Pieces Of Samples Research Articles

Microbial Profile of Smoked Fish Sold in Selected Markets in Ibadan Metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria

Aim: Smoked fish is a widely consumed food and protein source prepared in various cultures around the world. The aim of this study was to determine microbial load of smoked fish sold in select markets in Ibadan, Oyo State. Methodology: A total of 36 samples of 4 different fish species; Mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Sardine (Sardinela eba), Panla (Gadus morhua) and Cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) were sourced from three different market locations. Three pieces of whole smoke-dried fish samples of each of these four species was collected at three different markets. These samples were purchased from Taska market, Adelabu market, and Molete market, all situated in Ibadan Metropolis. Results: The study identified microorganisms; Listeria monocytogenes (15%), staphylococcus aureus (15%), Vibrio paraheamolyticus (10%), Salmonella sp. (15%), Pseudomonas sp. (15%), Aeromonas sp (15%)., and Escherichia coli (15%) from the samples. The presence of these bacteria pose a health risk as some of them have been reported in previous studies as hazardous for human consumption. The Multiple Antibiotics Resistance (MAR) Index of bacterial isolates showed some isolates displayed high resistance (e.g., Listeria monocytogenes with a MAR Index of 1.0) and others showing lower resistance levels (e.g., Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Salmonella sp., both with a MAR Index of 0.1). Conclusion: The presence of these bacteria in smoked-fish sample is a cause for concern because it suggests that the fish is contaminated with pathogenic bacteria that have survived the smoking process. Caution should be exercised in consuming smoked-dried fish displayed openly, reheating and prolonged cooking may be necessary to deactivate such micro-organisms before consumption.

A Computer Vision Model for Seaweed Foreign Object Detection Using Deep Learning

Seaweed foreign object detection has become crucial for food consumption and industrial use. This process not only can prevent potential health issues, but also maintain the overall marketability of seaweed production in the food industry. Traditional methods of inspecting seaweed foreign objects heavily rely on human judgment, which deals with large volumes with diverse impurities and can be inconsistent and inefficient. An automation system for real-time seaweed foreign object detection in the inspection process should be adopted. However, automated seaweed foreign object detection has several challenges due to its dependency on visual input inspection, such as an uneven surface and undistinguishable impurities. In fact, limited access to advanced technologies and high-cost equipment would also influence visual input acquisition, thereby hindering the advancement of seaweed foreign object detection in this field. Therefore, we introduce a computer vision model utilizing a deep learning-based algorithm to detect seaweed impurities and classify the samples into ‘clean’ and ‘unclean’ categories. In this study, we managed to identify six types of seaweed impurities including sand sticks, shells, discolored seaweed, grass, worm shells, and mixed impurities. We collected 1204 images and our model’s performance was thoroughly evaluated based on comparisons with three pre-trained models, i.e., Yolov8, ResNet, and MobileNet. Our experiment shows that Yolov8 outperforms the other two models with an accuracy of 98.86%. This study also included the development of an Android application to validate the deep learning engine to ensure its optimal performance. Based on our experiments, the mobile application managed to classify 50 pieces of seaweed samples within 0.2 s each, showcasing its potential use in large-scale production lines and factories. This research demonstrates the impact of Artificial Intelligence on food safety by offering a scalable and efficient solution that can be deployed in other food production processes facing similar challenges. Our approach paves the way for broader industry adoption and advancements in automated foreign object detection systems by optimizing detection accuracy and speed.

Middle-Level Fusion YOLO on Multispectral Image to Detect Unhealthy Oil Palm Trees

Abstract Locating the unhealthy oil palm trees is one of the essential things in precision agriculture. In several countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, Ganoderma disease often attacks oil palm trees. Detection techniques using leaf sample pieces, the possibility of biological changes in the leaf, and the collection process are too tricky. Detection techniques using image samples captured by the drone can be more accessible, but they need to provide complete information related to plant vegetation. This research proposes detecting unhealthy oil palms by capturing top-view images using drone. The drone has dual cameras (RGB and OCN bands) to get more information on plant vegetation. Middle-level fusion YOLO is used to recognize the unhealthy oil palm trees. The data was collected at the Oil Palm Plantation in Bogor, which contains over 100 unhealthy objects. Using multispectral images can improve performance compared to using only RGB images. The proposed method provides better performance than using only RGB images and OCN images with mAP (mean Average Precision) is 0.919. The proposed method provides better performance in detecting unhealthy oil palm trees.

