Salvia Officinalis Research Articles

The capacity of Lamiaceae essential oils, extracts and hydrolats against pathogenic biofilms

The study aimed to analyse the potential of Lamiaceae essential oils, extracts, and hydrolats against bacterial biofilms. Bacterial cells Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus were exposed to Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Mentha × piperita L. (mint) essential oils, extracts, and hydrolats. The result of the minimal inhibitory concentration assessment shows the highest antibacterial potential for essential oils, followed by extracts and hydrolats respectively. The anti-biofouling capacity revealed that thyme essential oil has the highest potential for biofilm prevention for all tested bacteria, reducing up to 91% of biofilm, followed by mint (88%) and sage (87%) essential oil. While the thyme extract (84%), sage extract (83%) and hydrolat (77%) we less effective. The chemical composition of thyme essential oil showed a high percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, among which p-cymene and thymol were the most predominant. The bacterial cell membrane integrity assessment shows a significant increase in dead cells by increasing the concentration of thyme essential oil. The findings of our research indicate that the choice of herbal preparation significantly affects the active components, thereby influencing both antibacterial and anti-biofouling capabilities. Lamiaceae essential oils show great potential for biofilm management and represent a good candidate for antibacterial application in pharmacy, medicine, and industry.

PEGylated Chitosan Biodegradable Nanoparticles Delivery of Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis for Enhanced Brain Targeting

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the gradual decline of cognitive abilities, primarily caused by impairments in the cholinergic system. AD is diagnosed based on the presence of specific pathological features, in-cluding senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and the loss of neurons and synapses. Despite on-going efforts, the etiology of AD remains unclear, and there is a significant lack of effective treatments to meet the medical needs of affected individuals. The complex nature of AD, involv-ing multiple factors, presents challenges in the development of potential therapies. Numerous ob-stacles hinder the achievement of optimal pharmacological concentration of promising molecules for AD treatment. These obstacles include the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of therapeutic agents into the brain, as well as issues related to poor bioavaila-bility and unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles. Unfortunately, many therapeutically promising compounds have failed to overcome these hurdles and demonstrate efficacy in treating AD. Methods: The PEGylated chitosan nanoconjugate was developed and evaluated for delivery of anti-Alzheimer natural extract of Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis to the brain. The nano-conjugates (S-PCN and M-PCN) were developed by ionic gelation technique. Result: The nanoconjugates (S-PCN and M-PCN) were evaluated for various optical and in-vitro parameters. MTT assay on UCSD229i-SAD1-1 human astrocytoma cells indicated IC50 values of 0.42, 0.49, 0.67, and 0.75 μM for S-PCN, M-PCN formulations, and free Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis extracts, respectively. The In vitro assessments using cell lines have confirmed the improved uptake and distribution of nanoconjugates compared to free extracts. These findings were validated through confocal microscopy and apoptosis assays, revealing a substantial in-crease in the accumulation of nanoconjugates within the brain. The targeting potential OF M- PCN over S-PCN was found to be 2-fold significant. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be inferred that biodegradable PEGylated chitosan nanoconjugates hold promise as effective nano-targeting agents for delivering anti-Alzheimer drugs to the brain. The incorporation of PEGylated chitosan nanoparticles in this approach demonstrates enhanced delivery capabilities, ultimately leading to improved therapeutic out-comes.

Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds. and Salvia officinalis L. hydrosols mitigate aging related comorbidities in rats.

Aging is often linked to oxidative stress, where the body experiences increased damage from free radicals. Plants are rich sources of antioxidants, playing a role in slowing down aging and supporting the proper functioning and longevity of cells. Our study focuses on exploring the impact of Mentha rotundifolia (MR) and Salvia officinalis (SO) hydrosols on aging-related comorbidities. The chemical composition of MR and SO hydrosols was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. 2,2-Diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,20-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals scavenging assays were used to assess their in vitro antioxidant activity, and heat induced albumin denaturation test was used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory activity. Subsequently, we administered 5% of each plant hydrosol in the drinking water of 18-month-old rats for six months. We then conducted behavioral tests, including open field, dark/light box, rotarod, and Y-maze assessments, and measured biochemical parameters in plasma, liver and brain tissues. At two years old, animals treated with MR and SO hydrosols displayed fewer physical and behavioral impairments, along with well-preserved redox homeostasis in comparison with animals in the control group. These results highlighted the significance of MR and SO hydrosols in addressing various aspects of age-related comorbidities. The study suggests that these plant-derived hydrosols may have potential applications in promoting healthy aging and mitigating associated health challenges.

