Sample Of Farmers Research Articles

Determinants of malt barley varietal adoption decisions of farmers: Evidence from the central highlands of Ethiopia

AbstractBarley is one of Ethiopia's most important cereal crops, ranking fifth in total cereal production, after maize, wheat, teff, and sorghum. Based on its intended use, it is divided into two types: food barley and malt barley. This study investigated the factors that affect farmers' decisions to adopt malt barley technology. The research was conducted in eight major malt barley‐growing districts in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain quantitative data from 400 sample farmers. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted to triangulate and substantiate the quantitative data. Secondary data were also used to supplement the primary data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric models. A logistic regression model was employed to analyze quantitative data. The findings revealed that educational level of the household head, family size of the household, access to input, experience, and access to demanded variety all have a positive and significant impact on malt barley technology adoption. However, the age of the household head, income from off‐farm activities, and distance to the market have a negative and significant impact on farmers' decisions to use malt barley technology. Up to 2021, about 30 malt barley varieties were released or registered by the Ministry of Agriculture for production nationwide, while only six to seven varieties were adopted by the sampled farmer households. As a result, we concluded that strong government support and clear policy direction are required to encourage farmers and other stakeholders to invest more to enhance adoption of improved varieties across malt barley growing areas.

Multidimensional analysis for assessing sustainability determinants of rice farming in Siak, Riau

Abstract This study was conducted in five villages in Bunga Raya District (Kemuning Muda, Bunga Raya, Tuah Indrapura, Jayapura, and Buantan Lestari), the rice production centers of Siak Regency, Riau. The research location was selected based on the largest percentage of rice field area. The research was conducted from January to July 2019. This research aims to determine sustainable lowland rice farming management variables for future lowland rice farming development in Bunga Raya District, Siak Regency. Purposive sampling was used to choose the 82 sample farmers, who were selected using the Slovin equation. The respondents are selected with a margin of error of 7% of the total population of farmer families. Data was gathered through the use of interview techniques, questionnaires, and field observations. Multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) was used to analyze sustainable rice farming management factors after updating the Rapfish program. According to the findings of the sustainability study of 42 studied variables, 12 of them show sensitivity. Five of the ten stakeholder needs attributes were examined to provide sensitivity. The combined analysis of current prospective sustainability with stakeholders yielded five attributes determining factors for the sustainability of lowland rice farming in Bunga Raya: land conversion, participation in training/extension services, pesticide use, agro-tourism potential, and farmer capital availability. Another recommendation that policy makers need to consider, which is no less important, is to always preserve the rice field ecosystem by developing natural and human resources, so that increasing the welfare of farmers and increasing regional income can be achieved.

Exploring the Potential of Omega-3 Enriched Egg Industry in Indonesia: Production, Consumer Demand, and Competitiveness

People are worried about the health impacts of the cholesterol contained in egg. Various studies show that adding omega-3 to laying feed or drinking water will produce omega-3 eggs that are low in cholesterol. This research aims to determine the potential for developing the omega-3 egg industryin Indonesia. Secondary data (from BPS and related literature), and primary data (from interviewed with sample farmers) were analyzed using revenue cost (R/C) ratio, willingness to Pay (WTP) and descriptives analysis. The findings showed that farmer produced omega-3 eggs from small scale (100 birds) to large scale (50,000 birds). Farmer introduce omega-3 through feed in the form of (1) a mixture of salmon oil with vegetable oil, (2) maggots (Hermetia illucens), and (3) processed fish waste. Each provided R/C ratios of 1.10, 1.34, and 1.52. The competitiveness of the omega-3 egg industry in Indonesia is quite strong, supported by (1) abundant sources of omega-3 supplement feed, (2) increasing demand for omega-3 eggs, (3) supported by feed and the pullet industry (4) low competition of omega-3 eggs producer, and (5) support for stunting reduction programs through protein consumption.

