Salvia Officinalis Research Articles

Simultaneous Removal of Polymers with Different Ionic Character from Their Mixed Solutions Using Herb-Based Biochars and Activated Carbons.

Nettle and the sage herbs were used to obtain carbonaceous adsorbents. For the biochar preparation the precursors were dried and subjected to conventional pyrolysis. Activated carbons were obtained during precursor impregnation with phosphoric(V) acid and multistep pyrolysis. The textural parameters and acidic-basic properties of the obtained adsorbents were studied. The activated carbons prepared from the above herbs were characterized by the largely developed specific surface area. The obtained carbonaceous adsorbents were used for polymer removal from aqueous solution. Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) were chosen, due to their frequent presence in wastewater resulting from their extensive usage in many industrial fields. The influence of polymers on the electrokinetic properties of activated carbon were considered. PAA adsorption caused a decrease in the zeta potential and the surface charge density, whereas PEI increased these values. The activated carbons and biochars were used as polymer adsorbents from their single and binary solutions. Both polymers showed the greatest adsorption at pH 3. Poly (acrylic acid) had no significant effect on the polyethylenimine adsorbed amount, whereas PEI presence decreased the amount of PAA adsorption. Both polymers could be successfully desorbed from the activated carbons and biochar surfaces. The presented studies are innovatory and greatly required for the development of new environment protection procedures.

Coloring of Woolen Fabrics with Natural Resources and Investigating the Color Perceptions of Children on These Fabrics

ABSTRACT Today, the rate of watching videos by children is quite high. These videos they watch give subliminal messages to children. In this study, the color selection changes of children were investigated with the help of videos shot with these fabrics using fabrics colored with plant sources. Salvia Officinalis and Thymus Serpyllum were used as natural dyestuffs in the coloring of woolen fabrics. In the dyeing experiments carried out according to the together mordanting method, plant sources were used directly without any pre-treatment. As a result of the dyeing experiments, the color values of the washed and dried fabrics were measured and ICP-MS and FTIR analyzes were performed. In addition to these, washing and rubbing fastness tests and antibacterial effect tests of woolen fabrics dyed with plant sources were also carried out. Also, SEM images of dyed fabric samples were also examined. As a result of these tests, it has been determined that Salvia Officinalis and Thymus Serpyllum can be used as a natural dyestuff source for woolen fabrics. In addition, the videos that were shown to the children within the scope of the study affected the perceptions of the children and caused them to change their color choices.

Application of infrared spectral analyses for medicinal plants containing calcium (Ca2+)

A study was performed with the methods of Non-equilibrium energy spectrum (NES), Differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES), mathematical models and water cluster analysis on the changes of hydrogen bonds energy distribution in aqueous solutions due to calcium ions (Ca2+) from the medicinal plants: Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L., Mentha longifolia L., Petroselinum crispum Mill., Sideritis scardica Griseb., Salvia officinalis L. All of them are known to contain more than 1000 mg/100 g of calcium ions. The local maximum at (E = -0.1112 eV) (? = 11.15 ?m) (? = 897 cm-1) in all investigated solutions was associated with the presence of calcium ions by Student’s t-test at P<0,05. In the proposed practical approach, the solutions had similar clustering patterns at E = -0.1387 eV, corresponding to water clusters of 16-20 water molecules. These findings from different plant species further expand the evidence about the specific influence of calcium ions on the -0.1112 eV hydrogen bonds energy level in aqueous solutions.