Raman fiber-optic probe for rapid diagnosis of gastric and esophageal tumors with machine learning analysis or similarity assessments: a comparative study.

Gastric and esophageal cancers, the predominant forms of upper gastrointestinal malignancies, contribute significantly to global cancer mortality. Routine detection methods, including medical imaging, endoscopic examination, and pathological biopsy, often suffer from drawbacks such as low sensitivity and laborious and complex procedures. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive and label-free optical technique that provides highly sensitive biomolecular information to facilitate effective tumor identification. In this work, we report the use of fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy for the accurate and rapid diagnosis of gastric and esophageal cancers. Using a database of 14,000 spectra from 140 ex vivo tissue pieces of both tumor and normal tissue samples, we compare the random forest (RF) and our established Euclidean distance Raman spectroscopy (EDRS) model. The RF analysis achieves a sensitivity of 85.23% and an accuracy of 83.05% in diagnosing gastric tumors. The EDRS algorithm with improved diagnostic transparency further increases the sensitivity to 92.86% and accuracy to 89.29%. When these diagnostic protocols are extended to esophageal tumors, the RF and EDRS models achieve accuracies of 71.27% and 93.18%, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate that fewer than 20 spectra are sufficient to achieve good Raman diagnostic accuracy for both tumor tissues. This optimizes the balance between acquisition time and diagnostic performance. Our work, although conducted on ex vivo tissue models, offers valuable insights for in vivo in situ endoscopic Raman diagnosis of gastric and esophageal cancer lesions in the future. Our study provides a robust, rapid, and convenient method as a new paradigm in in vivo endoscopic medical diagnostics that integrates spectroscopic techniques and aRaman probe for detecting upper gastrointestinal malignancies.

IMPACT OF HOLLOW CORE DIAMETER AND BFRP WRAPPING ON AXIAL COMPRESSIVE STATIC PERFORMANCE OF TIMBER

This paper presents an experimental study on the axial compressive static performance of the cylindrical timber-wrapped basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP). Beech and black pine woods were used as cylindrical timber material, polyurethane (PUR) adhesive was used as the adhesive agent, and BFRP was used as fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP). The stress on compression tests was applied to 70 pieces of test samples prepared. The results showed that there was found out that the highest average stress value of 51.8 MPa was achieved inthe black pine cylindrical timber- BFRP wrapping- hollow core (Ø=70 mm)- the beech cylindrical timber blocks- BFRP wrapping samples under compression loading. The lowest average value stress value of 30.78 MPa was found in the black pine cylindrical timber- none hollow core samples. On average, the stress of the black pine cylindrical timber- BFRP wrapping- hollow core (Ø=70 mm)- the beech cylindrical timber blocks- BFRP wrapping samples were68% higher than the stress of the black pine cylindrical timber- none hollow core samples. The influence of the hollow core diameter and the BFRP wrapping type were found statistically significant.

Morphotype Analysis of Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Taxus sumatrana of Mount Singgalang, West Sumatra Region

Taxus sp. plants in temperate climates like Europe and America have been extensively studied and identified as promising sources of endophytic microbes that produce anticancer compounds such as Taxol. These endophytic microbes exhibit high adaptability to the specific growing conditions of their host plants. Research has highlighted metabolic differences between tropical and temperate endophytes. The presence of Taxus sumatrana plants in tropical areas like Mount Singgalang in West Sumatra, Indonesia was subjected to explore potential new sources of bioactive compounds from tropical microbes. This research aims to identify the morphotypes of endophytic fungi isolated from the barks of Taxus sumatrana plants originating from Mount Singgalang. The method used is small pieces of the inner bark of Taxus sumatrana were placed on the surface of growth medium (PDA). The small hyphae emerging from the piece of plant samples were regularly monitored for the morphological characteristics of the colony and conidia structure. Each fungal culture was checked for purity and transferred to another PDA plate by the hyphal tip method. The investigation isolated two endophytic fungi from the bark of Taxus sumatrana: Pestalotiopsis microspora and Neopestalotiopsis sp.