Governance and strategies to address constraints for the revival of the Indian small cardamom sector

A field survey was conducted from March 2021 to October 2021 to identify major constraints in the Indian small cardamom sector. A micro-macro approach was followed in the study using both primary and secondary data. The primary data from random sample farmers and market intermediaries were collected from Kerala and Tamil Nadu producing areas. In total, 180 farmers, 12 auctioneers, 50 dealers (30 village traders and 20 dealers), and five exporters were interviewed; thus, the primary data were collected. The secondary data on arrivals, prices, and cardamom trade were collected from different national and international sources. Several important constraints related to production, marketing and auction, market price, international trade, cardamom value chain, pesticide residue, climate change, degradation of forests, and market deregulation have emerged from our analysis. All the constraints were thoroughly studied in depth, and appropriate interventions and policies were suggested to revive the small cardamom sector in India.

High Prevalence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Virus in Vietnam's Live Bird Markets.

In recent years, Vietnam has suffered multiple epizootics of influenza in poultry. From 10 January 2019 to 26 April 2021, we employed a One Health influenza surveillance approach at live bird markets (LBMs) and swine farms in Northern Vietnam. When the COVID-19 pandemic permitted, each month, field teams collected oral secretion samples from poultry and pigs, animal facility bioaerosol and fecal samples, and animal worker nasal washes at 4 LBMs and 5 swine farms across 5 sites. Initially samples were screened with molecular assays followed by culture in embryonated eggs (poultry swabs) or Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (human or swine swabs). Many of the 3493 samples collected had either molecular or culture evidence for influenza A virus, including 314 (37.5%) of the 837 poultry oropharyngeal swabs, 144 (25.1%) of the 574 bioaerosol samples, 438 (34.9%) of the 1257 poultry fecal swab samples, and 16 (1.9%) of the 828 human nasal washes. Culturing poultry samples yielded 454 influenza A isolates, 83 of which were H5, and 70 (84.3%) of these were highly pathogenic. Additionally, a positive human sample had a H9N2 avian-like PB1 gene. In contrast, the prevalence of influenza A in the swine farms was much lower with only 6 (0.4%) of the 1700 total swine farm samples studied, having molecular evidence for influenza A virus. This study suggests that Vietnam's LBMs continue to harbor high prevalences of avian influenza A viruses, including many highly pathogenic H5N6 strains, which will continue to threaten poultry and humans.

CONSTRUCTION OF TEST AND MEASUREMENT OF KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF CLUSTER FRONTLINE DEMONSTRATIONS PULSE FARMERS

A study was conducted during March 2021-22 in Central Telangana Zone, India to measure the knowledge level of CFLD-farmers on pulses by constructing a Knowledge Test battery on CFLD-Pulses. Relevant items were collected from review of literature, publications and discussion with scientists of related fields. For relevancy test, 30 items were sent to 50 experts for their judgement. Based on experts’ judgement, 25 items were selected for item analysis and administrated to 30 non sample farmers. Item analysis was done by item difficulty index, item discrimination index and point biserial correlation and 22 items were finalized for knowledge test. Reliability (Test-retest method) and validity (point biserial correlation) were estimated for standardization of the test and found to be highly significant. The test was finally administered to 160 respondents (100 beneficiary and 60 non-beneficiary farmers) of CFLD programme conducted by KVK Wyra and KVK Malyal belonging to Khammam and Mahabubabad Districts of Telangana state respectively (50 beneficiary and 30 non-beneficiaries from each KVK). Majority of the CFLD-beneficiaries (59%) and (50%) of non-beneficiaries were in medium category followed by 28% beneficiary and 13% non-beneficiary farmers under high knowledge category. The item analysis indicated significant differences in knowledge level of farmers pertaining to Non-insecticidal methods of pest management, stage at which field day is conducted, wilt tolerant variety of red gram, recommended improved varieties of pulses for kharif and rabi.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FARMERS PERCEPTION ON FERTILIZER SERVICES OFFERED AT RYTHU BHAROSA KENDRAS

The current study was carried out during the year 2022 and 2023 to knew the factors influencing farmers perception on fertilizer services offered at Rythu Bharosa Kendras in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. A representative sample of 120 farmers in two districts of Andhra Pradesh i.e., Tirupati and Chittoor were selected for the study. Through pre-structed interview schedule, farmers perception was collected. Representative farmers were very satisfied about the physical location of the Rythu Bharosa Kendras with the highest mean score of 4.62. Respondents were very unsatisfied about in time availability of all the fertilizers in RBK with respect to cropping pattern with the lowest mean score of 1.86. 42.50% of the representative sample had moderate perception, 37.50% of them had poor perception and 20.00% of the sample farmers had good perception on fertilizer services offered at Rythu Bharosa Kendra. Impact of farmers socio-economic factors like education, major occupation, farming experience, farm size, annual income and farmers age on their perception over fertilizer services offered at Rythu Bharosa Kendras were analysed. It was noticed that only farming experience and major occupation have significant impact on their perception over fertilizer services offered at Rythu Bharosa Kendras.

