Sample B1 Research Articles

Identifying of Land Suitability Sea Cucumber (Holothuria scabra) Using Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Based on Physics Parameters In West Lombok

This study was conducted on 17th October - 27th November 2016 at Gili Asahan, Gili Layar, and Gili Gede in West Sekotong, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. The purpose of this study was to analyse a suitable area for sea cucumber cultivation (Holothuria scabra). Data collection had been done by survey method, acquiring primer and secondary data directly related to sea cucumber's life and analyzed by using Geographic Information System software. A physical parameters include temperature 29,14 – 30,24 0 C, the water transparancy of the 0,78 – 1,35 m, the current speed from 0,2 to 0,7 m/s, rainfall of 174 mm, protection: protected, fairly protected and unprotected, depth 0,78 to 1,35 m, the tide of 0,9 m. Land suitability classes are determined based on the interval between the other classes S1 (40-42), S2 (37-39) and N (34-36). Based on the results of scoring that has been adapted to the class interval obtained sample points with a very appropriate category (S1) including A1, C1, C4, C5. Then for the corresponding category (S2) between the A2, A3, C2, C3. Meanwhile, according to the category is not contained in the sample points B1, B2 and B3.

Chemical and Sensory Properties of Probioticated Drinks from Blends of African Yam Bean, Soybean and Coconut Milk Analogues

Abstract This study assessed the physicochemical and sensory properties of ‘probiotic’ drink from blends of milk analogues from African yam bean, soybean and coconut. Milk analogues were blended at ratios of 1:1:1, 3:1:1 and 5:1:1 (African yam bean: soybean: coconut) as samples A, B and C respectively. These samples were fermented for 24 h at 43°C using Lactobacillus delbrueckii. The results showed that the fermented milk analogue of ratio 1:1:1 was the most acceptable in terms of sensory parameters. The pH of the milk analogues ranged from 5.07 to 5.85. The sample B1 (fermented (1:1:1) African yam bean: soybean: coconut) had a crude protein of 2.38%, potassium of 80.13 mg/100g, phytate of 2.85 mg/100g and saponin was 0.19 mg/100g. The study concluded that the sample with equal ratio of African yam bean, soybean and coconut adjudged the most acceptable by tasters.

Analisis Pengawet Natrium Benzoat pada Selai Stroberi Curah di Pasar Tradisional

Natrium benzoat merupakan pengawet buatan yang berfungsi untuk membuat makanan menjadi tahan lama. Batas maksimum penggunaan pengawet natrium benzoat pada selai buah menurut SNI 01-0222-1995 sebesar 1 g/kg. Selai stroberi yang berada dipasaran dimungkinkan menggunakan pengawet natrium benzoat yang melebihi batas baku mutu sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis. Penentuan kadar pengawet natrium benzoat dalam selai stroberi sesuai SNI 01-2894-1992 menggunakan metode alkalimetri. Prinsip metode ini adalah terjadinya reaksi netralisasi antara asam dengan basa, dimana ion H+ dari asam akan bereaksi dengan ion OH- dari basa membentuk garam yang netral. Filtrat hasil dari ekstraksi sampel stroberi diuapkan di atas penangas air dan residu yang didapatkan dikeringkan dalam desikator. Residu dilarutkan dalam etanol 70 % netral dan ditambahkan dengan larutan indikator PP 1%. Larutan kemudian dititrasi dengan larutan standar NaOH. Titik akhir titrasi ditandai dengan warna merah muda yang konstan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, terdapat 10 sampel selai stroberi curah yang dijual di beberapa pasar tradisional Kecamatan Jebres Surakarta, dimana 8 sampel tersebut positif mengandung natrium benzoat. Kadar pengawet natrium benzoat pada sampel pasar A1 sebesar 1,327 g/kg, sampel pasar A2 sebesar 1,490 g/kg, sampel pasar B1 sebesar 1,030 g/kg, sampel pasar B2 sebesar 1,451 g/kg, sampel pasar C2 sebesar 1,444 g/kg, sampel pasar E sebesar 1,077 g/kg, sampel pasar F1 sebesar 1,431 g/kg dan sampel pasar F2 sebesar 1,635 g/kg. Jika dibandingkan dengan batas maksimum penggunaan natrium benzoat, selai stroberi curah yang dijual di beberapa pasar tradisional Kecamatan Jebres Surakarta yang positif mengandung natrium benzoat tersebut tidak memenuhi syarat SNI 01-0222-1995.