Anti-Quorum-Sensing Potential of Ethanolic Extracts of Aromatic Plants from the Flora of Cyprus.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a form of intra- and inter-species communication system employed by bacteria to regulate their collective behavior in a cell population-dependent manner. QS has been implicated in the virulence of several pathogenic bacteria. This work aimed to investigate the anti-QS potential of ethanolic extracts of eight aromatic plants of Cyprus, namely, Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Lavendula spp., Calendula officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Sideritis cypria, and Aloysia citriodora. We initially assessed the effects of the extracts on autoinducer 2 (AI-2) signaling activity, using Vibrio harveyi BB170 as a reported strain. We subsequently assessed the effect of the ethanolic extracts on QS-related processes, including biofilm formation and the swarming and swimming motilities of Escherichia coli MG1655. Of the tested ethanolic extracts, those of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Salvia officinalis were the most potent AI-2 signaling inhibitors, while the extracts from the other plants exhibited low to moderate inhibitory activity. These three ethanolic extracts also inhibited the biofilm formation (>60%) of E. coli MG1655, as well as its swimming and swarming motilities, in a concentration-dependent manner. These extracts may be considered true anti-QS inhibitors because they disrupt QS-related activities of E. coli MG1655 without affecting bacterial growth. The results suggest that plants from the unexplored flora of Cyprus could serve as a source for identifying novel anti-QS inhibitors to treat infectious diseases caused by pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.

The Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids from Sage Leaves

This work analysed the effect of spontaneous fermentation of sage leaves on the release and extraction of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Chemical profiling based on thin-layer chromatography was used to compare different extracts from two sage species, common sage (Salvia officinalis) and white sage (Salvia apiana). Non-fermented Salvia apiana extracts are richer in antioxidants, phenolics, and terpenoids. Fermentation significantly enhances extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants only from Salvia officinalis leaves, while it does not affect extraction from Salvia apiana leaves. In each 20 µL of extract, extraction of polyphenolics increases from 6.55 to 21.01 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), anti-oxidants from 0.68 to 2.12 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 48.01 to 65.33 µg RE (rutin equivalents). Higher antioxidant activity in fermented Salvia apiana ethyl acetate extracts is associated with an increased concentration of phenolics and phenolic terpenoids. However, in Salvia officinalis, the higher antioxidant activity of fermented extract is a result of the release and improved extraction of flavonoids, as there is no increase in the extraction of phenolics. Lactic acid produced via fermentation and proline from Salvia officinalis leaves forms a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), which significantly increases the solubility of flavonoids.

Evaluation of the anti-Candida albicans and anti-Cryptococcus neoformans activity of the essential oils of three Moroccan medicinal plants

The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggest their uses in the high incidence of fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans is due to several factors as resistance to antifungals, a fungistatic than the fungicidal effect of these drugs and the side effects of synthetic antifungals. Then, the search for new sources of molecules effective against pathogenic fungi is a major objective. In this context, the screening of antifungal activity of essential oils of three medicinal plants from Morocco (Lavandula angustifolia, Salvia officinalis, and Rosmarinus officinalis) has been carried out against C. albicans and C. neoformans, using Disk-diffusion assay and micro-dilution method. The essential oils are obtained by Hydrodistillation, the characterization of the most active essential oil was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that L. angustifolia essential oil is the only oil that showed strong fungicidal activity against C. neoformans and against C. albicans. The FTIR analysis of this oil showed the existence of several antifungal compounds, mainly linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinene-4-ol, carvacrol, and citral. S. officinalis essential oil has a fungicidal effect against C. neoformans, but a fungistatic effect against C. albicans. This activity is due to the presence of camphor, 1,8-cineole, and limonene. R. officinalis essential oil showed a fungistatic effect depending on its main chemical components, including eucalyptol, limonene, cymene, α-pinene, and camphor. The results reported in this study provide new information about the antifungal activity of these medicinal plants and suggests their uses in the extraction of active principle for the synthesis of new antifungal drugs.

