. The detection rates of the 2 methods did not differ significantly; however, the positive and negative samples were not always consistent. Detection rates in March were significantly lower compared to months with the highest detection rates. These results suggest that, to increase the detection rate of Campylobacter spp., the 2 methods should be used in parallel. In this study, PMA-qPCR could not detect VBNC Campylobacter spp. effectively in C. jejuni-spiked chicken meat. Further studies using improved viability-qPCR should be performed to describe the impact of the VBNC state of Campylobacter spp. on the detection of this bacterium in chicken meat.

Comparison of The Effectiveness of Campylobacter Growth Ability in Culture Media Added Supplements Lysed Sheep's Blood with Lysed Cow's Blood in Chicken Meat Samples

Blood is a good growth medium for bacteria by preventing the accumulation of toxic oxygen (peroxide and superoxide) and increasing the growth ability of these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of lysed sheep blood and lysed cow blood as a substitute for lysed horse blood on Campylobacter growth media, as well as evaluate the growth of Campylobacter from chicken meat samples on culture media supplemented with lysed sheep blood and lysed cow blood compared to the media cultures using lysed horse blood supplements. The concentration of lysed sheep blood, lysed cow blood, and lysed horse blood used was 5% each. The chicken meat samples used in this study were 30 samples. Based on the results, 14 samples of C. jejuni bacteria showed the ability to grow up to 107 and 16 samples up to 106. In the media added with lysed cow blood supplement only one sample was able to grow up to 106, 17 samples grew up to 105, and 12 samples grew up to 104. These results statistically used the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test indicating a significant difference significant (P0.05). Further tests using post hoc least significance different (LSD) showed a comparison of the average growth in lysed horse blood, lysed sheep blood, and lysed cow blood significantly different (P 0.05), while the average value of each treatment was the addition of lysed horse blood supplements, lysed sheep blood, and cow blood consecutive lysis was 8.551 ± 0.340, 7.117 ± 0.544, and 5.265 ± 0.548. The addition of lysed sheep blood and lysed cow blood to bolton broth media in this study can be used for C. jejuni isolation. However, the blood of lysed sheep had a higher effectiveness in the ability to grow C. jejuni, which was close to the ability to grow with the addition of lysed horse blood as a control, compared to the addition of lysed cow blood.

Prevalence of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from poultry meat: virulence and antimicrobial-resistant genes

Salmonellosis, a zoonotic disease, is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness worldwide. It is responsible for most infections caused by consumption of contaminated food. In recent years, a significant increase in the resistance of these bacteria to common antibiotics has been observed, posing a serious threat to global public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of virulent antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. strains in Iranian poultry markets. A total of 440 chicken meat samples were randomly selected from meat supply and distribution facilities in Shahrekord and tested for bacteriological contamination. After culturing and isolating the strains, identification was performed using the classical bacteriological method and PCR. To determine antibiotic resistance, a disc diffusion test was performed according to the recommendations of the French Society of Microbiology. PCR was used to detect resistance and virulence genes. Only 9% of the samples were positive for Salmonella. These were Salmonella typhimurium isolates. All Salmonella typhimurium serotypes tested positive for the rfbJ, fljB, invA and fliC genes. Resistance to TET, cotrimoxazole, NA, NIT, piperacillin/tazobactam and other antibiotics was found in 26 (72.2%), 24 (66.7%), 22 (61.1%) and 21 (58.3%) isolates, respectively. The sul1, sul2 and sul3 genes were present in 20, 12 and 4 of 24 cotrimoxazole-resistant bacteria, respectively. Chloramphenicol resistance was found in six isolates, but more isolates tested positive for the floR and cat two genes. In contrast, 2 (33%) of the cat three genes, 3 (50%) of the cmlA genes and 2 (34%) of the cmlB genes were all positive. The results of this investigation showed that Salmonella typhimurium is the most common serotype of the bacterium. This means that most of the antibiotics commonly used in the livestock and poultry industries are ineffective against most Salmonella isolates, which is important for public health.