Composición química y calidad de la grasa contenida en frituras de maíz elaboradas y consumidas en Navojoa, estado de Sonora, México

Antecedentes: el consumo de frituras en México es alto, aunque las grasas se asocian con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Objetivo: evaluar la composición química y calidad de la grasa obtenida de churros fritos de maíz elaborados y consumidos en Navojoa, estado de Sonora, México. Materiales y métodos: a cuatro muestras obtenidas en establecimientos comerciales se les realizó análisis químico proximal y determinación de índices de calidad de la grasa (acidez, peróxidos, yodo y anisidina), según normas mexicanas. Resultados: el aporte nutricional de las muestras estuvo en los siguientes rangos expresados en g %: grasas (23,7±0,2 y 35,2±1,0 g %), proteínas (2,5±0,0 y 8,1±1,4 g %), carbohidratos (54,1±0,3 y 64,40±0,5 g %) y energía (485±3 y 531±1 kcal %) con diferencias entre ellas (p<0,05). El mayor contenido de grasa y energía lo presentó B2 y el mejor perfil nutricional B4. La muestra B1 superó los límites máximos permitidos de acidez (4,8) y de peroxidación (10,6) con diferencias respecto a las otras muestras (p<0,05). Conclusiones: la densidad energética de los churros de maíz analizados es alta (superior a 4 kcal/g) al igual que el aporte de grasas, especialmente en la muestra B2. B4 presenta el mejor perfil nutricional y B1 el mayor deterioro oxidativo.

Preparation of tin oxide particles using tin-contained organic substance of dioctyltin oxide as the starting material by a calcination method

For the first time, erect and flaky particles of tin oxides (SnO2), as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), were prepared by a calcination method using dioctyltin oxide as the starting material. The samples calcined at 300, 500 and 700 °C under the air conditions were nominated as sample a, b and c, respectively. And the sample calcined at 500 °C under the N2 atmosphere was labeled as sample b1. The obtained XRD patterns strongly indicated that tin oxides were the main components of all prepared samples. Also, in all synthesized samples, erect and flaky particles were distinctly observed by SEM. More importantly, the initial discharge capacities of sample a, b, c and b1 at 100 mA g-1, revealed by the galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, were 829, 885, 815 and 729 mAh g-1, respectively. And after 20 cycles, besides sample a, the discharge capacities at 100 mA g-1 of sample b, c and b1 were all higher than 300 mAh g-1, showing acceptable electrochemical performance. A novel way, i.e., calcining the Sn-contained organic substance of dioctyltin oxide to prepare tin oxides anode materials for LIBs, was developed in this preliminary work, which has opened up a new avenue for producing metal oxides based anode materials for LIBs.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG BIJI KARET DENGAN ADITIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF MELALUI TEKNOLOGI PEMBRIKETAN

The development of alternative energy sources that can replace fuel oil is very important to utilize natural resources optimally and environmentally. The shell produced from rubber plants is the main ingredient in this study, while the coconut shell is an additional material used to increase the calorific value of alternative fuels which is often referred to as Briquette. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of variations in raw material composition and variations in pressure on the quality of rubber shells and coconut shell waste briquettes according to SNI standards. The raw material for rubber shell and coconut shell is processed into charcoal using carbonization method with a variation of a mixture of 85%: 15%, 90%: 10% and 95%: 5% with 5% adhesive. Then mix the printed material with a pressure of 300 kg/cm2 and 100kg/cm2. The quality parameters of briquettes are based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards with moisture content, ash content, volatille matter content, and lacquer value. The results of the study showed that the sample b1 with 85% injection: 15% print pressure 300kg/cm2. The briquette with the sample code b1 has a water content value of 5,10432%, ash content of 14,8604%, volatile matter content of 12,8002%, carbon value of 66,8225% and heating value of 6576.592501 cal/gr. But overall the briquettes have not met the standards of SNI 01-6235-2000 concerning the quality of wood charcoal briquettes. Because the ash content of the briquette exceeds the maximum limit that has been determined, namely a maximum of 8%. Keywords: Alternative Energy, Rubber Seed Shell, Coconut Shell, Pressure

In Vitro Influence of Prophylaxis Cleaning on Enamel Remineralization with Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate.