Effect of feeding sage meal to weaned Awassi male lambs on body performance and meat quality

An experiment was conducted for 8 weeks on 15 Awassi lambs using sage dry meal. Animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups [CGM (0% sage; Salvia officinalis), EGM1 (1% sage) and EGM3 (3% sage)] by 5 heads. Feed intake at the 8th week increased proportionally with LBW. Cumulative live body weight gain increased slightly more in EGM3 after the 5th week to attain 10.7 Kg at 8th week. FCR was most effective and attained 3.83 ± 0.97 in EGM3 Vs 4.14 ± 0.53 and 4.15 ± 0.64 in CGM and EGM1, respectively. After cooling, luminance ranged between 45.41 ± 2.97 in CGM and 47.28 ± 5.63 in EGM1 where as in EGM3 it was 47.28 ± 5.63. Redness, a*, after cooling was lowest in EGM3 (20.15 ± 3.29) followed by CGM (22.61 ± 3.41) and EGM1 (24.97 ± 1.24). Yellowness b* after 1 month of freezing is positively correlated with the achieved results after 24 h of cooling. The least losses in water after cooling was in EGM3 attaining 11.39 ± 2.39%. Meat of CGM loses more water after cooking (30.30 ± 6.52%) than other groups. Furthermore, after 24 hours of cooling, the most tender meat was in EGM1 (4.87 ± 0.44mm) in comparison to CGM (3.3 ± 0.64mm), whereas EGM3 occupied the 1st place in cooked meat tenderness after 1 month of freezing (5.4 ± 0.8mm). It is concluded and recommended to use rations containing sage meal in the daily feeding of Awassi sheep.

Escherichia coli biofilm formation and control by phenolic compounds from Salvia officinalis L. extracts

Biofilm is recognized as one of the virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli . It offers bacteria significantly increased tolerance to antibiotics and makes difficulties in infection eradication. In this study, the biofilm formation ability of clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli as well as the antibiofilm activity of the common Garden sage, Salvia officinalis L. extracts were investigated in vitro . The influence of growth conditions (nutrient composition and incubation period) on biofilm formation of E. coli strains was evaluated using crystal violet staining procedure. The tested strains better formed biofilms after a longer incubation period (48 h). In addition, biofilm formation depended on nutrient medium composition. The eight strains were slime producers (Congo red agar assay). The water, ethanol, acetone and diethyl ether S. officinalis extracts were screened for their ability to inhibit the formation and metabolic activity of E. coli biofilms using crystal violet and resazurin assay, respectively. The water extract was not active, while ethanol, acetone and diethyl ether extract exhibited antibiofilm activity (MBIC= 2.5-10 mg/mL). The microscopic visualization of treated E. coli LM1 biofilm has shown morphological and density changes. In addition, the concentrations of phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically. The highest content of total phenolics was found in acetone extract while the flavonoids in water extract.

In Silico Study for Algerian Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Pus Samples.

In the context of the globally growing problem of resistance to most used antibacterial agents, essential oils offer promising solutions against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, etiology, and antibiotic-resistance profiles of bacteria responsible for pyogenic infections in Regional Military University Hospital of Constantine. Disc diffusion and broth microdilution (MIC) methods were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from five Algerian aromatic plants growing wild in the north of Algeria—Salvia officinalis (Sage), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Mentha pulegium L. (Mentha), Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), and Pelargonium roseum (Geranium)—against reference and MDR strains. During three months of the prospective study, 112 isolates out of 431 pus samples were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant species (25%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (21.42%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21%), and Escherichia coli (17.95%). Among pus isolates, 65 were MDR (58.03%). The radial streak-line assay showed that R. officinalis and M. pulegium L. had weak activity against the tested strains, whereas P. roseum showed no activity at all. Meanwhile, T. vulgaris was the most potent, with an inhibition zone of 12–26 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.25 and 1.25%, followed by S. officinalis with an inhibition zone of 8–12 mm and an MIC value ranging between 0.62 and 2.5%. Generally, A. baumannii and S. aureus ATCC6538P were the most sensitive strains, whereas P. aeruginosa ATCC27853 was the most resistant strain to the oils. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of chemical composition revealed the presence of borneol (76.42%) and thymol (17.69%) as predominant in thyme, whereas camphor (36.92%) and α- thujone (34.91%) were the major volatiles in sage. The in-silico study revealed that sesquiterpenes and thymol had the highest binding free energies against the vital enzymes involved in biosynthesis and repair of cell walls, proteins, and nucleic acids compared to monoterpenes. The results demonstrated that T. vulgaris and S. officinalis are ideal candidates for developing future potentially active remedies against MDR strains.

