Salvianic Acid Research Articles

SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module mediates jasmonic acid signaling to balance biosynthesis of medicinal metabolites and salt tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza.

Salvia miltiorrhiza holds significant importance in traditional Chinese medicine. Stress-associated proteins (SAP), identified by A20/AN1 zinc finger structural domains, play crucial roles in regulating plant growth, development, resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, and hormone responses. Herein, we conducted a genome-wide identification of the SAP gene family in S. miltiorrhiza. The expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of SmSAP4 under methyljasmonate (MeJA) and salt stress. Overexpressing SmSAP4 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots increased tanshinones content while decreasing salvianolic acids content, while RNAi-silencing SmSAP4 had the opposite effect. SmSAP4 overexpression in both Arabidopsis thaliana and S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots decreased their salt stress tolerance, accompanied by increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), and a hindered ability to maintain the Na+ : K+ ratio. Further investigations demonstrated that MeJA alleviated the inhibitory effect of SmJAZ3 on SmSAP4 activation by SmbHLH37 and SmERF73. However, MeJA did not affect the inhibition of SmSAP4 activation by SmJAZ8 through SmbHLH37. In summary, our research reveals that SmSAP4 negatively regulates the accumulation of salvianic acid through the SmJAZs-SmbHLH37/SmERF73-SmSAP4 module and positively impacting the accumulation of tanshinones. Additionally, it functions as a negative regulator under salt stress.

Exploration on the corrosion inhibition performance of Salvia miltiorrhiza extract as a green corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in HCl environment

Salvia Miltiorrhiza, extensively distributed and commonly employed as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has garnered significant attention. In this study, the Salvia Miltiorrhiza extract (SME) was prepared by one-step water extraction method, and was firstly used as a novel corrosion inhibitor for Q235 steel in 1 mol/L HCl solution. As identified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, the findings reveal that Salvianic acid A, tanshinone II A, danshenxinkun D, dihydrotanshinone, and methylene tanshinquinone are the primary constituents of SME. The optimum corrosion inhibition efficiency reached 92.8 % at 200 mg/L and maintained at 90.4 % after 72 h. Based on in-situ scanning vibration electrode technology (SVET) monitoring, the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on metal surface greatly retarded the propagation of localized corrosion. AFM examination of the corroded surface reveals that the samples supplemented with SME exhibit a smoother surface compared to the blank group. The force curve graph for the SME-added group demonstrates a more evenly distributed point array and an elevated average adhesion force, indicating that the addition of SME improves the corrosion resistance of the metal surface. XPS characterization illustrated that SME interacted with iron ions to form insoluble precipitate. This work investigated the application of SME as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in acidic medium, providing a new approach for the high value-added utilization of Salvia Milliorrhiza.

Danshensu reduces neuronal excitability by enhancing potassium currents in bushy cells in the mouse cochlear nucleus.

Danshensu, also known as salvianic acid A, is a primary active compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). While its antioxidative and neuroprotective effects are well-documented, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we sought out to investigate if and how Danshensu modulates neuronal excitability and voltage-gated ionic currents in the central nervous system. We prepared brain slices of the mouse brainstem and performed patch-clamp recording in bushy cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, with or without Danshensu incubation for 1 h. QX-314 was used internally to block Na+ current, while tetraethylammonium and 4-aminopyridine were used to isolate different subtypes of K+ current. We found that Danshensu of 100 μm decreased the input resistance of bushy cells by approximately 60% and shifted the voltage threshold of spiking positively by approximately 7 mV, resulting in significantly reduced excitability. Furthermore, we found this reduced excitability by Danshensu was caused by enhanced voltage-gated K+ currents in these neurons, including both low voltage-activated IK,A, by approximately 100%, and high voltage-activated IK,dr, by approximately 30%. Lastly, we found that the effect of Danshensu on K+ currents was dose-dependent in that no enhancement was found for Danshensu of 50 μm and Danshensu of 200 μm failed to cause significantly more enhancement on K+ currents when compared to that of 100 μm. We found that Danshensu reduced neuronal excitability in the central nervous system by enhancing voltage-gated K+ currents, providing mechanistic support for its neuroprotective effect widely seen in vivo.

Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of eight Xiakucao Oral liquid-related compounds in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study.

Xiakucao Oral Liquid (XKCOL) has been widely used for treating mammary gland hyperplasia and goiter in China. However, its pharmacokinetic data have been missing to date. To conduct its pharmacokinetic study, we established an LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of eight XKCOL-related compounds in rat plasma. Liquid-liquid extraction was used for the sampling process. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenon Luna C18 column with a mobile phase of methanol and 2 mM ammonium acetate, using gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using negative electrospray ionization (ESI-) with optimized MS parameters. Endogenous substances and carryover did not interfere in the detection of analytes. The calibration curves showed a good linear relationship within the linear ranges. The intra- and inter-batch accuracy and precision were 94.8%-110.0% and ≤11.2%, respectively. There was no significant matrix effect and the recovery was reproducible. The dilution of samples did not affect the accuracy and precision. The solution and plasma samples were stable under the various test conditions. The major components of XKCOL absorbed into the blood were salvianic acid A and rosmarinic acid. They demonstrated linear kinetics over the dose range used in this study.

Enhanced Brain Targeting Delivery of Salvianic Acid Using Borneol as a Promoter of Blood/Brain Transport and Regulator of P-gp.

Borneol can enhance the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of some drugs and suppress the efflux transport of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which will contribute to the brain delivery of salvianic acid A (SAA). The study aimed to develop an approach to improve the brain targeting delivery of SAA with the aid of borneol. "Borneol" was involved in SAA via esterified prodrug SAA borneol ester (SBE) and combined administration (SAA-borneol, SAA-B). Subsequently, the blood-brain transport of SAA through brain/blood distribution and P-gp regulation via expression and function assay were investigated in rats. The SBE and SAA-B-treated group received a three-fold brain concentration and longer t1/2 and retention period of active SAA than that of SAA alone (20.18/13.82 min vs. 6.48 min; 18.30/17.42 min vs. 11.46 min). In addition, blood to brain transport of active SAA in SBE was altered in comparison to that of SAA-B, ultimately resulting in a better drug targeting index (9.93 vs. 3.63). Further studies revealed that SBE-induced downregulation of P-gp expression occurred at the later stage of administration (60 min, P < 0.01), but SBE always showed a more powerful drug transport activity across BBB represented by Kp value of rhodamine 123 than SAA-B (30, 60 min, P < 0.05). The comparative results indicate that SBE exhibits prominent efficiency on SAA's targeting delivery through improved blood/brain metabolic properties and sustained inhibitory effect of "borneol" on P-gp efflux. Therefore, prodrug modification can be applied as a more effective approach for brain delivery of SAA.

COVER IMAGE

The cover image is based on the Original Article Salvianic acid A sodium facilitates CMECs proliferation via enhancing HIF‐1α/VEGF signaling pathway post myocardial infarction by Jichun Liu et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.13855. image

Salvianic acid A sodium facilitates cardiac microvascular endothelial cell proliferation by enhancing the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha/vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway post-myocardial infarction.

Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) are important cells surrounding the cardiomyocytes in the heart that maintain microenvironment homeostasis. Salvianic acid A sodium (SAAS) has been reported to prevent myocardial infarction (MI) injury. However, the role of SAAS on CMEC proliferation remains unclear. CEMCs exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to explore the angiogenic abilities of SAAS. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups: sham, MI and SAAS + MI groups. Compared to OGD group, SAAS led to a reduction in the apoptotic rate and an increase of the proliferation in vitro. Additionally, SAAS increased the protein levels of Bcl2, HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) with the reduction of Bax. In terms of the specific mechanisms, SAAS might inhibit HIF-1α ubiquitination and enhance the HIF-1α/VEGF signalling pathway to increase CMEC proliferation. Furthermore, SAAS increased the density of vessels, inhibited myocardial fibrosis and improved cardiac dysfunction in vivo. The present study has revealed that SAAS could potentially be used as an active substance to facilitate CMEC proliferation post-MI.