Comparison of nutritional compositions and heavy metals analysis between wild and farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) and Asian Seabass (Lates sp.) in Sabah, Malaysia

In Sabah, Malaysia, Tilapia and Asian seabass are culturally and economically important seafood choices. Understanding their nutritional content and contaminants, both wild-caught and farmed, is crucial as demand increases. This study aimed to analyze the proximate composition and heavy metals concentrations in Tilapia and Asian Seabass fish flesh, and compare the wild-caught and farmed samples. The results revealed significant nutritional variations between the two groups. Wild-caught Tilapia exhibited higher protein content (16.90 ± 0.50 %), carbohydrate levels (0.7 ± 0.10 %), moisture (80.25 ± 0.58 %), and ash content (9.22 ± 1.27 %) while farmed Tilapia displayed elevated fat content (3.55 ± 0.05 %) and energy values (94.5 kcal per 100 g). Iron concentrations in both wild and farmed Tilapia remained within safe limits for human consumption and Zinc was detected in wild Tilapia only. Meanwhile, the farmed Asian Seabass demonstrated higher protein (18.45 ± 0.25 %), fat (0.9 ± 0.10 %), carbohydrate (0.8 ± 0.20 %), ash content (21.04 ± 2.1 %), and energy values (85.5 kcal per 100 g) compared to the wild. Further study can be conducted to study the benefits of these fish species to human health upon consumption.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and risk factors associated with high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk from dairy farms in Colombia

The objective of the study was to evaluate the frequency and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. and the risk factors associated with a high total bacterial count in bulk tank milk samples of dairy farms in three municipalities of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. Fifteen samples were positive for E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Subsequent analysis of the 16 S rRNA gene sequences confirmed these isolates included E. coli (n = 3), K. oxytoca (n = 11), and K. pneumoniae (n = 1). None of the isolates was positive for ESBL identification by phenotypic methods, but the only the isolate of K. pneumoniae was positive for the blaSHV61 gene by sequence analysis. The antibiotic susceptibility evaluation for all Klebsiella spp. isolates identified resistance to fosfomycin (50%; 6/12) and ampicillin (100%; 12/12). While most of the herds maintain adequate hygienic quality, specific risk factors such as having more than 60 milking cows, frequent changes in milkers, milking in paddocks, and using a chlorinated product for pre-dipping have been identified as associated with a high total bacterial count > 100,000 CFU/mL in bulk tank milk. However, certain variables including the milker being the owner of the animals and the proper washing and disinfection of the milking machine contribute to maintain a high level of hygiene and quality in the raw milk stored in the tanks. In conclusion, the frequency of ESBL producers was relatively low, with only K. pneumoniae testing positive for the blaSHV ESBL type. The presence of these bacteria in milk tanks represents a potential risk to public health for consumers of raw milk and its derivatives.

Widespread prevalence of plasmid-mediated blaCTX-M type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli in backyard broiler production systems in the United States.