Metal chelating and anti-radical activity of Salvia officinalis in the ameliorative effects against uranium toxicity

Uranium is a highly radioactive heavy metal that is toxic to living things. In this study, physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical and anatomical toxicity caused by uranium and the protective role of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) leaf extract against this toxicity were investigated with the help of Allium test. Germination percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) formation, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and changes in root meristem cells were used as indicators of toxicity. In the experimental stage, a total of six groups, one of which was the control, were formed. Group I was treated with tap water, while group II and III were treated only with sage (190 mg/L and 380 mg/L). Groups IV, V and VI were germinated with uranyl acetate dihydrate (0.1 mg/mL), uranyl acetate dihydrate + 190 mg/L sage and uranyl acetate dihydrate + 380 mg/L sage, respectively. Allium cepa L. bulbs of each group were germinated for 72 h, and at the end of the period, routine preparation techniques were applied and physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical and anatomical analyzes were performed. As a result, uranium application caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all physiological parameters and MI values. MN, CAs numbers, SOD and CAT enzyme activities and MDA levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) with uranium application. Uranium promoted CAs in the root tip cells in the form of fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin. In addition, it caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage and flattened cell nucleus in root tip meristem cells. Sage application together with uranium caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in physiological parameters and MI values and significant decreases in MN, CAs, SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels. In addition, the application of sage resulted in improvement in the severity of anatomical damages induced by uranium. It was determined that the protective role of sage observed for all parameters investigated was even more pronounced at dose of 380 mg/L. The protective role of sage against uranium toxicity is related to its antioxidant activity, and sage has 82.8% metal chelating and 72.9% DPPH removal activity. As a result, uranyl acetate exhibited versatile toxicity in A. cepa, caused cytotoxicity by decreasing the MI rate, and genotoxicity by increasing the frequencies of MN and CAs. And also, Sage acted as a toxicity-reducing agent by displaying a dose-dependent protective role against the toxic effects induced by uranyl acetate.

Ethnomedicinal Plants with Protective Effects against Beta-Amyloid Peptide (Aβ)1-42 Indicate Therapeutic Potential in a New In Vivo Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with unmet medical need. This investigation consisted of testing a range of ethanolic ethnomedicinal plant extracts (n = 18) traditionally used in the treatment of disorders such as anxiety, delirium, and memory loss. They were then screened for in vitro inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butylcholinesterase (BuChE), beta-secretase 1/beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), and antioxidant activities. Plants with potent activities were further characterised using a recently developed in vivo model of AD, Globodera pallida. The ability of phytoextracts to protect this organism against amyloid-beta Aβ (1-42) exposure was assessed by measuring chemosensing, survival rate, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant responses. Extracts (n = 5) from Juglans regia (leaves), Ellettaria cardamomum (seeds), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (bark), Salvia officinalis (leaves/flowers), and Hypericum perforatum (flowers) exerted concentration-dependent inhibitory activities against AChE and BuChE. Three of these plant extracts (i.e., J. regia, E. cardamomum, and S. officinalis) possessed strong concentration-dependent inhibitory activity against BACE1. Furthermore, the five selected medicinal plant extracts not only enhanced significantly (p < 0.05) the nematode’s chemosensing, survival rate, and antioxidant responses (i.e., anti-ROS production, mitochondrial reductase activity, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) ratio), but also greatly restored (p < 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner the Aβ (1-42)-induced deleterious changes in these same parameters. In brief, this investigation highlights plant extracts with strong anti-AD activities which could be trialled as novel therapeutic supplements or undergo further biodiscovery research.