Nanopore analysis of salvianolic acids in herbal medicines

Natural herbs, which contain pharmacologically active compounds, have been used historically as medicines. Conventionally, the analysis of chemical components in herbal medicines requires time-consuming sample separation and state-of-the-art analytical instruments. Nanopore, a versatile single molecule sensor, might be suitable to identify bioactive compounds in natural herbs. Here, a phenylboronic acid appended Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore is used as a sensor for herbal medicines. A variety of bioactive compounds based on salvianolic acids, including caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, salvianic acid A, rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid A and salvianolic acid B are identified. Using a custom machine learning algorithm, analyte identification is performed with an accuracy of 99.0%. This sensing principle is further used with natural herbs such as Salvia miltiorrhiza, Rosemary and Prunella vulgaris. No complex sample separation or purification is required and the sensing device is highly portable.

Targeting PKM2 signaling cascade with salvianic acid A normalizes tumor blood vessels to facilitate chemotherapeutic drug delivery

Aberrant tumor blood vessels are prone to propel the malignant progression of tumors, and targeting abnormal metabolism of tumor endothelial cells emerges as a promising option to achieve vascular normalization and antagonize tumor progression. Herein, we demonstrated that salvianic acid A (SAA) played a pivotal role in contributing to vascular normalization in the tumor-bearing mice, thereby improving delivery and effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agent. SAA was capable of inhibiting glycolysis and strengthening endothelial junctions in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to hypoxia. Mechanistically, SAA was inclined to directly bind to the glycolytic enzyme PKM2, leading to a dramatic decrease in endothelial glycolysis. More importantly, SAA improved the endothelial integrity via activating the β-Catenin/Claudin-5 signaling axis in a PKM2-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that SAA may serve as a potent agent for inducing tumor vascular normalization.

Simultaneous determination of 19 constituents in the Jian‐Nao‐Ning mixture using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

AbstractJin‐Nao‐Ning mixture (JNNm) has been clinically used to treat insomnia in China. However, the major constituents of JNNm were not revealed. In this study, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry was established and validated for simultaneous quantitation of 19 representative constituents of JNNm. The method had good specificity and adequate sensitivity. The calibration curves of the constituents displayed good linearity (r &gt; 0.990) in appropriate ranges. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision at three quality control (QC) levels ranged from 0.68% to 5.17% and 0.42% to 5.37%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 91.76% to 110.06%, with a precision of less than 5.07%. In addition, the method had good repeatability (relative standard deviation [RSD] &lt; 4.93%). The analytes were all stable for 24 h (RSD &lt; 7.98%) at room temperature. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that salvianolic acid B (495.7–606.3 μg/mL) is the most abundant constituent, followed by betaine (411.3–468.3 μg/mL), salvianic acid A (10.7–34.9 μg/mL), lobetyolin (11.6–14.6 μg/mL), spinosin (4.0–7.6 μg/mL), schisandrol A (1.5–4.1 μg/mL), and schisandrol B (1.2–1.5 μg/mL). Concentrations of other constituents were below 1 μg/mL. This study would be helpful for the QC of JNNm and the revelation of its effective constituents.

The Dynamics of Bioactive Ingredients With Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Breast Cancer Activity During Prunellae Spica Development