Garlic As Antibacterial in Lactose Fermenter Enterobacteriaceae

This study attempts to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of three varieties of garlic (single garlic, kating garlic, and black garlic) on the growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp, Klebsiella sp. from chicken meat samples. Treatment Kating garlic, single garlic, and black garlic at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, 100%. This study observed the inhibition zone on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) media that had been planted with bacterial isolates. The inhibition test uses the disk diffusion method. The findings revealed that kating garlic and single garlic showed inhibition zones against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella sp. bacteria. Meanwhile, black garlic did not show an inhibition zone against E. coli bacteria, but showed an inhibition zone against Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Kating garlic had the largest bacterial inhibition zone against E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., followed by single garlic.

The Effects of Yoghurt Acid Whey Marination on Quality Parameters of Pork and Chicken Meat.

Large amounts of yoghurt acid whey (YAW) are annually generated as a result of Greek-style yoghurt production, which poses a great hazard to the environment. In terms of sustainability, YAW application in the meat industry appears as a great alternative since meat marination with natural solutions is a practice that continuously gains ground due to its positive effects on meat sensory attributes. The aim of the present study was to determine the quality characteristics and oxidative status of pork and chicken meat after their marination in yoghurt acid whey. Forty samples per meat type were randomly assigned into five groups: CON, without YAW marination; YAW1 and YAW3, in which meat was marinated at 4 °C and a pH of 4.5 for 15 and 10 h, respectively; or YAW2 and YAW4, in which meat was handled as in the YAW1 and YAW3 group, respectively, while hesperidin at 2 g/L was also incorporated into the marinade. As shown, meat shear force values were decreased in pork but not in chicken meat samples. Meat pH values were also generally decreased, while lightness was increased in raw but not in cooked meat samples as an effect of marination. Moreover, meat oxidative stability was improved to a greater extent in chicken than in pork meat. In order to find the ideal marination period for pork meat, we further immersed it into YAW for 5 h. However, this treatment affected neither meat tenderness and the other quality properties nor meat oxidation rates. In general, hesperidin addition did not have an additional or side effect on the quality traits of pork and chicken meat. As it can be concluded, pork meat marination in YAW for 10-15 h improves tenderness, but 5 h of marination does not. On the other hand, the tenderness of chicken meat was not affected, but its oxidative stability was greatly improved after remaining in the YAW marinade for 10-15 h.

Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages from soil against food spoilage and foodborne pathogenic bacteria

Microbial food spoilage and foodborne disease are the main challenges in the food industry regarding food shelf life. Current preservation methods are frequently associated with changes in organoleptic characteristics and loss of nutrients. For this reason, bacteriophage offers an alternative natural method as a biocontrol agent that can reduce bacterial contamination in food without altering the organoleptic properties. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteriophage from soil to control food spoilage bacteria, such as Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and foodborne pathogenic bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Isolation was done by agar overlay assay method, and phages BC-S1, BS-S2, ETEC-S3, and EHEC-S4 were recovered. The host range of all isolated phages tended to be narrow and had high specificity towards the specific bacteria. The phage efficiency were measured where ETEC-S3 showed no effectivity against B. cereus and EHEC-S4 showed low efficiency against Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). Morphology analysis was conducted for phage BC-S1 and ETEC-S3 with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and it is shown to belong to the Caudovirales order. Phages BC-S1 and BS-S2 significantly reduced the host bacteria when applied to the cooked rice and pasteurized milk samples with miMOI of 0.1. While phage ETEC-S3 at miMOI of 0.001 and phage EHEC-S4 at miMOI of 1 also showed a significant reduction when applied to chicken meat and lettuce samples at storage temperatures of 4 °C and 28 °C. The highest bacterial reduction of 100% was shown by phage BC-S1 on pasteurized milk samples and reduction up to 96.06% by phage ETEC-S3 on chicken meat samples at 28 °C incubation.

