Salvia Taxa Research Articles

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity of five Salvia taxa from Turkey

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity of five Salvia taxa from Turkey

Biochemical parameters and antioxidant property of three Salvia L. taxa endemic in Turkey.

The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the fatty acids, lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, phenolics, and antioxidant capacities of three endemic Salvia L. taxa (S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham leiocalycina (Rech. Fil.) Hedge, S. euphratica var. Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham euphratica (Rech. Fil.) Hedge and S. pseudoeuphratica Rech.Fil.) and to evaluate these results systematically. The fatty acid compositions were determined by using gas chromatography, while the lipid soluble vitamins, sterols, and phenolics were determined by using HPLC. Also, the antioxidant capacities of three Salvia taxa were measured in vitro. Palmitic acid was found as major saturated fatty acid while oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and erucic acid were found as major unsaturated fatty acids in the present study. It was found that S. euphratica var. euphratica had lower palmitic acid (8.94 ± 0.71%), total saturated fatty acid (19.16 ± 0.15%), and higher unsaturated fatty acid content (82.08 ± 0.52%) than other studied taxa. Furthermore, it was shown that S. euphratica var. euphratica had different 18.3/18:2 (0.36) unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (4.28) ratios. However, this study demonstrated that Salvia taxa had low lipid soluble vitamins, sterol contents. On the other hand, it was shown that Salvia taxa had similar catechin (509.2 ± 4.21 µg/g and 552.2 ± 9.21 µg/g) and vanillic acid amounts (351.2 ± 2.17 µg/g and 396.8 ± 4.1 µg/g) in this study. And also, it was found that Salvia taxa had high rosmarinic acid content while S. euphratica var. leiocalycina had the highest rosmarinic acid content (1480 ± 7.57 µg/g). On the other hand, it was shown that the two ferulic acid contents of S. euphratica varieties were higher (1175 ±/5.21 µgmg-1740.2 ± 4.82 µg/mg) than the ferulic acid content of S. pseudoeuphratica of which was the lowest (19.2 ± 0.97 µg/mg). The present results suggested that the biochemical results guided the morphological studies, and Salvia taxa have a potent antioxidant capacity.

Exploration of genetic, morphological and essential oil variation reveals tools for the authentication and breeding of Salvia pomifera subsp. calycina (Sm.) Hayek

Salvia pomifera subsp. calycina (Sm.) Hayek (Lamiaceae), is an Eastern Mediterranean element, which is used in traditional medicine and cuisine in the same manner as S. fruticosa Mill. and S. officinalis L.. The essential oil (EO) and the extracts of S. pomifera possess bioactive compounds with anti-proliferative, anticholinesterase, antioxidant, antiviral and antifungal properties. In this study, the chemical (EO), genetic (DNA microsatellites, SSRs) and morphological diversity of forty-nine individuals of Salvia pomifera subsp. calycina, originating from five natural populations of the Peloponnese (Greece) were determined, in order to explore the potential for successful breeding and to reveal tools and biomarkers for identification and authentication. Chemical and genetic analyses revealed high levels of variation both within and among populations, while morphological analysis mainly within populations. Essential oil yield ranged from 1.79 to 5.79 ml 100 g−1 dry wt, among individuals while β-thujone ranged from 6.04 to 64.75%. Consistency was found in the EO yield and composition of specific individuals, when sampled during the same period, for three consecutive years, while the analysis during spring and summer months showed differentiation that still retained individual's discrimination. Genetic analysis using SSRs showed that the observed population heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.48 to 0.67, while high number of private alleles were revealed in all populations. Considerable genetic differentiation was observed among the three Salvia taxa (S. pomifera subsp. calycina, S. fruticosa, S. officinalis) (Fst values ranged from 0.27 to 0.48) and lower among S. pomifera subsp. calycina populations (Fst values ranged from 0.06 to 0.13). The great variation that was revealed in all measured traits, in combination with the demonstrated, genetically based, consistency of their EO yield and composition, advocates to a successful breeding, whereas SSR genotyping presents a strong identification and authentication tool.