Phylogeographic structure of common sage (Salvia officinalis L.) reveals microrefugia throughout the Balkans and colonizations of the Apennines

Studying the population-genetic and phylogeographic structures of a representative species of a particular geographical region can not only provide us with information regarding its evolutionary history, but also improve our understanding of the evolutionary processes underlying the patterns of species diversity in that area. By analysing eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci and two chloroplast DNA regions, we have investigated the influence of Pleistocene climate fluctuations on the evolutionary history of Salvia officinalis L. (common sage). The populations with the highest genetic diversity were located in the central parts of the Balkan distribution range. A large group of closely related haplotypes was distributed throughout the Balkans and the central Apennines, while the private lineage occupied the southern Apennines. In addition, two highly differentiated lineages were scattered only over the Balkans. The results suggest that a single refugium of the studied species from the last glacial period was located in the central part of the range in the Balkans. Numerous microrefugia, probably spanning several glaciation cycles, were scattered across the Balkans, while colonisation of the Apennines from the Balkans occurred at least on two occasions.

Clonal micropropagation in vitro of essential oil plants of the family Lamiaceae Lindl.

The relevance of research on the development of biotechnology for clonal micropropagation of plants of the family Lamiaceae Lindl. is determined by the need for mass production of healthy, pure-grade planting material for the establishment of industrial plantations and the expansion of areas of essential oil crops in Ukraine. The aim of the research was to develop biotechnological methods of clonal micropropagation of essential oil plants of the Lamiaceae family – Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha x piperita L., Salvia officinalis L. and Monarda fistulosa L. The task of the research was to select optimal conditions for effective cultivation of plants of the Lamiaceae family at four stages of clonal micropropagation. The main methods of research: laboratory, field, analytical, mathematical and statistical. The optimal nutrient media for the induction of in vitro morphogenesis and the multiplication stage were determined based on the basic medium of Murashige and Skoog: for L. angustifolia supplemented with kinetin (1.0 mg/l) and gibberellic acid (1.0 mg/l), for M. x piperita – with 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg/l) and gibberellic acid (0.1 mg/l), for S. officinalis – with 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg/l) and IOLK (0.5 mg/l ), for M. fistulosa – 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg/l) and β-indolyl-3-oleic acid (0.1 mg/l). At the stage of multiplication, it is advisable to carry out seven to eight cycles of cultivation. At the stage of rooting of microshoots, the most effective for all studied plant species was determined to be the Murashige and Skuga nutrient medium with a halved concentration of components, supplemented with β-indolyl-3-oleic acid (0.5 mg/l) and β-indolyl-3-acetic acid ( 0.5 mg/l). The optimal substrate for plant adaptation to in vivo conditions is peat: perlite in a volume ratio of 3:1. Incorporation of the developed biotechnology of clonal micropropagation into the seeding system of essential oil crops of the Lamiaceae family will allow to quickly obtain healthy pure-bred planting material and introduce new productive varieties into production

Evaluation of inhibitory effect of Saliva officinalic extracts and volatile oils on the life of Leishmania donovani parasite

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered one of the endemic diseases in Iraq, and due to the distinction of the anti-leishmaniasis treatments currently used by their many side effects in addition to their toxicity to the human body, as well as the length of treatment period, and the problems they cause to the digestive system, Salvia officinalis (Saga) was used as a natural preventive treatment against leishmaniasis. Because of its therapeutic properties for many health symptoms, including heart attacks, ulcers, and cancerous tumors, in addition to its antibacterial and antimicrobial nature, the current study aimed to know the inhibitory activity of plant extracts and the volatile oil of Salvia officinalis on the life of Leishmania donovani parasite, using the colorimetric test (MTT assay, to measure toxicity) promastigote parasitoid cells, six concentrations of the aqueous extract and plant emulsion of the mentioned plant were prepared (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200) g/mlµ, the concentrations of the volatile oil were (31.25 ,62.5, 125, 250, 500 1000) g/mlµ, The results indicated that under the influence of treatment with the three drug spectra of Salvia officinalis, there were noticeable differences in the inhibitory percentage for each drug spectrum.