Microbial and Heavy Metal Assessment of Meat Samples from Ranched and Non-ranched Domestic Animals Sold at Gariki Market, Enugu State, Nigeria

Studies were carried out to evaluate the microbial and heavy metal contamination of meat samples from ranched and non-ranched domestic animals sold at Gariki market, Enugu State, using standard analytical and biochemical procedures and instrumentation.The meat samples from the ranched and non-ranched domestic animals (goat, cow, pig and chicken) were procured at slaughter from the Gariki market and under ice condition transported to the laboratory for microbial and heavy metal analysis. Ranched goat meat, non-ranched goat meat, non-ranched cow meat, ranched cow meat, indoor-reared pork meat, out-door reared chicken meat and in-door reared chicken meat samples had mean Cd values ranging from 0.110- 0.292 µg/g; Pb, 0.176 -0.505µg/g and Cu, 1.303 -5.972µg/g.The mean levels of the investigated heavy metals in the meat samples were statistically significant. Meat samples procured from the non- ranched domestic animals and some ranched or in-door reared ones (cow and pig) had mean Cd levels at toxic level. Mean Pb value in the non –ranched cow meat samples followed the same trend. The pathogenic bacteria of interest to food scientists namely, S. aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Salmonella enteritidis were isolated in the meat samples from the domestic animals. The range of mean bacterial counts of S.aureus, Streptococcus spp. and Salmonella enteritidis in the ranched goat meat, non-ranched goat meat, non –ranched cow meat, ranched cow meat, in-door-reared pork meat, out-door reared chicken meat and in-door reared chicken meat samples were 1.04 × 102 – 1.73× 10 8 Cfu/g. 1.14×102 – 2.64 × 106 Cfu/g and 0.82 ×102 -3.92×105 Cfu/g respectively. With the inclusion of ranched cow meat and in-door reared pork meat samples, the meat samples from the non-ranched domestic animals had mean bacterial counts of the isolated pathogenic organisms above threshold limits. The quality of meat samples from the non-ranched (out-door reared) domestic animals sold at Gariki market, could be said to be more burdened by heavy metal and microbial contamination, which apart from decreasing the nutritive quality of the meats, also portends food safety challenges to the consumers.

Genomic Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant Campylobacterales Isolated from Chilean Poultry Meat.

Due to the lack of knowledge about Campylobacterales in the Chilean poultry industry, the objective of this research was to know the prevalence, resistance, and genotypes of Campylobacter, Arcobacter and Helicobacter in 382 samples of chicken meat purchased in Valdivia, Chile. The samples were analyzed using three isolation protocols. Resistance to four antibiotics was evaluated by phenotypic methods. Genomic analyses were performed on selected resistant strains to detect resistance determinants and their genotypes. A total of 59.2% of the samples were positive. Arcobacter butzleri (37.4%) was the most prevalent species, followed by Campylobacter jejuni (19.6%), C. coli (11.3%), A. cryaerophilus (3.7%) and A. skirrowii (1.3%). Helicobacter pullorum (14%) was detected by PCR in a subset of samples. Campylobacter jejuni was resistant to ciprofloxacin (37.3%) and tetracycline (20%), while C. coli and A. butzleri were resistant to ciprofloxacin (55.8% and 2.8%), erythromycin (16.3% and 0.7%) and tetracycline (4.7% and 2.8%), respectively. Molecular determinants were consistent with phenotypic resistance. The genotypes of C. jejuni (CC-21, CC-48, CC-49, CC-257, CC-353, CC-443, CC-446 and CC-658) and C. coli (CC-828) coincided with genotypes of Chilean clinical strains. These findings suggest that besides C. jejuni and C. coli, chicken meat could play a role in the transmission of other pathogenic and antibiotic-resistant Campylobacterales.