Samba District Research Articles

Anthropogenic effects on physical landscape: A case study of Purmandal and Uttar Behni in Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir UT

The study “ Anthropogenic effects on physical landscape” has been carried out in Purmandal and Uttar Behni area of Samba district in Jammu and Kashmir. The study area Purmandal is a tehsil in Samba district of the state Jammu and Kashmir and lies between 32.370N-32.440N latitude and 74.940E-750.00Elongitude. This area is about 37km away from Jammu in south eastern side and connected with NH 44A from Bari Brahamna. It is an empirical deductive study in which field tour of three days was conducted in order to assess the area i.e role of humans in shaping the physical landscape. Detailed study was done and photographs were taken as an evidence of Anthropogenic effects. This study has revealed that Purmandal and Uttar Behni have witnessed many types of anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic influences in the area are clearly perceptible in agriculture, mining, transportation, construction, and deforestation activities. The study has revealed the relationship between level of modernization and contrasting influence of agricultural practices on natural landscape. The study focuses on various anthropogenic dimensions in the context of the study area which includes Purmandal and Uttar Behni. The Purmandal area is suffering from various effects which are caused or played by human. These effects are in term of agricultural practices, infrastructural development, cutting of forests for domestic fuel as well as for timber and also for clearing of land to make it good for agricultural practices. To prove the anthropogenic effects on the landscape, field observations have been the main source of information. Besides few prominent local persons as well revenue officer were interviewed to make assessment of the changes taken place in the area.

Analysis Of The Attitude Of Secondary School Teachers Towards The Use Of Bichronous Online Learning

Bichronous online learning is a recently coined terminology that refers to a blended form of synchronous (real-time online meeting) and asynchronous (anywhere, anytime learning) online learning. The present study aims to analyse the attitude of secondary school teachers towards bichronous online learning based on gender, locality, age, and type of institution. The sample consists of 100 secondary school teachers from 20 schools (10 each from government and private) in the Samba district. The investigator adopted the descriptive survey method and used a self-developed attitude scale for collecting data. The reliability and validity of the scale were also established by the investigator. For the analysis of data, Mean (M), Standard Deviation (SD), and Critical Ratio (CR) were used. The findings of the study reveal that there is a significant difference between the attitude of secondary school teachers based on gender (male and female), locality (urban and rural), age (below 40 and above 40), and type of institution (government and private). The results of the present investigation will help the stakeholders to take necessary steps to develop willingness among the teachers to use bichronous online learning in the teaching-learning process and make it more interesting and innovative.

Training Needs of Marigold Farmers on Production Technologies in Samba District

Training Needs of Marigold Farmers on Production Technologies in Samba District

Distribution of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Pathotypes in Basmati-Rice-Growing Areas of Jammu and Kashmir, India

Rice is an important staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Though the genetic potential of commonly cultivated varieties of rice is diminished due to various biotic and abiotic constraints, bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is considered one of its most destructive diseases in India. Based on morpho-cultural characteristics, bacterial pathogens isolated from the leaves of a rice plant showing typical BLB symptoms were identified as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Morphological studies revealed that the pathogen is Gram-negative, a short rod, with rounded ends, single or in pairs, light yellow, circular, whitish yellow to straw-colored, convex, yellow, slightly raised, motile with a single polar flagellum, capsulate and non-spore-forming. Biochemical tests, viz., the Gram reaction, KOH test and catalyst test, showed a positive reaction for all the isolates. Twenty isolates of Xoo were collected from the basmati-growing areas of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts in the Jammu sub-tropics during 2019, and their pathogenicity was confirmed on five susceptible rice cultivars, viz., Basmati-370, Pusa-1121, TN-1, SJR and Jaya, by the leaf-clipping method, and subsequently, Koch’s postulate was established in each case. Seven Xoo pathotypes, viz., Pathotype 1, Pathotype 2, Pathotype 3, Pathotype 4, Pathotype 5, Pathotype 6 and Pathotype 7, were identified from the total sample of 20 isolates. Pathotype 2 was the most dominant (100%), followed by Pathotype 5 (44.44%), Pathotype 4 (40%), Pathotype 6 (40%), Pathotype 7 (33.33%), Pathotype 3 (22.22%) and Pathotype 1 (20%), in the Jammu sub-tropics. In Jammu district, Pathotype 5 was highly distributed (44.44%) followed by Pathotype 7 (33.33%) and Pathotype 3 (22.22%). Pathotype 4 and Pathotype 6 each showed a 40 percent distribution in Kathua district, followed by Pathotype 1 (20%). Only one pathotype, i.e., Pathotype 2, was recorded in Samba district with a 100 percent distribution. Five genes, viz., Xa13, Xa4, Xa13 and Xa5 + Xa13, showed complete resistance, whereas Xa4, Xa5, Xa7, Xa8, Xa21, Xa4 + Xa5 and Xa4 + Xa21 showed susceptible response against the test isolates. It was observed that most of the single BLB-resistant genes were moderately to highly susceptible to almost all the Xoo isolates, whereas combinations of BLB resistance genes possessed high resistance against all the Xoo isolates. The studies revealed that diverse pathogenic variations existed in the Xoo population in the basmati-growing region of Jammu and Kashmir. Based on the response exhibited by Xoo isolates on differential lines, seven pathotypes (Pathotype 1–7) were identified, and their virulence spectrum on rice differentials showed the occurrence of 5, 3, 10, 10, 20, 10 and 15 percent, respectively, in the Jammu sub-tropics. To develop durable and sustainable resistant cultivars, it is essential to identify predominate race(s) in a specific geographical area and continuously monitor the virulence pattern there.