Polyethylenimine-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Caffeic Acid in Aromatic Herbs

An electrochemical sensor based on carbon paste modified with polyethyleneimine was developed and employed for the determination of caffeic acid in aromatic herbs. The sensor was prepared by mixing polyethylenimine (1.5% v/v), graphite powder, and mineral oil. The polyethylenimine-based electrode showed an enhancement of charge transfer at the electrode–solution interface and a higher current intensity for the electrochemical reaction of caffeic acid, in comparison to the unmodified electrode. The calibration plot of caffeic acid constructed in 0.1 mol L−1 acetate buffer (pH 5.0) by square wave voltammetry was linear in the range of 1.25 to 19.9 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.13 μmol L−1, respectively. Finally, the proposed sensor was employed to monitor the caffeic acid with accuracy in dried Thymus vulgaris and Salvia officinalis samples, with recovery results from 93 to 105%.

Comparative study on the phenolic composition and in vitro bioactivity of medicinal and aromatic plants from the Lamiaceae family

Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) have been described as a source of phenolic compounds with potential as antioxidant, antiproliferative and antimicrobial agents. MAP from the Lamiaceae family (Origanum vulgare L., Thymus vulgaris L., Ocimum basilicum L., Salvia officinalis L., Melissa officinalis L., and MatricariachamomillaL.) were selected to perform a phytochemical and biological screening for their further exploitation as natural bioactive ingredients. The total content of phenolic compounds varied from 184.02 mg/g extract in M. officinalis to 17.97 mg/g extract in M. chamomilla. Caffeic and rosmarinic acids were the main phenolic acids found in the respective hydroalcoholic extracts. The extracts showed a promising antioxidant activity in vitro, being related the phenolic compositions of the extracts, furthermore, all extracts being able to combat lipid peroxidation in TBARS assays with an IC50 under 26 μg/mL, moreover all the plant extract has prevented the oxidative haemolysis in OxHLIA assays at concentrations below 67 μg/mL in a Δt 60 min and under 118 μg/mL for a Δt 120 min. Regarding to the bactericidal and fungicidal action the plant extracts were able to inhibit growth against bacteria associated with food hazards, such as Salmonella typhimurium (MIC < 1) and Listeria monocytogenes (MIC < 1), regarding to fungicidal activity it can be highlighted the MIC values under to 0.25 for Aspergillus versicolor and Trichoderma viride. Overall, the selected Lamiaceae plants stood out as a source of active phytochemicals that can be used by different industries, such as food and cosmetics.

The impact of Myconate® HB (formononetin) on the growth, chemical composition and content of active compounds in herbal sage Salvia officinalis L. and Valeriana officinalis L. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 2022, 24(2), 130-134.

The research aimed to demonstrate the effect of Myconate® HB (formononetin) on the growth, weight, nutrients and active compounds in Valeriana officinalis and Salvia officinalis. The research was carried out in the experimental field on brown soil. A univariate experiment was established using the randomised block design in four replications. The study showed that the use of Myconate® (Agrii Polska Sp. zoo.) on V. officinalis seedlings positively affected the weight of the aerial parts and roots, as well as on the content of dry matter and fiber. However, the content of total protein and nitrogen-free extracts was unfavourable. In the case of S. officinalis, the use of Myconate® also had a positive impact on the weight of the aboveground parts and roots and on the content of total protein and crude ash in the herb, while it negatively influenced the contents of dry matter, fiber and nitrogen-free extracts. Myconate®, however, did not affect the length of the phenological stages in the experimental plants. The percentage of essential oils increased during the vegetation period in both species in all the tested plots, while their statistically higher contents were observed from the full tillering stage in the plots sprayed with Myconate®.

Natural remedies for Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the common type of dementia and is currently incurable. Existing FDA-approved AD drugs may not be effective for everyone, they cannot cure the disease nor stop its progression and their effects diminish over time. Therefore, the present review aimed to explore the role of natural alternatives in the treatment of AD. A systematic search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane and PubMed databases and reference lists up to November 30, 2021. Only randomized control trials were included and appraised using the National Institute of Health framework. Data analysis showed that herbs like Gingko Biloba, Melissa Officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Ginseng and saffron alone or in combination with curcumin, low-fat diet, NuAD-Trail, and soy lecithin showed significant positive effects on AD. Moreover, combination of natural and pharmaceuticals has far better effects than only allopathic treatment. Thus, different herbal remedies in combination with FDA approved drugs are effective and more promising in treatment of AD.