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an emerging pathogen of high concern given its resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Broiler chicken, which is the number one consumed meat in the United States and worldwide, can be a reservoir of ESBL E. coli. Backyard poultry ownership is on the rise in the United States, yet there is little research investigating prevalence of ESBL E. coli in this setting. This study aims to identify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles (phenotypically and genotypically) of ESBL E. coli in some backyard and commercial broiler farms in the U.S. For this study ten backyard and ten commercial farms were visited at three time-points across flock production. Fecal (n = 10), litter/compost (n = 5), soil (n = 5), and swabs of feeders and waterers (n = 6) were collected at each visit and processed for E. coli. Assessment of ESBL phenotype was determined through using disk diffusion with 3rd generation cephalosporins, cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and that with clavulanic acid. Broth microdilution and whole genome sequencing were used to investigate both phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles, respectively. ESBL E. coli was more prevalent in backyard farms with 12.95% of samples testing positive whereas 0.77% of commercial farm samples were positive. All isolates contained a blaCTX-M gene, the dominant variant being blaCTX-M-1, and its presence was entirely due to plasmids. Our study confirms concerns of growing resistance to fourth generation cephalosporin, cefepime, as roughly half (51.4%) of all isolates were found to be susceptible dose-dependent and few were resistant. Resistance to non-beta lactams, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin, was also detected in our samples. Our study identifies prevalence of blaCTX-M type ESBL E. coli in U.S. backyard broiler farms, emphasizing the need for interventions for food and production safety.

Value Chain Analysis of Groundnut in Tamil Nadu, India

Oilseeds provide vegetable oils which not only form an essential part of human diet but also serve as an important raw material for the manufacture of soaps, paints, varnishes, hair oils, lubricants and various other products. Among all the oilseed crops groundnut is an important oilseed and supplementary food crop. Itis also called as ‘the king of oilseeds. In Tamil Nadu, Ground nut is being cultivated in almost all the districts. Totally, 240 farmers were contacted from 24 villages spread over in 8 blocks of 2 districts. Besides farmers, traders and processors were contacted in each district at the rate of 10 traders per district. The data were analysed by using value chain mapping and price spread analysis. Results indicated that cost of cultivation under rainfed condition was Rs. 30967.81 per ha and Rs. 34789.21 per ha under irrigated condition. The net income realised was Rs. 30628.38 and Rs.32450.26 per ha in rainfed and irrigated condition respectively. The results reveal that net income from groundnut was found to be higher under irrigated condition. Value chain analysis indicated that there were 5 marketing channels through which groundnut were marketed by the sample farmers. Nearly 23.33 percent of the sample farmers sold the produce to the village merchants. The percentage of the sample farmers marketed through commission agents and regulated markets were 25.00 and 33.33, respectively.

Detection of Colistin Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among Backyard Farm Swine and Swine Raisers in Tanay, Rizal Swine Farm

Addressing difficulties in susceptibility testing of colistin and the emergence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae became a huge burden to medical practitioners due to the complexity of the method and interpretation of the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics. These circumstances are not only rampant among human infection but also in the animal farm industry – particularly, the swine farms, which have the greatest number of cases of Enterobacteriaceae infection. This study aims to determine the prevalence of colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from 40 fecal samples of backyard farm swine (30) and swine raisers (10) in Tanay, Rizal, the Philippines via culture, biochemical testing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing for colistin. Enterobacteriaceae from fecal samples were isolated, singly picked, and subjected to biochemical tests. Susceptibility testing was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The isolates recovered from fecal samples of backyard swine were Escherichia coli (77%), Salmonella species (16%), Citrobacter freundii (7%), and two non-Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonas species, whereas all fecal samples from swine raisers were positive for E. coli (100%). Moreover, 13.04% of E. coli isolates from backyard farm swine exhibited resistance to colistin with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 4ug/mL, following the international guidelines for interpretation of colistin resistance, whereas the rest of the isolates were susceptible to colistin. E. coli, Salmonella, and C. freundii were present in fecal samples of backyard swine and three E. coli were resistant to colistin. There is a 13.04% prevalence of colistin-resistant E. coli isolated from pooled fecal samples of a backyard swine farm in Tanay, Rizal, the Philippines. The increasing cases of colistin resistance should be strictly monitored in animal farms to come up with a robust solution to fight against antimicrobial resistance.

