Sambucinum Var Research Articles

Change of the mycelial strain Fusarium sambucinum var sambucinum after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation

Change of the mycelial strain Fusarium sambucinum var sambucinum after exposure to ultraviolet irradiation

New Species of Fusarium in Glasshouse Carnations in Bulgaria

The study range the years 1984–1990. The samples of affected plants were collected from glasshouses where the Fusarium diseases were widespread. The wilt of carnation was caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. dianthi, Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras and Fusarium redolens were not common wilt pathogens. During the same period a stem and root rot of carnation was caused by Fusarium lunolosporum, Fusarium detonianum, Fusarium stilboides, Fusarium arthrosporoides, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium sambucinum var. sambucinum, Fusarium timidum var. coeruleum, Fusarium dimerum var. dimerum and Fusarium epistroma. All of them, except F. culmorum, were remarked as pathogen to glasshouse carnation for a first time. The rate of spred of Fusarium pathogens was F. oxysporum f. dianthi - 57%, F. culmorum - 12%, F. arthosporoides 6%. All the other species are within the limits of 3%. The isolates were classified after the taxonomic manuals of Raillo (6), Bilai (1, 2), Messiaen, Cassini (13), Booth (8) and Gerlach, Nirenberg (12).

Reaction of triticale, wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages

Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat.

Vorkommen vonFusarium-Arten und ihren Mykotoxinen auf Silomais

The internal mycoflora of silage maize plants was examined in several years. Average Fusarium infection of the maize plants was 10.4% and leaf sheaths and stalks were preferably colonized by the fungi. During the growing season an increase in total colonization of the maize plant by field fungi as well as by species of the genus Fusarium was observed 17 different Fusarium species were isolated from silage maize plants. Most frequently occurring species (more than 85%) in descending order were F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. sporotrichioides, F. crookwellense, F. oxysporum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum.

Chlorination of asparagus hydrocooling water for the control of post-harvest decay organisms

Abstract Spores of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. Oxysporum were killed by chlorinated water at concentrations of 129, 65, and 79 mg per litre available chlorine, respectively. The shelf-life of asparagus spears, cooled in water containing up to 400 mg per litre available chlorine, was not reduced compared with the tap water control (1.3 mg per litre available chlorine). No tissue damage was observed at these levels of chlorine. Chlorine test papers gave a satisfactory, semi-quantitative measure of available chlorine for commercial use, but a pH meter is required to check and adjust water pH.

A simplified method for identifying Fusarium spp. occurring on wheat

The 18 Fusarium species or varieties (F. acuminatum, F. anthophilum, F. avenaceum, var. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. dimerum var. dimerum, F. equiseti var. equiseti, F. graminearum, F. merismoides var. merismoides, F. nivale var. nivale and var. majus, F. oxysporum var. oxysporum, F. poae, F. sacchari var. subglutinans, F. sambucinum var. sambucinum, F. solani var. solani, F. sporotrichoides var. sporotrichoides, F. tricinctum, and F. verticillioides) most frequently isolated from wheat are described and illustrated. The experimental conditions used in this study, such as medium, near ultraviolet irridiation at a wave-length of λ = 300–400 nm (black light), and temperature, cause some alteration of the morphology of some of the taxa to which plant pathologists are accustomed if the strains are grown on richer media and (or) without black light. This does not matter, however, because the method described here allows each species or variety to develop a unique and stable set of morphological features, which distinguishes it from all other taxa.

Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. Associated with Foot‐rots of Peas and Beans

SUMMARYIsolates of Fusarium solani, F. solani var, coeruleum, F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. redolens, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum and F. equiseti were obtained from field samples of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is, P. coccineus and Vicia faba with foot‐rot symptoms. Their pathogenicity was tested in the glasshouse using artificially infested soiJ. All isolates originally identified as F. solani var. coeruleum and F. oxysporum var. redolens were later regarded as strains of F. solani on the evidence of their pathogenicity.Virulent isolates of F. solani from Pisum sativwn were also pathogenic to Phaseolus vulgar is but usually not to V. faba, although an isolate from V. faba was strongly pathogenic to Pisum sativum. Less virulent isolates from P. sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is and P. coccineus were generally equally pathogenic to both Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgar is. Isolates from Pisum sativum infected other legumes, particularly Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa and an isolate from Trifolium sp. caused severe foot‐rot of P. sativum.Isolates of F. avenaceum, F. graminearum and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum showed non‐specific pathogenicity to P. sativum, Phaseolus vulgar is and V. faba, generally causing seedling death. F. avenaceum and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum were also pathogenic to other legumes, particularly M. sativa.

Zearalenone‐producing species of Fusarium on barley seed

SUMMARYIsolates of Fusarium were obtained from samples of barley grain at harvest in 1971, 1973 and 1974. The ability of these isolates to produce the myco‐toxin zearalenone was examined, the grain also being tested for its presence in 1974. The most common isolate was F. culmorum, 60% of which in 1974 produced zearalenone. Other species isolated which produced this myco‐toxin were F. monilijorme, F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. nivale and F. sambucinum var coeruleum, the last three species have not previously been recorded as producing zearalenone.