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis randomized controlled in vitro 4-arm trial study aimed to study the remineralization potential of Recaldent™ and assess the effects of prophylaxis cleaning and MI Varnish® on enhancing this remineralization potential.Material and MethodsSixty human teeth were randomly assigned into equal samples (A/B). Sample A was prophylactically cleaned, randomly divided into equal samples (1/2). Sample A1 received treatment with MI Varnish® and Recaldent™ for 30 days. Sample A2 was treated similarly but without MI Varnish®. Sample B did not receive prophylaxis cleaning and was divided into equal samples (1/2). Sample B1 was treated as A1 and sample B2 as A2. The teeth were examined for mineral composition at baseline, after the interventions (T1), and after prophylaxis cleaning (T2). Study outcomes were mineral content (% weight of carbon [C], phosphorus [P], calcium [Ca], oxygen [O], chlorine [Cl], sodium [Na] and silicon [Si]) and calcium-phosphorus ratio (Ca/P).ResultsAll groups had similar mineral composition at baseline. At T1, sample B2 exhibited least P, Ca and Ca/P content. Samples A1 and B1 showed higher content of P and Ca, compared to B2 (A1 only exhibited higher Ca/P). Sample A2 exhibited lowest Cl and Na content. At T2, sample A1 exhibited lowest C, P, O and Si content (highest Ca/P). Sample A2 showed least Ca/P, and highest Na content.ConclusionsTeeth treated by Recaldent™ proceeded by prophylaxis cleaning or MI Varnish® showed remineralization, especially when receiving both interventions. This superior effect persisted even after a second cleaning. Further trials are necessary to provide conclusive evidence in humans.

Wood by-Product as Storage Material for Post-Harvest Management of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) at Breaker Stage

The study evaluated the effect of wood by-product on the storability of fresh breaker tomato. The samples (Kerewa variety) were harvested, cooled by aeration and divided into three lots (B0=control; B1=1: 1, tomato: wood by-product; B2=1: 2, tomato: wood by-product). They were kept in uniformly sized paper carton (170 mm×120 mm×140 mm) on the shelf for 28 days. The organoleptic properties of the stored tomatoes were assessed on 5-point hedonic scale, as well as the physicochemical properties (moisture, pH, acidity, and soluble solids), carotenoids, vitamin C content and mineral analysis. Result showed that; B1 and B2 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than control in colour, appearance and overall acceptability while no significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between B1 and the control in firmness and odour. Weight or moisture loss (%) and decay incidence were higher in control than both B1 and B2. Moisture content (MC) reduced significantly (p<0.05) in sample B2 while no significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in control and B1 after 28 days storage. The pH of B1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than B2 and the control but the β-carotene and vitamin C of B1 was significantly (p<0.05) higher than B2 and control. Wood by-product had shown some potentials for post-harvest handling of fresh breaker tomato most especially when used at ratio 1: 1 (w/w %).

In-situ synthesis of mullite-SiCw composite ceramics in Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system for solar heat transmission pipeline

Nano-SiC whiskers (nano-SiCw) were in-situ synthesized in Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system for preparing highly densified mullite-SiCw composite ceramics used for solar heat transmission pipeline. Mechanisms on the in-situ synthesis of nano-SiCw in the ternary system were investigated and the impact of nano-SiCw on the performances of the composites had been studied. Results showed that the growth processes of nano-SiC whiskers in Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system were dominated by liquid-solid (LS) mechanism and the Li2CO3 additive could improve the SiCw yield through increasing the content of liquid phase and lowering the liquid viscosity. Sample BS3 (with 2.22 wt% Li2CO3 additive) sintered at 1440 °C obtained the highest SiC content of 47.9%. Nano-SiC whiskers with a diameter of 20–30 nm were interlocking with rod-like mullite crystals to improve the mechanical properties of the composites, and sample BS1 sintered at 1420 °C showed the highest bending strength of 115.4 MPa. The in-situ synthesized SiCw also shew significant effects on improving the thermophysical properties of the composites and sample BS1 exhibited a 3.6 times higher thermal conductivity than that of blank sample B1 without the introduction of nano-SiCw.