IMPACT OF THE “BONUSES FOR YOUNG FARMERS” MEASURE UNDER RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 2014-2020 ON THE EFFICIENCY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF FARMS

The aim of the article is to assess the effects of the implementation of the sub-measure “Sup-port for young farmers to start their business”, type of measure “Bonuses for Young Farmers” under the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 on the results of farms and their competi-tiveness. In 2017, the group of farms that joined the implementation of the “Bonuses for Young Farmers” measure included 84 farms. It was a research sample and a panel at the same time. The control group consisted of farms of young farmers who did not benefit from sup-port under the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 in the research years, i.e. in 2017 and 2021 (latest FADN results). The subject of the farm panel research was: production potential, production organization, production and economic results, efficiency of use of production factors. During the analysis, it was found that the production potential of young farmers’ farms in both samples in 2017 was similar. The effect of the support was to increase the pro-duction potential in 2021 in the research sample by an average of 35%. Farm income in 2017 was similar in both farm samples. In 2021, differences in farm income levels were even greater. Income in the research sample increased by 211% and was by 149 percentage points higher than in the control sample. Land productivity in the research sample increased by 75.5% and labor productivity by 102.7% and was higher than in the control group by 44.6 and 53.4 percentage points, respectively. Labor profitability in the analyzed years increased in the research group by 220%, and in the control group by 71.7%. Evaluation of the support for young farm-ers' farms in the “Bonuses for Young Farmers” measure indicated that thanks to the support, their production potential increased and their production and economic results improved and, as a result, their competitiveness increased.

Assessment of Safe Vegetable Cultivation at Jashore in Bangladesh: Evidence from Country Bean, Cucumber and Pointed Gourd Cultivation

The study was designed to assess the present status and methods of safe vegetable production at farm level in selected areas of Jashore during January-May, 2023. For the study ninety sample farmer were selected by stratified sampling from three sub-district of Jashore. Average farm size was 0.79 ha in study area. Farmer doing different agronomic management such as weeding, irrigation, spraying, de-topping, stalking, earthing up etc. Farmer used different methods simultaneously such as insecticide spray, bio-pesticide, sex pheromone, yellow trap, white trap, hand picking etc. for controlling insect pest. About sixty-four percent farmer sprayed synthetic pesticide and rest of them used bio control method such as bio-pesticide (bio-chamak, eco-mac, bio-envir, bio-cin), sex pheromone trap, yellow trap and hand picking for control insect pest in their fields. About fifty-eight percent farmer used bio-fertilizer along with organic fertilizer (manure, vermin compost) and seventy-eight percent farmer used chemical fertilizer for vegetable cultivation. Total production cost of country bean was Tk.3,36,579 ha-1, cucumber was Tk.3,25,915 ha-1 and pointed gourd was Tk.4,40,106 ha-1. Among the cost item labor cost was highest. Average yield of country bean was 30.60 tha-1, cucumber was 30.08 tha-1 and pointed gourd was 41.60 tha-1. Highest benefit cost ratio was cucumber (2.13) followed by pointed gourd (2.07) and country bean (1.50), that means safe vegetable cultivation also profitable. Farmer awareness, havoc attack of pest and insect were the main problem for safe vegetable cultivation. Market facilities, demand, value chain, proper price for organic vegetable, and farmer motivation can promote and enhance safe vegetable cultivation.

Determinants of Tomato Seed Purchasing Decisions among Coimbatore Farmers

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) typically constitutes an essential part of the daily diet and it has great demand round the year. The commercial value of tomato in terms of direct consumption, processing as well as trade has risen substantially in recent years. The top ten major tomato producing countries are China, India, USA, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, Spain, Iran, Brazil and Mexico of the world area and production. China ranks first in an area under tomato 10 lakh hectares with annual production of 50 million tonnes fallowed by India ranks second in an area under 8.8 lakh hectare with annual production of 18 million tonnes. Among the tomato cultivation districts, Coimbatore district was purposively selected, which accounted tomato area of 3033 ha. The collected data were analysed with reference to the objectives set forth for the study. The analytical techniques employed in this study are explained by Conventional (Percentage) analysis, Factor analysis, Marko chain analysis, Garrett ranking technique, Multi-dimensional scaling technique. Our study revealed that, nearly 52% of the sample farmers learned about hybrid tomato seeds via dealers, and the majority of the farmers (65%) are aware that hybrid tomato seeds exist in the Coimbatore district. Retail stores make up the majority of places to shop (76 percent). Approximately 60% of farmers favor making purchases with cash. Family members account for 71% of the information that influences a decision to purchase tomato seeds. The purchase of distinct firm seeds is influenced by several key elements, including recommendations from other farmers, prior experience, retailer insistence, advertising campaigns, and demonstrations.