An electron microscope study of spore germination in Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum

The ultrastructure of resting and germinating Fusarium sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr. conidia was studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Special attention was paid to the effect of osmotic pressure during fixation and washing, which had to be kept constant and fairly low, in order to observe conidial swelling. During germination the mitochondria seemed to become smaller and more numerous and dense bodies became vacuolate. The septal plugs remained in or next to the septal pores. The wall of the germ tube seemed to extend from the inner layer of the conidial wall.

Fusarium species associated with wheat in Victoria

Wheat roots and seeds were examined for Fusarium species during surveys in 1970 and 1971. Fusarium spp. were commonly isolated from root lesions, especially those on older plants, but seldom from seed. However, frequency of isolation from seed was increased by using a selective medium containing pentachloro-nitrobenaene. Fourteen species, including eleven not previously recorded on wheat in Victoria, were identified, Previously recorded species were: F. culmorum, F. equiseti and F. graminearum. Previously unrecorded species were : F. arthrosporioides, F. avenaceum, F. camptoceras, F. chlamydosporum, F. concolor, F. oxysporum, F. poae, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, F. semitectum, F. sporotrichioides and F. trichothecioides. The commonest were the weakly pathogenic species F. avenaceum, F. equseti and F. oxysporum. The strongly pathogenic species F. graminearum, was seldo isolated and the other strongly pathogenic species, F. culmorum, was common only in the Southern cereal district.

THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CANADA: V. TAXONOMY AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN SOIL

A taxonomic study was made of 1348 isolates of Fusarium found in 206 soil samples collected in 1946. Approximately 70% of the samples, or 143, were obtained from 127 localities in Manitoba; the remaining 30%, or 63, came from seven other provinces.Of 25,973 colonies of fungi that developed on the 2060 soil-dilution plates involved in this study, Fusarium accounted for approximately 5%. A total of 14 species and varieties of Fusarium, classified in nine sections of the genus, were isolated; they are F. merismoides Cda., F. poae (Pk.) Wr., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., F. acuminatum Ell. & Ev., F. equiseti (Cda.) Sacc., F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., F. sambucinum Fuckel, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr., F. moniliforme Sheld. emend. S. & H., F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. S. & H., F. oxysporum var. redolens (Wr.) Gordon, F. solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. emend. S. & H. F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum var. redolens, F. equiseti, and F. solani accounted for approximately 90% of the total Fusarium isolates. F. oxysporum was by far the most prevalent species isolated. With the exception of F. merismoides, all of the species isolated were found previously to be seed-borne by cereals and to be associated with common root rot of those crops.

THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CANADA: III. TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN THE SEED OF VEGETABLE, FORAGE, AND MISCELLANEOUS CROPS

A taxonomic study was made of isolates of Fusarium obtained from a microbiological examination of seed from a total of 44 species and botanical varieties of cultivated plants. These plants may be classed as vegetable, forage, and miscellaneous crops. Most of the seed samples originated from stocks produced in Canada, but some were seed from other countries. A total of 16 species, varieties, and forms of Fusarium, classified in eight sections of the genus, were encountered among the isolates that were obtained from seed; they are F. poae (Pk.) Wr., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., F. arthrosporioides Sherb., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc, F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., F. acuminatum Ell. & Ev., F. compactum (Wr.) Gordon, F. equiseti (Cda.) Sacc, F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc, F. graminearum Schwabe, F. sambucinum Fuckel, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr., F. moniliforme Sheld. em. S. & H., F. oxysporum Schlecht. em. S. & H., F. oxysporum f. lini (Bolley) S. & H., F. solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. em. S. & H. From the seed of a total of 44 species and botanical varieties of host plants, F. equiseti was identified among isolates from 34; F. poae and F. oxysporum each from 18; F. acuminatum from 17; F. avenaceum from 16; F. culmorum, from 10; F. sambucinum and F. moniliforme each from five; F. graminearum and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum each from four; F. solani from three; F. sporotrichioides from two; F. arthrosporioides, F. semitectum, F. compactum, and F. oxysporum f. lini each from one. The origin of the seed samples of each host is given.

THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CANADA: IV. TAXONOMY AND PREVALENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN THE SOIL OF CEREAL PLOTS

A taxonomic study was made of 12,485 isolates of Fusarium that were obtained from a total of 1674 soil samples taken from two series of permanent cereal plots during the years 1936–1942. Isolates of Fusarium averaged approximately 16% of total fungus isolates. A total of 16 species, varieties, and forms of Fusarium, classified in eight sections of the genus, were isolated. These species, varieties, and forms are F. dimerum Penz., F. merismoides Cda., F. poae(Pk.) Wr., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., F. concolor Rg., F. semitectum Berk. & Rav., F. acuminatum Ell. & Ev., F. equiseti (Cda.) Sacc., F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc., F. sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr., F. sambucinum f. 6 Wr., F. oxysporum Schlecht, em. Snyder & Hansen, F. oxysporum var. redolens (Wr.) Gordon, F. solani (Mart.) App. & Wr. em. Snyder & Hansen. The majority of the species isolated were encountered each year. F. oxysporum and F. equiseti, together, accounted for approximately 75% of the total Fusarium isolates. Average concentrations per gram of soil of these two species were approximately 4800 and 2300 'units', respectively. Average concentrations per gram of soil of each of the remaining species isolated were below 600 units. Except for F. dimerum and F. merismoides, the species, varieties, and forms that were obtained from soil have been isolated previously from the basal parts and seed of cereals in the Prairie Provinces.

THE OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CANADA: II. PREVALENCE AND TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES IN CEREAL SEED

During the present investigation, a total of 1579 seed samples of wheat, 1042 of barley, and 1152 of oats (100 kernels per sample), were examined microbiologically for the presence of Fusarium. Of these samples, 402 of wheat, 513 of barley, and 636 of oats originated in the seed inspection districts of Eastern Canada, and 1177 of wheat, 529 of barley, and 516 of oats in those of Western Canada. Isolates of Fusarium were obtained from approximately 41.8% of the samples of wheat (1.5% of the kernels), 76.2% of the samples of barley (3.9% of the kernels), and 79.6% of the samples of oats (5.7% of the kernels) that originated in Eastern Canada, whereas only 13,8% of the samples of wheat (0.2% of the kernels), 36.3% of the samples of barley (0.7% of the kernels), and 38.9% of the samples of oats (1.1% of the kernels) from Western Canada yielded Fusarium. In classifying the different wild types of Fusarium that were obtained from cereal seed the system of taxonomy and nomenclature of Wollenweber and Reinking was chiefly followed, but certain sections of the genus were revised extensively, partly in accordance with Snyder and Hansens' concept of species in this genus. Four new combinations are proposed, namely F. compactum (Wr.) n. eomb., F. lateritium Nees emend. Snyder & Hansen forma cajani (Padwick) n. comb., F. lateritium Nees emend. Snyder &. Hansen forma crotalariae (Padwick) n. comb., and F. oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen var. redolens (Wr.) n. comb. A total of 16 species and varieties of Fusarium, classified in nine sections of the genus, was isolated from cereal seed during this investigation. These species and varieties are, namely, F. poae (Pk.) Wr., F. sporotrichioides Sherb., F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc, F. arthrosporioides Sherb., P. semitectum Berk. & Rav., F. equiseti (Cda.) Sacc, F. acuminatum Ell. & Ev., F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc, F. graminearum Schwabe, F. sambucinum Fuckel, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum Wr., F. lateritium Nees emend. Snyder & Hansen, F. moniliforme Sheld. emend. Snyder & Hansen, F. oxysporum var. redolens (Wr.) n. comb., and F. solani (App. & Wr.) Wr. emend. Snyder & Hansen. F. poae, F. avenaceum, and F. acuminatum were most frequently isolated. F. concolor Rg. and F. sambucinum f. 6 Wr,, that were previously recorded from cereal seed in Manitoba, and three additional species, namely, F. dimerum Penz., F. merismoides Cda., and F. nivale (Fr.) Ces., that may be encountered in the future among isolates from cereal seed in Canada, were also included in this study.

THE GENUS VIBURNUM (CAPRIFOLIACEAE) IN MALAYSIA

1. In the following pages an account of the genus Viburnum in Malaysia is presented. 2. The distribution of its species is briefly discussed and a map relating to it added. 3. The main part of the present paper consists of keys to the sections and species, followed by a systematic treatment of the 16 species admitted for the region. 4. Three new subsections are proposed, viz. Viburnum subsect. Punctata Kern,subsect. Sambucina Kern, and subsect. Lutescentia Kern. Viburnum subseries Coriacea Maxim, is reduced to the rank of a subsection. 5. Three species and two varieties are described as new, viz. Viburnum amplificatum Kern, V. clemensae Kern, V. hispidulum Kern, V. coriaceum, var. longiflorutn Kern, and V. sambucinum var. subglabrum Kern. 6. The following species are reduced to the rank of varieties: Viburnum floribundum Merr. has become V. luzonicum var. floribundum (Merr.) Kern, and V. sinuatum Merr. has become V. luzonicum var. sinuatum (Merr.) Kern. 7. The following reductions'to synonymy are made: Viburnum longistamineum Ridl. to V. sambucinum- var. subglabrum Kern; V. sumatranum Miq., V.villosum Ridl., and V. inopinatum Craib all to V. sambucinum var. tovientosum Hallier f.;V. forbesii Fawc. partly to V. sambucimim Bl., partly to V. coriaceum BL; and V. zippelii Miq. to V. japonicum (Thunb.) Spr. 8. Emended descriptions of Viburnum beccarii Gamble and of V. junghuhnii Miq. are given.