Yield gap analysis of chickpea production through cluster frontline demonstrations in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir

Yield gap analysis of chickpea production through cluster frontline demonstrations in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir

Economic impact of amphistomosis in Goats of north-western Himalayas, India

Economic impact of amphistomosis in goats of Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir was assessed during November 2020 to October 2021. In the study, for a flock of 343 goats, total annual economic loss due to amphistomosis was Rs. 419910 (Rs. 2586/animal/annum). Among the various production losses, reduced body weight contributed 63.2% economic loss followed by reduced milk yield (33.4%) and birth weight of kids (3.4%). The total annual economic recovery of losses by sustainable control of amphistomosis in goats (n=103) was Rs. 241621 (Rs. 4766/ animal/annum). The increase in milk yield contributed 62.1% in economic recovery followed by weight gain of animals (34.5%) and birth weight gain of kids (3.4%). In conclusion, higher recovery in economic losses can be achieved by sustainable control of amphistomosis by targeting the parasitic burden at the right time.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SECONDARY/HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR: A CASE STUDY OF SAMBA DISTRICT

IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SECONDARY/HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR: A CASE STUDY OF SAMBA DISTRICT

Constraints Faced by Farmers in Commercial Cultivation of Vegetables in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Constraints Faced by Farmers in Commercial Cultivation of Vegetables in Samba district, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Liquefaction hazard assessment in a seismically active region of Himalayas using geotechnical and geophysical investigations: a case study of the Jammu Region

The Jammu Region (JR) in the northwestern Himalayas trigged by medium to high magnitude near-field as well as far-field earthquake events, including the most recent 2019 Mirpur earthquake. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop the zonation map for liquefaction hazard in the JR based on liquefaction potential index (mathrm{LPI}) and probability of liquefaction ({P}_{L}). To achieve this, factor of safety against liquefaction was estimated using standard penetration test (SPT) data collected from geotechnical consultancies and shear wave velocity measured during field testing at 243 locations, and an integrated liquefaction hazard map generated. The liquefaction features such as sand blows and ground rupture were found in Jatah (Samba district) and Simbal (Jammu district). According to the integrated hazard map, places near the bank of Tawi River and Ravi River in Jammu have young alluvium, making them particularly prone to liquefaction. Liquefaction does not occur in the eastern and western sections because of high shear wave velocities and rock at shallow depth, and it also does not occur in the central area due to thick sand deposits. mathrm{LPI} values ranged from 0 to 27.45 having very low to very high liquefaction risk. {P}_{L} is greater than 0.75 for sites located on the southwestern side due to uniformly graded soil having extremely low SPT (N) and {V}_{s} values. This study will aid site planners in the construction of structures that consider liquefaction mitigation and well-defined liquefaction risk measures.

Demographic Profile of Knol-Khol Grower in Sub- Tropics of Jammu Region of Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was conducted purposively in Jammu and Samba districts because these two districts were having the maximum area under knol-khol cultivation in Jammu region. A proportionate random sampling procedure, based on the area under knol-khol cultivation in these districts was employed for the selection of villages. The area under knol- khol cultivation in Jammu district and Samba district was 599 ha and 121 ha, respectively. A list of knol-khol growing villages was prepared and 12 villages from Jammu district and 2 villages from Samba district were randomly selected. A list of knol-khol growing farmers with a minimum of 1 kanal (1/20 ha) area under vegetable cultivation was prepared from the selected villages during the year 2020 and 10 farmers from each selected village were randomly selected, The KVK Samba carried out front line demonstrations (FLDs) of the university released G 40 variety of knol-khol. The KVK laid 9 demonstrations on the farmers’ fields, each in 2017-18 and 2018-19. In the year 2019-20 KVK samba again laid the FLDs for 20 farmers. Thus, to study the adoption and adoptability of university released G 40 knol-khol variety, 38 farmers of Samba district were selected as final respondents. Thus, a total sample of 178 (140+ 38) farmers were taken as respondents for the present study. The result showed that majority of the respondents fell under middle age category. Literacy rate of the respondents were quite good. Social participation of the respondents was low. Average operational land holding of the respondents was 1.24 ha and that majority of the respondents were fell under small (1-2 ha) and marginal (<1 ha) category of farmers. Cow was possessed by majority of the respondents.

Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Charophyte Gyrogonites from Mudstone Horizon Underlying Volcanic Ash Beds of Northwest Himalaya: Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental Implications

In this paper, a good number of charophyte specimens and angiospermae seeds have been documented from the mudstone horizon underlying the geochronologically dated volcanic ash beds exposed about 0.375 km northwest of Badakhetar village in Samba district of the Jammu region, northwest Himalaya. By using the morphological characteristics (equatorial axis, distance from apical pore to equatorial axis, isopolarity index, anisopolarity index, width of convolution, angle between convolution and equatorial axis, number of convolutions, vertical and oblique line spiral, size, shape, basal pore and apex morphology) of charophytes, these specimens have been identified and tentatively referred as Chara rantzieni, Charaglobularis globularis, Chara globularis aspera (Characontraria), Hornichara maslovi, Lamprothamnium papulosum, Lychnothamnus breviovatus and Boraginocarpus lakhanpalii (Angiospermae seed). The reported species of charophytes are used here in the present study for Palaeoecological and Palaeoenvironmental studies. Keywords: Charophyte Gyrogonites, Mudstone Horizon, Northwest Himalaya, Palaeoecology, Palaeoenvironment

Resource Conserving Technology (RCT) in Wheat: A Promising Better Option in Samba District of Jammu and Kashmir

Resource Conserving Technology (RCT) in Wheat: A Promising Better Option in Samba District of Jammu and Kashmir

Enhancing the Yield and Economics of Okra Through Frontline Demonstrations in Samba District of Jammu and Kashmir

Enhancing the Yield and Economics of Okra Through Frontline Demonstrations in Samba District of Jammu and Kashmir

A Study on the Socioeconomic Profile of Self Help Groups Established under NRLM in the Jammu Region

National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) scheme was launched in 2011 with an agenda to reach out and mobilise seventy million below poverty line (BPL) households into self-managed self-help groups (SHG) and federal institutions and support them through livelihood collectives. In order to understand the profile characteristics of SHGs established under this scheme, the study was conducted in purposively selected Jammu and Samba districts in the Jammu region. Out of a total of 670 SHGs set up till 2017, a sample of 20 SHGs, 10 from each purposively selected Dansal block of Jammu district and Ghagwal block of Samba district were selected employing random sampling technique without replacement. Data collection was done by personal interview method with a semi structured interview schedule. The results revealed that all the respondents were female and majority were married belonging to the scheduled castes, with a nuclear family type having an average formal education upto 5th standard. It is also understood that there is a significant relationship between the education levels of the respondents with their caste and group membership. The study also found that majority of the respondents engaged into self help groups under NRLM belonging to the below poverty line category.

Socioeconomic status and risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among the residents of Jammu Division (J&K-India) - A Geo Medical Analysis

The main focus of this paper is to examine the relationship between CVD risk factors and socioeconomic variables in Jammu division of Jammu and Kashmir. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) related deaths is not only the prime cause of mortality in the world, it has also continued to increase in the low and middle income countries. The study area was divided into ten districts (administrative units) in GIS environment. linear regression, binary logistic regression model, Kendal’s ranking coefficient method were employed to show the incidence, spatial variation and impact of different socioeconomic variables on CVD. The results reveals that the incidence of CVD has increased by 7.31 percent from 2008 to 2016. Samba district was having maximum change of incidence (33.24 percent), however, negative change in incidence rate was found in Udhampur district (-2.41 percent). Consumption of tobacco and alcohol are significant related to cardiovascular diseases.

Frontline Demonstration to popularize flower cultivation through Marigold production among the farmers of Samba district

Marigold is one of the important commercial crops among floriculture supplementing the regular income to small and marginal farmers of the Samba district of JandK Union Territory. Jammu being a city of temples consumption of flowers is more, but as compared to consumption production is very less. However, the major constraints of marigold cultivation are low productivity due to the lack of good quality seed, non adoption of recommended package of practices and lack of awareness regarding the economics of the crop as compared to cereals. To solve this problem, front line demonstration were conducted at the farming situation of Samba district with the participation of farmers after the baseline survey. The cultivation practices in this FLD (use of improved variety, proper nursery techniques and balance dose of fertilizers, important inter-culture operations and plant protection measures) increased the yield by 53.78 percent on an average over the farmer practice. The highest extension gaps were 72.75q/ ha while the technology index, which is inversely correlated to the feasibility of the improved technology in the farmer’s field was24.3 percent. The adoption of improved technology under FLDs resulted in higher gross returns (Rs 728000/ha), net return (Rs 643517/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1:7.61) as compared to farmer practice.