The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Capacities of Phenolic Profiles of Some Salvia L. Seeds Grown in Turkey

The aim of current study is to show phenolics, antioxidant capacities and antimicrobial activities of seeds of five Salvia L. (S. frigida Boiss., S. candidissima subsp. candidissima Vahl., S. virgata Jacq., S. verticillata L. var. verticillata and S. russellii Benth.) taxa grown in Turkey. The flavonoid and phenolic acid contents were measured by using HPLC whilst the antioxidant capacities were determined by using different methods. In addition, agar well diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Salvia species in this study. It was found that S. frigida, S. verticillata var. verticillata and S. russellii have the highest catechin contents and S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high rosmarinic acid while S. frigida, S. candidissima subsp. candidissima and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high vanilic acid. Also, it was determined that S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high DPPH radical scavenging activities in 150 and 250 µL while S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have highest ABTS radical scavenging activity in all concentrations apart from 25 µL for S. frigida. Furthermore, S. frigida and S. verticillata var. verticillata have high total phenolic contents. On the other hand, Salvia species have similar lipid peroxidation inhibitions. However, the metal chelating activities of Salvia species are different. And also, it was demonstrated that Salvia taxa have antimicrobial activity.

Karyological reports for someSalviataxa from Turkey

The aim of this study is to determine of the some karyological properties and chromosome numbers of eight Salvia taxa (S. euphratica var. euphratica, S. euphratica var. leicalycina, S. hypargeia, S...

Bronisław Błocki’s taxa of Salvia (Lamiaceae): clarification of their status and typification of names

Nine taxa of Salvia published by Bronisław Błocki (1854–1919), a famous investigator of the flora of Galicia (the territory of western Ukraine and southeastern Poland), are examined and discussed. For four validly published names types are designated, a lectotype for each S. dubia and S. ×andrzejowskii, a neotype for each S. ×kerneri and S. ×skofitzii. The illegitimate name S. dubia together with S. ×andrzejowskii should be treated as heterotypic synonym of the accepted name S. ×sylvestris. The name S. ×kerneri is proposed to be accepted for the hybrid S. dumetorum × S. nutans, with S. ×skofitzii as a heterotypic synonym.

Composition of the essential oil of two Salvia taxa (Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata) from Turkey

Objective: The essential oil composition of two Salvia taxa (Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata) analysed and yield of compositions were analysed Material and Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydro distillation using a modified Clevenger apparatus coupled to a 2 L round-bottom flask. A total of 100 g of fresh plant material (aerial parts) and 1 L of water were used for the extraction. Gas chromatography / Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were applied to extracts. Results: The essential oil yields of Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata were found as 0.4 and 0.3 %v/w, respectively. Overall, thirty seven compounds which accounted for 97.9% in Salvia sclarea and seventy four constituents, which accounted for 98.6% of the total compositions of each oil are determined in Salvia verticillata L. subsp. verticillata. The spathulenol (19%), caryophyllene oxide (15.5%), linolyl acetate (11.3%) and linalool L (8.5%) were the major compounds of Salvia sclarea and the germacrene D (13.8%), spathulenol (10%) and limonene (4.5%), 1.8- cineole (4.5%) were the main compounds of the Salvia verticillata L. subsp. Verticillata Conclusion: spathulenol was found as major compound for both Salvia sclarea and Salvia verticillata subsp. verticillata while, the other main components were not showed similarity

Karyomorphological studies in seven taxa of the genusSalvia(Lamiaceae) in Turkey

In this study, the karyotypes of mitotic chromosomes were determined of seven taxa of Salvia (Lamiaceae) collected from their natural habitats in Turkey: S. viridis (2n = 16), S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis (2n = 20), S. sclarea, S. ceratophylla, S. chionantha (2n = 22), S. viscosa and S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca (2n = 32). The karyotype formulae were 5m+3sm in S. viridis, 2M+5m+3sm in S. candidissima subsp. occidentalis, 1M+10m in S. sclarea, 8m+3sm in S. ceratophylla, 7m+4sm in S. chionantha, 9m+5sm+2st in S. viscosa, and 15m+1sm in S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca by the karyotype image analysis system. Somatic chromosome numbers ranged from 2n = 16 to 2n = 32. The ideograms were drawn based on centromeric index and arranged in decreasing size order. The present results were compared with the previous cytological studies in the genus.