Whole-genome resequencing identifies exonic single-nucleotide variations in terpenoid biosynthesis genes of the medicinal and aromatic plant common sage (Salvia officinalis L.)

AbstractCommon sage (Salvia officinalis L.), the type species of the genus Salvia, is a historically acknowledged medicinal and aromatic plant that is utilized in several different industries for manufacturing diverse end products, including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, personal hygiene products and insect repellants. The medical uses of sage essential oil terpenoids have made these secondary metabolites a focus of medical/pharmaceutical chemistry research. In the present work, the common sage genome was resequenced and assembled, and the protein-encoding gene content was annotated. The terpenoid biosynthesis gene repertoire, which includes 75 terpene synthase and 67 terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway genes, was predicted and located on assembly scaffolds, revealing tandem duplication blocks on the chromosomes. Variant analysis identified 188 variable single-nucleotide loci in the coding sequences of sage terpenoid biosynthesis genes. A total of 24,570 single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the common sage total exome, representing a database of potential variable loci for targeted genotyping research. Given that terpene synthase activity is highly prone to modulation by point mutations and that the genotype plays an important role in the complex traits of terpenoid composition, single-nucleotide polymorphisms located in coding sequences constitute candidate functional markers that can be associated with terpenoid compositional traits in future research.

Sage-modified polydimethylsiloxane applied as antibacterial wound dressing material

Materials based on polydimethylsiloxane have been developed with antibacterial activity and mechanical properties required for wound treatment. Sage herb (raw, modified, and polyphenol extract) was used as a filler in an amount of 5 and 10% by weight. Physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties were examined. The results indicate a beneficial effect of sage modification on the tested properties.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. against Botrytis cinerea Pers

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L. against Botrytis cinerea Pers

Extraction Optimization and Qualitative/Quantitative Determination of Bioactive Abietane-Type Diterpenes from Three Salvia Species (Common Sage, Greek Sage and Rosemary) by 1H-qNMR.

The objective of this study was the optimization of the extraction process and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the bioactive metabolites: 12-O-methylcarnosic acid (12MCA), carnosic acid (CA), carnosol (CS), 7-O-methyl-epi-rosmanol (7MER) and rosmanol (RO) in infusions, decoctions, turbulent flow extracts, tinctures and oleolites from three Salvia species: Salvia officinalis L. (common sage, SO), Salvia fruticosa Mill. (Greek sage, SF) and Salvia rosmarinus Spenn (syn Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (rosemary, SR), using Quantitative Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-qNMR). Regarding the aqueous extracts, decoctions appeared to be richer sources of the studied metabolites than infusions among the three plants. For SR, the turbulent flow extraction under heating was the most efficient one. The optimum time for the preparation of decoctions was found to be 5 min for SF and SO and 15 min for SR. It is noteworthy that SR tinctures were not stable in time due to decomposition of the abietane-type diterpenes CA and CS because of the polar solvent used for their preparation. Contrary to this finding, the oleolites of SR appeared to be very stable. Olive oil as a solvent for extraction was very protective for the contained abietane-type diterpenes. A preliminary stability study on the effect of the storage time of the SF on the abietane-type diterpenes content showed that the total quantity of abietanes decreased by 16.51% and 40.79% after 12 and 36 months, respectively. The results of this investigation also demonstrated that 1H-qNMR is very useful for the analysis of sensitive metabolites, like abietane-type diterpenes, that can be influenced by solvents used in chromatographic analysis.