Socio-economic status of chickpea growers under scientific intervention in Samba district of Jammu & Kashmir

The study was conducted in Samba district of Jammu and Kashmir U.T. A list of respondents to whom scientific interventions were imparted was procured from officers/scientists, Pulse Research Station Samba (PRSS). About 60 chickpea growing respondents were selected randomly without replacement from the given project list. Another 60 non-beneficiaries chick pea growing respondents were selected randomly from the adjoining villages of the sampled respondents. By this way total sample farmers of 120 (60 project beneficiary respondents and 60 non- beneficiary respondents) were selected for the study purpose. The result showed that average age of respondents was 49.98 (±1.04) years which was 53.7 (±10.33) years among non-beneficiaries, average number of formal schooling years completed was 8.68 (±0.24) years, whereas it was 9.35 (±2.91) years among non-beneficiaries. Overall average farming experience of the respondents were 27.71 (±9.01) years. years and 29.88 (±5.48) years among non-beneficiaries. average family size was 5.97 members (±0.34) whereas it was 5.27 members (±0.23) in case of non-beneficiaries. Overall average operational land holding was 1.97 (±0.04) hectares with an average irrigated area of 0.12 (±0.03) hectares. The primary occupation of majority of the respondents (56%) was agriculture. Majority of the beneficiaries as well as non-beneficiaries farmers were dependent on agriculture for their income.

Impact of scientific interventions on production and productivity of chickpea in samba district of jammu region.

Impact of scientific interventions on production and productivity of chickpea in samba district of jammu region.

Active Tectonic Strike-Slip Fault Development near Goran, Samba and Kathua Districts, Jammu and Kashmir

Active tectonic morphometric studies of the sparsely investigated frontal Siwalik terrain around Goran in the Samba district bordering the Kathua district of J&K reveal the presence of NW-SE trending active sinistral strike-slip fault with oblique slip component which is parallel to the Surin-Masatgarh anticline. The Basantar River, the Tarnah stream, the Ujh River, the Sahaar stream and the Ravi River exhibit significant stream offsets where the fault crosses these channels. The values of the morphometric indices viz. stream sinuosity index (S), stream length gradient index (SL), valley floor width to valley height ratio (Vf), mountain front sinuosity index (Smf), hypsometric integral (Hi), basin asymmetry ratio (AF) and basin elongation ratio (Eb) calculated along the linear river offsets with respect to longitudinal River segments of the Rivers Basantar, Tarnah, Ujh, Sahaar and Ravi Rivers reveal that terrain is tectonically active and can be placed in tectonic active class I. The fault has an apparent offset of about 2000 m with it as it crosses the Basantar, the Tarnah, the Ujh, the Sahaar and the Ravi Rivers. The stream offsets upon field and laboratory investigations are developed due to an active sinistral strike slip fault which is being named as Goran fault. This fault has a surface expression of 100 km extending from the Basantar in the northwest up to the Beas River in the southwest whereas the remaining segment may exist as a hidden fault all along the Himalaya.

Vegetation dynamics in response to climate change from the wetlands of Western Himalaya, India: Holocene Indian summer monsoon variability

India’s agricultural output, economy and societal well-being are strappingly dependent on the stability of the southwest summer monsoon precipitation, its variability and extremes. Deviations in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) precipitation may profoundly impact the agricultural productivity and gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of the ISM precipitation during the Holocene is significant in many respects, particularly in terms of human development and establishment of centres of civilisations. Here, pollen records of the variability in ISM precipitation and their interpretation in terms of vegetation and climate change from two wetlands (Gharana and Nanga; Ramsar sites) of the Western Himalaya (India) is presented. The results suggest that between ~8536 and 5296 cal yr BP, mixed conifer/broad-leaved forests occurred in the Jammu region (Gharana Wetland sediment profile) under a cool and dry climate, probably indicating decreased monsoon precipitation. Subsequently, they were succeeded by mixed broad-leaved/conifer forests between ~5296 and 2776 cal yr BP under a warm and humid climate with increased monsoon precipitation, partly corresponding to the Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO). Between ~2776 and 1376 cal yr BP, with more expansion of broad-leaved forest elements in response to a warm and more humid climate the dense mixed broad-leaved/conifer forests came into existence in the region, indicating a further increase in monsoon precipitation. From ~1376 cal yr BP to present, the climate deteriorated, as manifested by the replacement of dense mixed broad-leaved/conifer forests by mixed conifer/broad-leaved forests in the region. The palaeoclimatic inferences drawn from the Nanga Wetland sediment profile of Samba District match with the Gharana Wetland sediment profile of Jammu District for the late-Holocene. This study provides insights into the vegetation dynamics, associated climate change and the ISM variability from the poorly understood wetland ecosystems of Southeast Asia during the Holocene.