Salvia meera, S. rogersiana, S. santanae and S. concolor var. iltisii (Lamiaceae), three new species and a variety from Jalisco, Mexico

We describe and illustrate 4 new taxa of Salvia L. from Jalisco, Mexico. Three of them were tentatively proposed as new species in the book Flora de Manantlan . These taxa are endemic to the state of Jalisco. Salvia concolor subsp. iltisii J. G. Gonzalez differs from typical populations of S. concolor Lamb. ex Benth. in having thinner and deeply cordate leaves, floral bracts 5-6 mm long, yellowish green calyces, up to 15 mm long at fructification, and with the upper lip entire. Salvia meera Ramamoorthy ex J. G. Gonzalez is related to sect. Tubiflorae Epling, its long and narrow leaves and white large corollas make this species unique. Salvia rogersiana Ramamoorthy ex J. G. Gonzalez belongs to sect. Briquetia Epling, it is distinguished by its short and compact racemes, short calyces (less than 10 mm long), 2-flowered verticillasters, and corolla tubes up to 15 mm long. Salvia santanae Ramamoorthy ex J. G. Gonzalez fits well into sect. Angulatae (Epling) Epling and is closely related to Salvia longispicata M. Martens & Galeotti ; it differs from the latter in having persistent floral bracts, 2 or 4 (rarely 10) flowered verticillasters and, larger floral characters.

Salvia meera, S. rogersiana, S. santanae and S. concolor var. iltisii (Lamiaceae), three new species and a variety from Jalisco, Mexico

As part of a major project on the genus Salvia in the state of Jalisco and adjacent areas, Mexico, 4 new taxa of Salvia L. are described and illustrated. Identification Keys for the related species and comparison tables of morphological characters are given. Three of them were tentatively proposed -but not formally published- as new pecies in the book Flora de Manantlán.

Leaf anatomical study of taxaSalvia nemorosasubsp.Tesquicola, Salvia nutansandSalvia×dobrogensisfrom Dobrudja

This paper describes aspects of the leaf anatomy of two Salvia taxa, Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. tesquicola (Klokov et Pobed.) Soó and Salvia nutans L., as well as their hybrid, Salvia ×dobrogensis Negrean, aiming to highlight common anatomical characteristics and superiority of the hybrid, compared with its parental taxa, less subject to these plants raised in the literature. Differences were found both in the structure of petiole and blade. For the petiole, differences arise concerning the degree of development of the external (collenchyma and chlorenchyma) and inner cortex. The vascular system in all considered taxa, comprises a great number of vascular bundles, with different levels of development of the conductive tissues. The mesophyll is heterogeneous, bifacial in S. nemorosa subsp. tesquicola and the hybrid, and equifacial in S. nutans. The presence and anatomy of numerous glandular and non-glandular trichomes (hairs), different in structure, shape and size, were investigated and evaluated. Stomata are present on both upper and lower epidermis of the blade having diacytic type, impressing, as well, an amphistomatic character. The vascular system of the midrib of the studied Salvia taxa is well developed, in particular those of the hybrid species. The analysis of petiole and blade anatomy of two Salvia taxa and their hybrid reveals common and specific features from which we could conclude that although the hybrid leaf is more developed anatomically than its parental taxa, the petiole has many features similar to that of Salvia nutans and the blade is almost similar to that of Salvia nemorosa species.

Day/Night Temperature Affects Growth and Photosynthesis of Cultivated Salvia Taxa

Eight taxa of Salvia L., representing broad geographic origin and diversity within the genus, were grown under long day conditions for 36 d at 15-h days of 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C and 9-h nights of 15 or 25 °C. Taxa of European origin displayed broader tolerance to high day temperatures (DTs) with the lowest relative reduction in growth and net photosynthesis (Pn) occurring at DTs 30 °C or greater compared with those native to North and South America. Salvia splendens Sell. ex Roem. & Schult. (scarlet sage) was particularly intolerant of high temperatures with all plants dying at days of 40 °C. All plants of S. nemorosa L.‘Ostfriesland’ (‘Ostfriesland’ wood sage), S. pratensis L. (meadow sage), and S. × sylvestris L. ‘Mainacht’ (‘May Night’ salvia) survived at days of 40 °C with no visual signs of injury, whereas all other taxa except S. splendens exhibited stunted, contorted growth with foliar chlorosis and necrosis at 40 °C. Day temperature exerted the primary effect on top growth, root growth, and Pn of all taxa. Night temperature effects were significant for some taxa but were of less importance than day temperature.