Spectral shift supported epichlorohydrin toxicity and the protective role of sage.

In this study, the toxicity of epichlorohydrin, a chemical intermediate, was investigated by using Allium cepa L. test material as a bio-indicator. In addition, the protective role of sage leaf extract (Slex) against this toxicity was investigated. Toxicity was handled with the help of physiological (germination percentage, root elongation, and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index = MI, micronucleus = MN, and chromosomal abnormalities = CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde = MDA, superoxide dismutase = SOD, and catalase = CAT), and anatomical (root meristem cell damages) parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups (1 control, 5 applications). The bulbs in the control group were treated with tap water, and the bulbs in the application group were treated with epichlorohydrin at a dose of 100 mg/L and Slex at two different doses (190 mg/L and 380 mg/L) and germinated. Germination process was continued uninterruptedly for 72 h in all groups. At the end of the period, physiological parameter measurements were carried out in the bulbs. In addition, root tips were collected and made ready for cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical measurements and microscopic observations. As a result, exposure to epichlorohydrin caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in germination percentage, root length, weight gain, and MI, and statistically significant (p<0.05) increases in MN frequency, CA numbers, MDA level, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities. Epichlorohydrin exposure induced CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, reverse polarization, and disordered mitosis in root meristem cells. The toxicity of epichlorohydrin was due to its interaction with DNA, and this interaction was confirmed by the spectral shift in the DNA spectrum. In addition, epichlorohydrin caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, thickening of the cortex cell wall, and flattened cell nuclei in root meristem cells. The application of Slex together with epichlorohydrin decreased the toxicity of epichlorohydrin and again caused statistically significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all the parameters examined. In other words, germination percentage, root length, weight gain, and MI increased again and MN frequency, CAs numbers, MDA level, SOD, and CAT enzyme activities decreased. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 380 mg/L dose of Slex. As a result, it was determined that epichlorohydrin caused multiple-toxicity for the investigated indicator organism, and Slex had a reducing role in this toxicity. For this reason, Slex should be included in the daily diet as an antioxidant beverage in order to protect from the toxicity of chemical agents exposed in daily life or to reduce their effects.

Green synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Nanoparticles using Herbal plant Extracts with their Influence on some Bacterial Infection

The nanoparticles of ZnO biosynthesis have distinctive features. many researchers have noted it cute to research in diverse research disciplines due to modern medical applications. different NPS have been estimated for their potential usage in which zinc oxide (ZnO) nps have confirmed to be a viable replacement for treating environmental pollutants, due to their excellent capacity to absorbed rays of UV. The purchase seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum, clove buds, and leaves of the Salvia officinalis plant from the local market and extracted by hot plate methods. the purpose of the current study was the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPS) from the different above extracts followed by a comprehensive characterization and assessment of their biological potential. no-NPS synthesized as such was subjected to characterization employment standard techniques such as particle size and tem. highly stable crystalline NPS with sizes between 32.6 and 142.7 nm were obtained from different plants. These Nps revealed a wide range of biological applications showing antioxidant, moderate α-amylase inhibitors, antibacterial and cytotoxic powers. in addition to the percentage of s. epidermidis and k. pneumonia isolated from human and children was recorded mean (40 and 60.4 %) respectively. The highest antibacterial activity (17±0.10 mm and 18±0.09) was shown by seed salvia Officinalis-mediated ZnO NPS against k and s. epidermidis respectively. on the other aspect the result obtained from using silymarin and the mediated zinc nanoparticles showed limited zone inhibition (15 ± 0.09, 15 ± 0.15, and 8 ± 0.02, 8 ± 0.02) respectively. Among all of the NPS synthesized and used, the effect of seed extract-mediated NPS was found to be most promising for future applications.