To investigate the scientific connotation of harvest period for Prunella vulgaris L. ( P vulgaris, known as Prunellae Spica), the triterpenoids and phenols of Prunellae Spica in developmental stages were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography, and the anti-inflammatory and anti-breast cancer properties of which were investigated. Furthermore, Grey correlation and Pearson correlation analysis were used to screen the anti-inflammatory and anti-breast cancer–related effective ingredients, and a multidimensional network of “ingredient-target-pathway” through network pharmacology was constructed. The results showed that the harvest time of Prunellae Spica was closely related to its chemical composition and pharmacological activity. Phenols, such as salvianic acid A, caffeic acid, and salviaflaside, mainly accumulated in late development, while rosmarinic acid showed the opposite. Triterpenes, such as oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, mainly accumulated in early development, while betulinic acid accumulated during ripening. The anti-breast cancer activity of Prunellae Spica in early development was stronger than that in the later, but the anti-inflammatory activity in late development was stronger than that in the early stage. Significantly associated with anti-inflammatory activity in Prunellae Spica was salviaflaside, which may regulate TNF and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways by acting on targets such as CASP7, CASP8, CASP3, NOD2, and CASP1. Significantly associated with anti-breast cancer activity were oleanolic acid and ursolic acid, which may regulate Ovarian steroidogenesis and Prolactin signaling pathways on targets such as PTGS2, CYP19A1, ESR2, CYP17A1, and MAPK3. These results suggest that P vulgaris could be harvested before ripening for its anti-breast cancer use, and after ripening for its anti-inflammatory use.

Synergistic Differential DNA Demethylation Activity of Danshensu (Salvia miltiorrhiza) Associated with Different Probiotics in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major hepatic disorder occurring in non-alcohol-drinking individuals. Salvianic acid A or Danshensu (DSS, 3-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-(2R)-lactic acid), derived from the root of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), has demonstrated heart and liver protective properties. In this work, we investigated the antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective activity of Danshensu alone and in combination with different agents, such as probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus), against several assays. The inhibition mechanism of the methylation gene biomarkers, such as DNMT-1, MS, STAT-3, and TET-1, against DSS was evaluated by molecular docking and RT-PCR techniques. The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic ADMET properties of DSS were determined by SwissADME and pkCSM. The results indicated that all lipid blood test profiles, including cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), were reduced after the oral administration of Danshensu combined with probiotics (L. casei and L. acidophilus) that demonstrated good, efficient free radical scavenging activity, measured using anti-oxidant assays. ADMET and drug-likeness properties certify that the DSS could be utilized as a feasible drug since DSS showed satisfactory physicochemical and pharmacokinetic ADMET properties.

Potential Beneficial Effects of Salvianic Acid A and Salvianolic Acid B in Skin Whitening

Objective Natural product-derived biomaterials are highly desired as possible ingredients in cosmetics, as they are often safe and effective. Salvianic acid A (SAA) and salvianolic acid B (SAB) are the primary water-soluble ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge ( Lamiaceae). These compounds have extensive applications as both effective and biocompatible bioactive agents for the treatment of various diseases including cardiovascular disorders, liver ailments, and neuroprotection. This study aimed to evaluate the skin-whitening effects of SAA and SAB on co-cultured human melanoma A375 cells and human keratinocytes HaCaT cells, with the intention of investigating their potential as cosmetic ingredients. Methods First, we assessed the SAA and SAB's efficacy on cells proliferation using MTT assay, as well as their inhibition on intracellular tyrosinase (TYR) activity. Next, we evaluated their effects on the mRNA expression levels of TYR and its related proteins. Furthermore, the whitening efficacy of SAA and SAB was assessed by observing the decrease in melanin content in treated human amalignant melanoma A375 and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Results Both SAA and SAB inhibited the activity of TYR and decreased the mRNA expression of TYR-related proteins, thereby inhibiting melanin synthesis. Conclusion Our results suggest that both SAA and SAB can be applied as natural and novel cosmetics materials having a whitening function, which could be beneficial in the cosmeceutical industry.

Durable Immunomodulatory Nanofiber Niche for the Functional Remodeling of Cardiovascular Tissue.