283 Identification of new or existing risk factors associated with the development of sow pelvic organ prolapse

Abstract A survey was conducted between March and December of 2022 to examine the variation between farms that had high and low pelvic organ prolapse (POP) rate. The objective was to identify new or existing risk factors associated with the development of POP, which could open new avenues for further investigation. Sow farms (n = 53) across 26 production systems located in the US, Canada, and Mexico were used. Sampling of farms was not random. High and low POP systems were selected within each region as well as high and low POP farms within each system. Over 800 variables related to general farm information and management, performance traits, reproductive management, replacement gilt management, gestation and farrowing practices, labor and health management, and nutrition were collected during farm visits. To be included in the analysis, at least 70% of observations were needed for continuous variables with at least 10% of observation for each category for categorical variables. Univariable models were fitted to identify variables associated with annualized POP rate for 2021. Variables with P ≤ 0.10 were selected for further analysis, with 94 predictor variables selected for principal components analysis (PCA). A factor analysis of mixed data was conducted, and results were then fitted into a hierarchical clustering on PCA, which segregated the data into three clusters: 2 with low POP (2.5%) and 1 with high POP (6.1%) prevalence (low vs high P < 0.05). The resulting clusters explained 33.7% of the variability in annualized 2021 POP rate. Differences between clusters were evaluated by Kruskall-Wallis test for numerical variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. High POP cluster farms had greater total piglets born over the years, greater number of sows per worker, greater annual gestation feed usage, and a lower mean body condition score at 16 wk of gestation compared with low POP cluster farms. High POP cluster farms had a decreased proportion of farms using conventional artificial insemination, a greater proportion of farms utilizing cup waterers in gestation for sows in group housing and in farrowing, and greater proportion of farms with a routine sleeving practice. High POP cluster farms compared with low POP cluster farms had greater gestation distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) inclusion level (14.6% vs 4.0%, SE 3.02), greater levels of standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) P% (0.49% vs 0.39%, SE 0.014), narrower analyzed Ca to STTD P ratio (1.7 vs 2.2, SE 0.06), and lower phytase inclusion and release (0.16% vs 0.09%, SE 0.014). These variables were also the predictors with the greatest R2 values in the univariable models. These observations suggest further research is needed to evaluate the connection between dietary Ca and P and pelvic organ prolapse.

Study on the Evaluation of the Profitability, Efficiency and Investment Trends of Different Poultry Farming Systems

Over the past 20 years, the Indian poultry sector has transformed into a dynamic entity with more structured operations. Following all these practices almost at every level, poultry industry is now achieving new heights day by day. The entire livestock sector's contribution to India's GDP is greatly aided by the poultry industry in the country. India's poultry sector ranks second and third in the world in terms of meat and egg output, respectively, with 3.4 million tonnes of meat and 65 million tons of eggs produced (FAO). Significant advancements in the industry have resulted from management initiatives. Most of India's organized structure has contributed to the effective use of resources and the right implementation of policies, which have improved firm financial positions and produced the intended results. The data was collected from stakeholders with the help of pretested interview schedule. Separate interview schedule was prepared for broiler farmers (100 samples), breeder farmers (10 samples) and processing cum distribution centers (20 samples). A combination of tools viz. average, percentage, cost and return analysis. To get better understanding of the study, the sample farmers were classified into different supply chains based on their mode of working and business stages performed. Feeding management practices were followed aptly by most of the farmers. Almost all farmers were following suitable health management practice by vaccinating their birds. Based on number of birds reared poultry farms were classified as small, medium and large poultry farms. Small farms were in only in Supply Chain II and III. Fixed investment they did was `583010 and `46733 out of which nearly 85 per cent building charge. In medium sized poultry farms category, poultry farms from Supply Chain II, III and IV were present. Fixed investment they made was `12,22,096, `15,94,147 and `13,27,778 respectively of which more than 90 per cent was spent on farm buildings construction purpose. In large poultry farms, Supply Chain IV farmers had made quite huge fixed investment. For all the farms, of the total investment, 90 per cent was in buildings and 10 per cent was in equipments.