Surface hardness imaging of a low-alloy steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Conventional tactile hardness testing methods such as Brinell, Rockwell or Vickers rely on direct mechanical contact, which results in significant surface damage and prohibits their application to complex specimen geometries. Furthermore, the sample must have a certain thickness for tactile testing methods to be applied. In this work, we investigated the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a fast non-quantitative alternative for visualizing surface hardness gradients. To eliminate the influence of different chemical compositions, we manually heat-treated low-alloy steel pieces cut from the same raw material and batch. By partially quenching a sample piece, we were able to obtain a hardness gradient along the longitudinal axis. We found a positive correlation between the ratio of ionic to atomic line intensities of iron (I Fe II 263.1 nm / I Fe I 358.1 nm) and the mechanical hardness of the sample surface. By scanning the surface and measuring the line intensity ratios, we were able to obtain a spatially resolved map directly correlating with the surface hardness distribution. Additionally, it was observed that the irradiation of laser pulses resulted in significant surface alterations, thereby invalidating subsequent measurements and scans at identical positions.

Comparison of geomechanical upscaling methods for prediction of elastic modulus of heterogeneous media

Geomechanical properties of rocks are essential for understanding their elastic behavior. These parameters find their applications in various fields such as petroleum engineering, and geological storage sites, of nuclear waste and carbon dioxide and other geotechnical operations. There are several methods to obtain these parameters, including experimental methods, mathematical upscaling, and numerical simulation while experimental approaches are more trusted. The aim of this study is to estimate Young's modulus of a shale sample from several major upscaling mathematical methods and compare the results to polyaxial compressive strength test and nanoindentation measurements on the same piece of sample. To achieve this, five major theoretical upscaling models, including DEM, MT, SCA, KTF, and DM, have been utilized to calculate the Young's modulus based on constituent components of the sample that was obtained from routine XRD and geochemical analysis. The calculations for each of the five methods were performed in two scenarios: without incorporating the organic matter in the model and with it, in a range of porosity values while input parameters for each constituent component were found from the literature. Young's modulus with organic materials following the upscaling schemes was in the range of 24.0661 [GPa] to 27.0001 [GPa]. Likewise, excluding the organic substances Young's modulus was calculated 25.1784 [GPa] and 29.1394 [GPa], as the smallest and largest values, respectively. These values were compared to the Young's modulus obtained from the nanoindentation (34.15 GPa) and polyaxial test (24.36 GPa). The Young's modulus decreases of approximately 7% with considering organic matter around 2.45% and decrease of less than 5% with variation of 1% porosity. Based on the results, it was concluded that upscaling methods overall provide results in an acceptable range while they are more cost-effective and time-efficient when compared to expensive and time-consuming experimental approaches and can replace them. Furthermore, the use of upscaling methods reduces the need for destructive testing and also eliminates the requirement for expensive equipment with limited access to proper size of the samples and required preparations that should be followed. However, the lithology of the sample and presence of certain type of pore spaces and fractures should not be taken lightly in this process.

Effects of pretreatments involving ohmic heating and infrared radiation on the drying process of bananas using hot air

AbstractNowadays, the hot air drying process is the most widely used method for producing dried food and agricultural products due to its suitable investment and low operational costs. However, one of the disadvantages of drying with hot air is the prolonged drying time, which sometimes leads to serious damage to the quality characteristics of the resulting products, especially at high temperatures. Therefore, there is a need to find the most suitable conditions for producing high‐quality dried products. To conduct this experiment, after determining the desired number of samples, infrared preheating and ohmic heating were performed sequentially. In the first stage of preheating, the samples were placed in the ohmic heating device, and in the second stage, they were exposed to infrared radiation. Then, the samples were transferred to a hot air dryer for complete drying. The results showed that the antioxidant content increased with the increase in the thickness of the banana slices. Moreover, an increase in the drying temperature and the number of infrared lamps led to a reduction in the antioxidant content. The slices with less thickness and higher drying temperatures had the minimum phenol content. The maximum and minimum measured values of the total phenol content were 34.51 and 37.32, respectively. The range of variation in the solid soluble content was between 11.708% and 19.5437% Brix. In addition, at the same temperature values, an increase in the thickness of the banana slices resulted in a decrease in the solid soluble content of the samples. Furthermore, with an increase in the temperature for slices of the same thickness, the solid soluble content of the samples increased.Practical applicationsThe purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of the thickness factors of the sample pieces, the temperature of the hot air dryer along with ohmic heating pretreatments, and the infrared lamps in the hot air dryer on the quality indicators of banana.