Functional remodeling and prolonged anti-inflammatory responses are both vital for repairing damage in the cardiovascular system. Although these aspects have each been studied extensively alone, attempts to fabricate scaffolds that combine these effects have seen limited success. In this study, we synthesized salvianic acid A (SA, danshensu) blocked biodegradable polyurethane (PCHU-D) and enclosed it within electrospun nanofibers to synthesize a durable immunomodulatory nanofiber niche (DINN), which provided sustained SA release during inflammation. Given its excellent processability, mechanical properties, and shape memory function, we developed two variants of the DINN as vascular scaffolds and heart patches. Both these variants exhibited outstanding therapeutic effects in in vivo experiments. The DINN was expertly designed such that it gradually decomposes along with SA release, substantially facilitating cellular infiltration and tissue remodeling. Therefore, the DINN effectively inhibited the migration and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, while also increasing the expression of angiogenic genes. As a result, it promoted the recovery of myocardial function after myocardial infarction and induced rapid reendothelialization following arterial orthotopic transplantation repair. These excellent characteristics indicate that the DINN holds great potential as a multifunctional agent for repairing cardiovascular tissues.

Protective effects of Salvianic acid A against multiple-organ ischemia-reperfusion injury: a review

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury refers to a new injury caused by reperfusion after the restoration of ischemic tissue or organ blood supply. Salvianic acid A (danshensu) is a primary active ingredient extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza. It has a protective function against I/R injury in the cardiovascular system, brain, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs. This article reviews evidence of the protective effects of Salvianic acid A and its potential mechanisms of action in organ I/R injury protection. The aim of this review is to investigate the role of Salvianic acid A in the treatment of I/R injury, providing a reference resource that could facilitate subsequent studies.

ROS-Responsive Prodrug Micelle Co-Delivery System for Synergistic Antiatherosclerotic Therapy.

Tanshinone IIA (TS-IIA) and salvianic acid A (SAA) are the main pharmacological active constituents of Danshen, which exhibit potent effects on atherosclerosis. A combination of TS-IIA and SAA might exert a synergistic antiatherosclerotic effect. However, the opposite solubility profiles of TS-IIA and SAA might lead to difficulty in achieving a synergistic combined effect of the two active components. Therefore, in this work, we fabricated a ROS-responsive prodrug micelle for the codelivery of TS-IIA and SAA (TS-IIA-PM) by self-assembling amphiphilic block copolymer PEG5000-SAA/PLA10000-APBA. The amphiphilic polymer was characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and alizarin red S competition tests. The ROS responsiveness of TS-IIA-PM was evidenced by time-course monitoring of particle size and morphology changes and drug release behavior in the presence of 1 mM H2O2. We found TS-IIA-PM was stable according to its critical micelle concentration and the unchanged particle sizes in 10% FBS for 7 days. The results of in vitro and in vivo tests revealed that TS-IIA-PM was safe and biocompatible. Furthermore, it was observed that TS-IIA and prodrug micelle could produce synergistic antiatherosclerotic effect based on the results of the antioxidant study, which was further confirmed by a series of pharmocodynamics studies, such as in vitro DiI-oxLDL uptake study, oil red O staining, cholesterol efflux study, inflammatory cytokine analysis, in vivo CD68 immunostaining, and lipid disposition staining studies. Collectively, TS-IIA-PM holds great potential for the safe and efficient codelivery of TS-IIA and SAA for synergistic antiatherosclerosis.

Protective benefits of salvianic acid A against retinal iron overload by inhibition of ferroptosis

BackgroundBoth the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron overload are significant variables that enhance the incidence of photoreceptor cell death and retinal degeneration. The discovery of ferroptosis, which is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has led to a new perspective on how retinal degeneration develops. As a natural phenolic acid, salvianic acid A (SAA) from Salvia miltiorrhiza has promise in treating eye diseases. The purpose of this research was to learn more about SAA and its function in the development of iron-overload-induced retinal degeneration. MethodsModels of iron overload in Kunming mice and the murine photoreceptor cell line 661 W were established, then the protective and antiferroptotic properties of SAA were assessed in vivo and in vitro. ResultsBiochemical and histopathological findings on the retina confirmed that SAA successfully alleviated retinal injury. In photoreceptor cells, iron overload caused cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS generation, and iron deposition. Salvianic acid A relieved lipid peroxidation and decreased iron accumulation by modulating Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, solute carrier family 7 member 11, and iron-metabolism-related proteins. The mitochondrial morphology suggests that the retinal protective effect of SAA is mediated via antiferroptotic action. ConclusionFerroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of iron-overload-induced retinal degeneration. New roles of SAA in ferroptosis prevention via iron deposit inhibition, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and mitochondrial dysfunction reduction, were identified.