Sensory evaluation of a novel prebiotic sheep milk strawberry beverage

The sensorial evaluation of a prebiotic sheep milk juice beverage considering a consumer's perception was performed. Four beverages with different concentration of skimmed sheep milk, strawberry pulp and sugar, added with a fixed inulin level (3 g/100 g) were manufactured and submitted to hedonic and preference ranking test with 60 consumers. Beverages containing decreased sugar levels and higher content of strawberry pulp were most preferred and presented the higher scores in the acceptance test. According the Principal Component Analysis, sample B3 was characterized by strawberry flavor and aroma, acid taste, strawberry seeds presence, sheep aroma, fatty flavor, and pinkish color; while sample B4 was associated with reddish color, astringent flavor, bitter taste, brightness, viscous, sweet, acid and rancid aromas attributes. Finally, sample B2 presented salt and sweet taste, and thinner texture, while samples B1 presented sheep flavor, cooked aroma, cooked flavor and residual flavor. Our findings suggest that formulation should contain 550/370/50 g/L of skimmed sheep milk, strawberry pulp and sugar in beverage.

Creep and thermal behavior of quarry dust-silicon carbide hybrid particles reinforced ZA-27 alloy composites using stir casting technique

In this research, creep and thermal behavior of stir cast ZA-27 alloy-based hybrid composites modified with quarry dust (QD) and silicon carbide (SiCp) particles was investigated. ZA-27 hybrid composite samples reinforced with 10 wt% QD-SiCp particles containing varied weight percentage 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% quarry dust was developed using stir casting technique. Dimensional stability (creep) evaluation and thermal behavior were performed to assess the performance of the produced modified composites. Thermal behavior was carried out using DSC thermal analyzer at operating temperatures of 0–500 °C to determine the behavior of the composites relative to temperatures, while the creep behavior (dimensional stability) was conducted using Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA 242E) at elevated temperature of 100 °C under a load of 3 N for 70 min. The results show that hybrid composites with designation B2 (50% SiCp:50%QD) and B3 (25% SiCp:75% QD) displayed superior creep resistance without dimensional instability; the highest dimensional change of 0.11 pct was observed in Bo (100% SiCp), while dimensional changes of < 0.05 pct was observed for unmodified alloy, B1 (75% SiCp:25% QD) and B4 (100% QD), respectively. However, superior elevated temperature was observed in sample designations Bo and B2, respectively, when compared with unmodified (unreinforced) alloy.

Gluten Free Biscuits in Local Market from Sibiu

Abstract The study was undertaken to assess the quality and sensory properties of gluten free biscuits (GFB) offered in local market in Sibiu. The chemical, physico-chemical parameters and sensory qualities of biscuits were studied. The result revealed that moisture of GFB is normal (&lt;5-6%), the water activity is under 0.3 for 6 of the samples, the breaking point is 0.878 (B7) and 1.564 (B1) as a result of different ingredient used (mix flour-corn, soya, rice for sample B1, rice-chickpeas flour for sample B7). Sensory qualities were determinate by using the hedonic test and showed that the GFB were well accepted by the consumers.

Electrochemical behaviour study of laser deposited titanium‐tin coatings on ASTM A29 steel in saline environment

AbstractLaser alloying of titanium–tin coating on ASTM A29 steel was carried out using a 3‐kW continuous wave ytterbium laser system controlled by a KUKA robot which controls the movement of the nozzle head and emitting a Gaussian beam at 1064 nm. The corresponding microstructure, phase structure, microhardness profiles, and corrosion properties of the laser‐alloyed coatings were investigated, and the coatings were homogenous and free of cracks. Microhardness test indicates that the laser‐alloyed Ti‐50Sn at 0.8 m/min coating has the highest microhardness. Also, corrosion resistance performance measurement in 3.65 wt.% saline environment reveals that the corrosion resistance of the laser‐alloyed titanium‐tin coatings are much better than that of the ASTM A29 steel. At scanning speed of 0.8 m/min, sample B1 exhibited the highest polarization resistance Rp (23323 Ω⋅cm2), lowest corrosion current density Icorr (1.93⋅10‐6 A/cm2), and lowest corrosion rate Cr (0.0225 mm/a) in saline environment. The polarization resistance Rp (23323 Ω⋅cm2) is 1785.4 mm/a‐times the polarization of the ASTM A29 steel substrate. The microhardness of Ti‐50Sn at scanning speed of 0.8 m/min is 2.4‐times (57.86 %) than that of ASTM A29 steel (118 HV0.1). The microhardness increases with decreasing tin content in the titanium matrix. The improved surface properties were attributed to major hard phases of iron‐tin (FeSn2), and iron‐tin‐titanium (FeSnTi).