A non-beam-based Doppler broadening of positron annihilation radiation (DBAR) spectrometer for a single piece of micron-thickness film

Doppler broadening of positron annihilation radiation (DBAR) spectroscopy is a critical technique to provide electronic momentum information of materials. For conventional non-beam-based DBAR experiments, due to the continuous distribution of initial kinetic energy (0-545 keV) of positrons from 22Na source, two pieces of identical samples with sufficient thickness (> 1 mm for each sample with a density of 1 g/cm3) are required to stop almost all positrons in the samples. However, in many film studies, it is difficult or even impossible to meet this sample thickness requirement. In this work, judging by the output signals of a specially designed anticoincidence detector, the annihilation of positrons in a film sample and positron source are selectively collected. Furthermore, a new method is proposed to correct high-proportioned source components. Based on this, for the first time, a non-beam-based DBAR spectrometer was developed for a single piece of micron-thickness film. This approach will drastically broaden the application of DBAR spectroscopy in film characterization in future.

Virtual Musical Instruments in Music Classrooms: Performing with East Asian Music Cultures

In this article, we, culture bearers and music educators, discuss ways of using East Asian virtual musical instruments to promote culturally diverse music activities in classrooms. We introduce affordable tablet-based virtual instruments (Korean hyang-piri, Chinese erhu, and Japanese koto) and hands-on music activities to help students gain deeper understandings of East Asian music cultures. We provide an introduction of each instrument in its acoustic and tablet-based form, appropriate instrumental techniques to express unique musical and cultural characteristics (e.g., mode, vibrato, and ornamentations), and a teaching sequence of a sample piece. Such a performance-based and culturally diverse musical experience is intended to cultivate students’ intercultural sensitivity and attitudes that honor diverse cultures.

Experimental Study on Dynamic and Static Combined Dynamics of Temperature–Water-Coupled Sandstone and Energy Consumption Analysis

In order to study the dynamic properties of temperature–water-coupled sandstone under axial pressure, impact compression tests were carried out on sandstone samples after temperature–water coupling under eight types of axial pressure (0.5~4.0 MPa) loading as well as no axial pressure loading by using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) test set. The results showed that the mass, volume, and density of the sandstone specimens increased by 0.57%, 0.37%, and 0.20%, respectively, after temperature–water coupling. With increasing axial pressure, the dynamic compressive strength of temperature–water-coupled sandstone samples decreased as a linear function, the dynamic strain increased as a quadratic function, the dynamic modulus of elasticity decreased as a quadratic function, and the average strain rate increased as an exponential function, indicating a strong strain rate effect. From the energy point of view, as the axial pressure increases, the absorption energy of the sample increases, the reflection energy gradually decreases, the crushing degree of the sample increases, and the size of the broken pieces decreases; the average particle size of the sandstone sample pieces decreases quadratically with the increase in the absorption energy and linearly with the increase in the axial pressure.

EFFECT OF MATERIAL, ADHESIVE AND LOADING ON THE STIFFNESS OF WOODEN DOWEL JOINTS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of selected parameters, such as type of loading (compression and tension), the wooden dowel species, and the adhesives type on the joint stiffness. Beech, oak, and Scots pine woods were used as wooden dowel material, and polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (PUR) adhesives were used as adhesive agents. Elastic stiffness on diagonal tension and compression tests were applied on 120 pieces of test samples prepared. The results showed that there was found out that the highest average elastic stiffness value of 656 Nm/rad was achieved in the oak dowel joints bonded with PVAc adhesive under compression loading. The lowest average value of 293 Nm/rad was found in the Scots pine dowel joints subjected to compression stress using PUR adhesive. On average, the elastic stiffness of the oak dowel joints bonded with PVAc adhesive was 17% higher than the elastic stiffness of the Scots pine dowel joints bonded with PUR adhesive. The influence of the wooden dowel species and the adhesive type were found statistically significant.