Agronomic Evaluation and Chemical Characterization of Lavandula latifolia Medik. under the Semiarid Conditions of the Spanish Southeast.

Lavandula latifolia is one of the main rainfed crops of aromatic and medicinal plants produced in Spain. As a global concern, the agronomic productivity of this aromatic crop is also threatened by the consequences of imminent climate change. On this basis, the study of the agronomic production of two drought-tolerant ecotypes, after three years of cultivations practices, constitutes the main objective of the present study. For this trial, clones of the two pre-selected ecotypes, along with clones from two commercial plants (control), were grown in an experimental plot. The main results confirmed an increase in biomass and essential oil production with plant age. The essential oil chemotype defined by 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor was maintained over time, but a decrease in 1,8-cineol in the benefit of linalool was detected. In the phenolic profile, 14 components were identified, with salvianic acid and a rosmarinic acid derivate being the main compounds quantified. These phenolic extracts showed potent in vitro antioxidant capacity, and after the second year of cultivation practices, both phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity remained stable. Thus, under semiarid conditions, L. latifolia drought-tolerant ecotypes reach a good level of production after the second year of crop establishment.

Efficient production of salvianic acid A from l-dihydroxyphenylalanine through a tri-enzyme cascade

Salvianic acid A (SAA), used for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, possesses several pharmacological properties. However, the current methods for the enzymatic synthesis of SAA show low efficiency. Here, we constructed a three-enzyme cascade pathway in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to produce SAA from l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). The phenylpyruvate reductase (LaPPR) from Lactobacillus sp. CGMCC 9967 is a rate-limiting enzyme in this process. Therefore, we employed a mechanism-guided protein engineering strategy to shorten the transfer distances of protons and hydrides, generating an optimal LaPPR mutant, LaPPRMu2 (H89M/H143D/P256C), with a 2.8-fold increase in specific activity and 9.3-time increase in kcat/Km value compared to that of the wild type. Introduction of the mutant LaPPRMu2 into the cascade pathway and the optimization of enzyme levels and transformation conditions allowed the obtainment of the highest SAA titer (82.6 g L−1) ever reported in vivo, good conversion rate (91.3%), excellent ee value (99%) and the highest productivity (6.9 g L−1 h−1) from 90 g L−1 L-DOPA in 12 h. This successful strategy provides a potential new method for the industrial production of SAA.Graphical

Biological Activities of Lamiaceae Species: Bio-Guided Isolation of Active Metabolites from Salvia officinalis L.

Lamiaceae family includes various medicinal and aromatic plants used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The present study aimed to investigate in vitro the cytotoxic, photoprotective and antioxidant activities of ten Lamiaceae taxa; Melissa officinalis subsp. altissima (Sm.) Arcang., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Sideritis cypria Post, S. euboea Heldr., S. perfoliata L. subsp. perfoliata, S. scardica Griseb., S. sipylea Boiss., Stachys iva Griseb., and Thymus vulgaris L. The aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis was bio-guided fractionated to obtain the main bioactive metabolites, which were evaluated for the aforementioned effects and their wound-healing potential. In total, five compounds were isolated and identified through NMR spectra, namely salvianic acid A, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid K, luteolin-3′-O-β-D-glucuronide and hispidulin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide. All the compounds were photoprotective and non cytotoxic, while no statistically significant oxidative stress reduction was obtained. Regarding the wound-healing potential, salvianolic acid K was the most promising candidate. Overall, this study suggests photoprotective natural agents from various Lamiaceae species, widely found in Greece, and provides a better insight into Salvia officinalis and its bioactive constituents.