Fluctuation conductivity in the superconducting compound Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy

A study of how the partial substitution of Bi with Pb impacts the mechanism of excess conductivity in a Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system. It is found that such a substitution leads to an increase in the critical temperature of the Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy(B2) sample, in comparison to Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (B1) [Tc (B2) = 100.09 K and Tc (B1) = 90.5 K, respectively]. At the same time, the resistivity ρ of the sample B2 in the normal phase decreases by almost 1.5 times in comparison to B1. The mechanism responsible for the generation of excess conductivity in cuprate HTSCs Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox and Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3Oy is examined using the local pair model with consideration of the Aslamazov-Larkin theory, near Tc. The temperature T0 of the transition from the 2D fluctuation region to the 3D (i.e., the temperature of the 2D-3D crossover), is also determined. The coherence length ξc(0) along the c axis of fluctuation Cooper pairs is calculated. It is shown that the partial substitution of Bi with Pb in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system leads to a decrease in ξc(0) by a factor of 1.3 (4.205 and 3.254 A, respectively), and that there is a narrowing of both the region of pseudogap existence and the region of superconducting fluctuations near Tc. The temperature dependence of the pseudogap Δ*(T) and the value Δ*(Tc) are determined, and the temperatures Tm, which correspond to the maximum of the pseudogap as a function of temperature in these materials, are estimated. The pseudogap maxima in samples B1 and B2 are found to be 61.06 and 38.18 meV, respectively.

Validation of a HPLC Method for Quantification of Thiamine and Its Phosphate Esters in Rat Brain Tissue

The present data show a fast and efficient biological sample processing method for the extraction of thiamine (vitamin B1) and its mono-(TMP) and di-(TDP) phosphate esters from hippocampus, thalamus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) and blood sample of the rodents. In addition, using the hippocampus and standards of these three compounds we validated an isocratic fluorescence HPLC procedure for a simultaneous detection of them in a single chromatogram within a total run time of about 12 min. Reproducibility for TDP, TMP and B1 was 2.66%, 4.50% and 7.43% (intraday) and 37.54%, 25.39% and 25.87% (interday), respectively. Recovery assays were between 96.0% and 101.7%. The calibration curves were linear and the concentrations of the three compounds, all in nanomolar range, were determined in the brain areas and in the blood samples. When compared to the current methods in the literature, this new method provides information on essential variables, such as linearity range and limit of detection, reproducibility and stability of thiamine, TMP and TDP in rat brain samples. The present data on sample processing and B1 and its phosphate ester level determinations are the first to be validated using hippocampus samples of rats.

Papaya (Carica papaya) latex- an alternative to rennet for cottage cheese preparation

Objective: The study was conducted to standardize the desire level of papaya latex on quality of cheese prepared from cow milk. Materials and methods: Cheese sample was prepared using whole milk collected from Dairy Farm, Bangladesh Agricultural University. This experiment was conducted on five treatments from cow milk named as sample CC1: cow control; A1: 2 drops (0.06 gm); B1: 3 drops (0.10 gm); C1: 4 drops (0.14 gm); D1: 5 drops (0.16 gm) of papaya latex. All experimental cheeses were judged by a panel of judges for organoleptic evaluation using a score card. The total solids and ash content of the different types of cheese were determined by oven drying method according to AOAC. Fat per cent, protein and acidity were determined by Babcock method, procedure and titrating with N/10 sodium hydroxide solution, respectively described by Aggarwala and Sharma. Results: There was significant difference within the overall physical score of different samples except color score. Overall score of sample B1 was highest (93.67±1.53) and score of sample D1 was lowest (72.33±12.01). In case of chemical analysis, the highest protein value was 17.14±0.34% found in B1 and lowest value was 14.94±0.16% found in D1. The highest fat value of sample B1 was 23.00±1.00% and lowest value was 16.00±1.00% found in C1. Highest carbohydrate was found in A1 (9.44±2.25) and lowest in D1 (5.02±0.04). Total solids and moisture content of cheese differed significantly (P

Gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of cellular woven fabrics

Lead-shielding products, such as lead aprons, are important materials for personal protection of physicians and patients from X-ray (gamma) radiation during medical operations. However, lead has environmental disadvantages such as high toxicity. The aim of this study was to manufacture an environmentally friendly and flexible textile-based radiation shielding material. In this work, 3/1 twill and some cellular woven fabrics were produced with conductive core yarns, and gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of these cellular woven fabrics were investigated and compared with that of the 3/1 twill woven fabric, which are commonly used as uniforms and were not studied previously in any other literature. The effects of weave on the structural characteristics of fabric such as the conductive weft yarn density, fabric thickness, and fullness were analyzed graphically and statistically. It is observed that with indenting and protruding, structure cellular woven fabrics performed better gamma radiation shielding performance than the 3/1 twill woven fabrics. The sample B1, woven with cellular weave 1, has the highest gamma radiation shielding effectiveness, thanks to the highest fabric thickness. In addition, the increase in the conductive core yarn density improved the gamma radiation shielding effectiveness of the woven fabrics.

Synthesis, Characterization of Nickel Ferrite and Its Uses as Humidity and LPG Sensors

Nanostructured nickel ferrites (sample B1 and B2) were synthesized by chemical precipitation method using two different precipitating agents; sodium and ammonium hydroxides. The samples were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of nickel ferrite with lattice parameter a = 8.3 A and the average crystallite sizes of the samples B1 and B2 were 50 and 15 nm respectively. Surface morphology of the sample B2 exhibited the higher number of adsorption sites in comparison to B1. Transmissions electron microscopy observations confirmed the formation of nanostructured nickel ferrite. Further the pellets, thick and thin films of materials B1 and B2 were prepared and investigated with the exposition of humidity and LPG. Maximum average sensitivity for humidity was formed as 53.74 MΩ/%RH. Also the maximum value of sensitivity was found 62.3 for 4 vol% of LPG. The results were found to be reproducible up to 96 % after 3 months. Response and recovery times for LPG sensing were found to be 220 and 250 s. Best sensitivity, less hysteresis, small activation energy and good reproducibility identify that fabricated humidity and LPG sensors (B2) are promising and challenging.

Bacterial Diversity Analysis of Upper Lake, Bhopal (M.P) India, Using Metagenomics

&lt;p&gt;Diversity analysis in reference to current methodology offers advantage over existing methodology such as biochemical characterization etc. Present study is carried out in order to establish diversity pattern using metagenomic procedure. The water body situated in Bhopal has its own recreation and water supply potential. Any water body is entertained by biological activity preferably predominant in sediment, as sediment represent site of various biological and geochemical activity. The protocols combine the application of mechanical (Beads and Sonicator ) and soft lysis (SDS and enzyme) method for the isolation of total DNA from sediment of Upper lake of Bhopal followed by its quantification and purity assessment. The quality and purity of metagenomic DNA was quite consistent and reliable, although it contained residual concentration of humic acid. The methods have wide applicability in investigating molecular diversity and exploring functional genes.&lt;br /&gt;The methodology used showed supportive observation of sediment habitat as use of extracted DNA when amplified using 16s rDNA region. Phylogenetic relationship was established. Dendogram was prepared using NTSYS ( software for clustering of the data) which is based on unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averaging (UPGMA). The dendogram showed deviation of initial two groups at 27% as well as 42% similarity. Sample B1 and B13 from Boat club site falls with absolute similarity, B4 and B10 also shows absolute resemblance in relation to pattern of amplification.&lt;/p&gt;

Removal of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from Single Metal Aqueous Solution Using Rubber-Seed Shell Based Activated Carbon

The aim of this study was to produce a low-cost activated carbon derived from rubber-seed shells using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as chemical agent. The effect of preparation conditions such as impregnation ratio (1:1 and 1:2), carbonization temperature (500, 600 and 700°C) and duration (90, 120, 150, 180 and 210minutes) on the produced activated carbon were investigated. Sample B1 was identified to yield activated carbon with the largest surface area, total pore volume and diameter. The results from adsorption test found that under the effect of initial concentration, the optimum sample is capable of removing 98.8% of Zn2+ and 99% of Cu2+ at low concentration of 200ppm. Under the effect of stirring rate, 99.7% of Zn2+ and 99.6% of Cu2+ is removed at stirring rate at 400rpm. Finally under the effect of contact time, 99.6% of Zn2+ and 94% of Cu2+ removal is achieved at time of 45minutes. The obtained results show that agriculture waste product from rubber-seed shell is a promising low cost precursor for the production of activated carbon and it can be effectively used as an adsorption material.