Characterization of the Microstructure of A Breakout Steel Sample

The microstructure of a continuously cast break out of low carbon steel has been studied using optical microscopy; SEM/EDS and EBSD analysis techniques. SEM and EBSD studies were carried out on two different locations on one sample piece and the resulting room temperature grains were found to be mostly BCC α- ferrite phase. Their orientations (using Euler angles) were determined. No meaningful amount of FCC phase was indexed after two patterns indexed on the two locations of the sample piece. The FCC comprised only 0.02% to 0.08% of the total patterns indexed. EBSD maps for the two locations, along with pole figures and grain size charts were deduced for the BCC phase. Volume fraction of the phase was estimated. Reconstruction of the Prior Austenite Grain Boundary was made from the alpha grains data using AztecWave software (AZtecCrystal). Only a small amount of the prior austenite grain boundaries was determined suggesting that the size of the parent grains were significantly larger than the map area in each case.

Research on the Application of Domestic High-Modulus Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites to Solar Panels for Solar Arrays

Based on the new high-modulus carbon fiber CCM40J-6k, which is the critical raw material of a solar panel, the molding process of a mesh face sheet combined with epoxy resin, the overall mechanical performance of a mesh face sheet combined with aluminum honeycomb, the compatibility with polyimide insulation film + solar cell circuit, and the space environment adaptability must pass a test verification and assessment as the premise for large-scale orbit applications. Therefore, based on the traditional carbon fiber M40JB-6k as a reference, a systematic verification project was conducted to apply the CCM40J-6k carbon fiber composite at the process, component, and assembly levels. Six aspects of testing and verifying items were conducted, including mechanical properties under room temperature and thermal shock conditions, bonding force of mesh nodes, comparison of the adaptability of domestic and imported carbon fiber substrates to high–low temperature alternation, the ability of domestic carbon fiber substrates to adapt to the thermal environment after laying solar cell circuits, and in-orbit lifespan of solar panels. Based on the verification results, the mechanical properties of the substrate are the same as those of the imported M40JB-6k, and the actual molding process for M40JB-6k can be utilized. Sample pieces of the substrates can withstand the thermal shock and thermal cycling tests. The bending stiffness of the sample pieces before and after the tests is 3.5%~9.6% higher, and the bending strength is 4.2%~7.2% lower. The tensile strength of mesh nodes made of domestic carbon fiber is 18.9% higher than that of mesh nodes made of imported carbon fiber. The CCM40J-6k substrate is similar to triple-junction GaAs solar cells. The change rates of the open-circuit voltage and the short-circuit current of solar panels based on domestic carbon fiber after fatigue thermal cycling with 2070 cycles are 0.55% and 0.24%, respectively. The above results indicate that the comprehensive performance of the domestic carbon fiber CCM40J-6k meets the requirements and can be applied to solar panels for solar arrays.

Synergism of radiation and steam on mechanical properties of cable insulation removed from a nuclear power plant

ABSTRACT A three-phase AC low-voltage cable insulated with flame-retardant ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (FR-EPDM), laid in a nuclear power plant (NPP) for 23 years, was removed. Several pieces of tubular insulation samples were obtained by removing the conductors out of the cable. For comparison, similar insulation samples were also prepared using a similar unaged cable and those aged artificially in different manners by the irradiation with gamma rays. In addition, the irradiation with gamma rays and exposure to steam, which simulated a plausible environment during a severe accident, were also given to some of those tubular samples. Tensile tests were performed to measure the elongation-at-break and tensile strength of those aged and unaged samples. As a result, it has become clear that the cable removed from the NPP did not severely deteriorate. In addition, it was found that the subsequent steam exposure can alleviate the mechanical degradation of FR-EPDM caused by the gamma-ray irradiation. The validity of the method to simulate the aging suffered in the NPP is discussed.

Experimental study on dynamic mechanical and failure behavior of a jointed rock mass

In order to study the dynamic mechanics and failure behavior of jointed rock masses, impact tests were carried out on sandstone specimens with intersected jointed and unjointed intact sandstone specimens using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) with confinement. The effects of intersected artificial joints on the dynamic properties and failure mechanism of sandstone samples were analyzed. The dynamic stress-strain curve of sandstone specimen was obtained from the test, as well as the fracture failure behavior of specimen under different loading rates and confining pressures. The results show that the dynamic compressive strengths of the unjointed intact rock specimens and the jointed rock specimens both increase with the increase of the loading rate and the confining pressure. With the increase of loading rate, the jointed rock specimens showed more obviously plastic deformation ability than the intact rock specimens, and the size of the broken pieces of the jointed rock samples became smaller. The dynamic failure modes of the jointed rock samples are irregular and mainly appear tensile and compressive shear failures. Next, the dynamic initiation and development process of cracks in the jointed rock specimens were analyzed by using the UDEC numerical simulation software. The process of initiation and development of meso-cracks is affected by intersected joints. Combined with the effective stress contour map, five typical crack types are defined to reveal the macroscopic fracture behavior of sandstone samples.