Study the Socioeconomic Characteristics of Maize Grower in Aurangabad District of Maharashtra, India

The present study was designed to study the socioeconomic characteristics in Aurangabad district has been purposively selected for the study because Vaijapur and Gangapur tehsils having highest area under maize crop as compared to other tehsils in the Aurangabad district. The average age of the maize grower was 30 -40 years. This indicated that, maize growers were in adult age group. The educational status was evaluated which shows 5 per cent maize growers were illiterate. It is revealed that, 25 per cent were primary school level, 11.67 per cent were at college level, 11.67 per cent at SSC level, 46.66 per cent at HSC level. This indicated that the maize growers in the study area were educated, upto college level. In case of maize growers, that in case of maize growers, 95 per cent of the farmers sole occupation was Agriculture. While 1.66 per cent farmers were involved in both Agriculture and Business, and 3.34 per cent were involved in agriculture and service. In case of kharif maize growers, it was seen that, 35.02 per cent male, 31.91 per cent female, and 33.07 per cent of children. The maize growers had livestock within their farm. About 31.15 per cent had one bullock pair, 33.96 per cent of buffalo, 34.89 per cent of cow respectively. In case of maize growers, 33.34 per cent of the sample farmers had less than 2 hectares of land holding and 48.33 per cent of the farmers had 2 to 4 hectares of land while 18.33 per cent of the sample farmers had more than 4 hectare of land holding. The means majority of the farmers having 2 to 4 ha farmers. The proportionate irrigated area was 94.19 per cent. Net sown area was 100 per cent. While Gross cropped area was 100 per cent and cropping intensity was 143.21. The proportionate area under maize crop was 17.80 per cent. Followed by cotton, onion and wheat was 23.40, 14.11, 11.21, per cent. This indicated that, the cropping pattern of the maize growers was dominated by maize alone. The cropping intensity 143.21.

Farmer's climate smart livestock production adoption and determinant factors in Hidebu Abote District, Central Ethiopia.

This study aimed to identify the status, determining factors, and challenges in adopting climate smart livestock production practices by farmers. Three-staged sampling techniques were used to select the research sites and 233 sample farmer household respondents. Data were collected mainly using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted to complement the household survey data. Descriptive statistics and an ordered logistic regression model were applied to analyze the quantitative data. The result revealed that the most adopted practices were composting (85.41%) and manure management (70.39%) while the least adopted technologies were biogas generation (3.86%) and rotation grazing (22.32%). The adoption status of the sampled farmers was also categorized into low (19.74%), medium (67.81%), and high adopter (12.45%). The high cost of improved breed, use of manure for fuel, free grazing, lack of information and awareness were the major constraints to adopting the climate smart livestock production technologies. The result also revealed that education, grazing land, total livestock holding, and extension agent contact contributed significantly and positively to the adoption of smart livestock production technology, while the distance from the water source had an insignificant and negative effect on the adoption status of climate smart livestock production practices. The study suggests the relevance of the cooperation of stakeholders and strengthening extension services for the maximum benefits of climate smart livestock production.

Marketing Analysis of Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) and non-ISPO Certified Independent Palm Oil in Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province, Indonesia

This research analyzes marketing efficiency: marketing, marketing function, marketing margin, farmer's share, and the ratio of profit to cost of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) for ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil) and non-ISPO palm oil in Batanghari Regency, Jambi Province. The sample consisted of 30 ISPO farmers and 30 non-ISPO farmers, sampling farmers using a purposive method and then using the snowball sampling method to find out what institutions are involved in the ISPO and non-ISPO independent oil palm marketing process in Batanghari Regency. The research results show four marketing channels: (1) farmer-trader-large trader-palm oil weighing-mill, (2) farmer-trader-palm palm weighing-mill, (3) farmer-palm palm weighing-mill, and (4) farmer-merchant-mill. ISPO farmers do not experience differences in marketing channels and prices, which is not in accordance with the objectives of establishing ISPO. Marketing functions include purchasing, selling, transporting, harvesting, risk-bearing, financing, and market information. Analysis of marketing margin, farmer's share, and profit-to-cost ratio shows the third most efficient channel with a farmer's share of 87.82% with the farmer's marketing channel selling FFB through palm oil weighing, which distributes it to mills, involving one marketing institution.