ANALISA PENGGUNAAN PASIR PANTAI PECAK LUMAJANG SEBAGAI PENGGANTI AGREGAT HALUS TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN

One of the determinants of the quality of concrete is the quality of fine aggregate used as a concrete mix because most of the concrete volume is filled with fine aggregate. The fine aggregate quality observed in this research was beach sand at Watu Pecak in Lumajang. This study aims to determine how much the compressive strength of the concrete has using river sand ex. Lumajang, using unwashed beach sand, and beach sand washed with fresh water against a concrete compressive strength of 30 MPa with the same proportion of each sand. Concrete samples using a cylinder diameter of 15 cm and height of 30 cm amounted to 27 pieces of the test sample. Concrete age will be tested in 7 (seven) days, 14 (fourteen) days, and 28 (twenty-eight) days. The average concrete compressive strength results using washed beach sand is 31,93 Mpa. The value is 1,66 Mpa or 4,9% smaller than normal concrete, which equals 33,59 Mpa. The average concrete compressive strength using unwashed beach sand is 31,58 Mpa. The value is 2,01 Mpa or 6,29% smaller than normal concrete and is 0,35 or 1,11% smaller than concrete using washed beach sand.

WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN FOOT FOR ERGONOMIC DESIGN OF SHOE

The defects on a leather surface may be caused by the poor material handling process during the production and manufacturing stages. It is essential to eliminate the natural variations and artificial injuries on the leather surfaces, in order to control the quality of the products and achieve customer satisfaction. To date, the visual inspection of the leather defects is performed manually by human operators. Thus, this study aims to introduce an automatic defect detection technique by employing a deep learning method. Specifically, the proposed method consists of two stages: classification and instance segmentation. The former stage distinguishes whether the piece of the leather sample contains a defective part or not, whereas the latter is to localize the precise defective location. To accomplish the tasks, the dataset is first collected under a proper laboratory environment. The purpose of this self study is to use the image processing to perform some operations on an image, in order to get an enhanced image or to extract some useful information from it. It is a type of signal processing in which input is an image and output may be image or characteristics/features associated with that image.

Autofluorescence-Raman Spectroscopy for Ex Vivo Mapping Colorectal Liver Metastases and Liver Tissue

IntroductionIdentifying colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) during liver resection could assist in achieving clear surgical margins, which is an important prognostic variable for both disease-free and overall survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of auto-fluorescence (AF) and Raman spectroscopy for ex vivo label-free discrimination of CRLMs from normal liver tissue. Secondary aims include exploring options for multimodal AF-Raman integration with respect to diagnosis accuracy and imaging speed on human liver tissue and CRLM. MethodsLiver samples were obtained from patients undergoing liver surgery for CRLM who provided informed consent (15 patients were recruited). AF and Raman spectroscopy was performed on CRLM and normal liver tissue samples and then compared to histology. ResultsAF emission spectra demonstrated that the 671 nm and 775/785 nm excitation wavelengths provided the highest contrast, as normal liver tissue elicited on average around eight-fold higher AF intensity compared to CRLM. The use of the 785 nm wavelength had the advantage of enabling Raman spectroscopy measurements from CRLM regions, allowing discrimination of CRLM from regions of normal liver tissue eliciting unusual low AF intensity, preventing misclassification. Proof-of-concept experiments using small pieces of CRLM samples covered by large normal liver tissue demonstrated the feasibility of a dual-modality AF-Raman for detection of positive margins within few minutes. ConclusionsAF imaging and Raman spectroscopy can discriminate CRLM from normal liver tissue in an ex vivo setting. These results suggest the potential for developing integrated multimodal AF-Raman imaging techniques for intraoperative assessment of surgical margins.