Herbal Treatment of Female Urogenital Atrophy: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis

Introduction: Urogenital atrophy and its sequelae, particularly genital dryness, urological problems, and pain on genital touching, are common medical problems for menopausal women and women undergoing antihormonal cancer treatment. To meet the requirements for a nonhormonal local treatment, a compounded herbal preparation was developed as a vaginal ovule (Dioscorea comp. ovulum), and the efficacy and applicability of this herbal treatment were investigated. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of patients’ records. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Canton of Zurich (project number BASEC 2016-01982). Between 2007 and 2011, patients with urogenital atrophy and related symptoms, who wanted to initiate herbal treatment, were asked for consent to be interviewed (4-point rating scale) and examined gynecologically with photo documentation of their vaginal discharge. A total of 26 patients met the enrollment criteria and consented to the procedure. The first 8 weeks consisted of a daily application of low-dose Dioscorea comp. ovulum followed by high-dose Dioscorea comp. ovule twice weekly for at least 3 months. Result: A total of 23 patients completed the trial. Of the 19 patients in the subgroup with an atrophic vaginal maturation index (VMI), 16 achieved a eutrophic VMI. Four patients began therapy with hypotrophy. There was a 96% decrease in complaints (22/23). The genital dryness score decreased from 1.80 to 0.25 points, urological problems from 2.38 to 0.85 points, and pain on genital touching from 1.70 to 0.60 points. Application, tolerability, and medical safety of the formula were good. Conclusion: The phytotherapeutic compounded preparation Dioscorea comp. ovule (Dioscorea villosa, Glycine max, Salvia officinalis) is suitable for the treatment of urogenital atrophy and its sequelae.

Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of green sol-gel ZnO nanoparticles using Abelmoschus esculentus and Salvia officinalis: A comparative study versus co-precipitation-synthesized nanoparticles

BackgroundThe development of green chemistry methods involving plant-based nanoparticle synthesis presents an affordable and eco-friendly approach for wastewater treatment and color removal. This study aimed to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using the sol-gel method with Salvia officinalis and Abelmoschus esculentus plants, examining their photocatalytic efficiency for organic dye removal. MethodsTo compare the properties of ZnO nanoparticles, another type of ZnO-NPs was synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta potential (ZP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. ResultsBased on XRD results, the average crystalline size of nanoparticles was calculated using the Debye-Scherer equation for synthesized nanoparticles using the S. officinalis at 22.99 nm and for the A. esculentus at 29.79 nm, and for the co-precipitation method at 18.83 nm. The FE-SEM images showed spherical ZnO nanoparticles. Photocatalytic properties of ZnO-NPs were investigated for remove of methylene blue organic dye in the presence of UV light. The pH 10 was identified as the best pH, which had the highest percentage of color degradation. All three types of nanoparticles were tested by up to 360 min to optimize the dyeing time. For A. esculentus, the highest percentage of color removal occurred in the first 90 min (41.0 %), for S. officinalis nanoparticles between 75 and 90 min (86.9 %), and for chemically synthesized nanoparticles between 30 and 45 min (100 %). ConclusionsIn conclusion, the best MB dye degradation capacity belonged to co-precipitation ZnO nanoparticles followed by S. officinalis and A. esculentus nanoparticles.

Tradicionalno lečenje neuroloških stanja lekovitim biljem u Pirotskom okrugu (Srbija)

This study provides a comprehensive ethnobotanical analysis of the traditional utilization of plants for neurological conditions in the Pirot District (southeastern Serbia). The research methodology involved the interviews with local communities in four municipalities: Pirot, Bela Palanka, Babušnica, and Dimitrovgrad. Тhe most common reports were the uses of Melissa officinalis, Mentha x piperita, Thymus spp., and Tilia cordata for sedation. The following plant species were mentioned against headache: Achillea millefoloium, Allium ursinum, Mentha x piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus spp. The plant species Galium verum and Urtica dioica were mentioned against fainting. The respondents mentioned the use of Crataegus monogyna, Foeniculum vulgare, and Melissa officinalis against cerebral atherosclerosis (sclerosis). The only report against Parkinson’s disease is the use of the plant species Geranium macrorhizum.

Exploring the potent in vitro antiviral activity of Faramir®: A tailored Salvia officinalis extraction utilizing the sequential solvent polarity method

Salvia officinalis, known as Sage, serves as a rich source of natural compounds that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Antioxidant activity has been demonstrated to be enhanced when medicinal herbs are extracted using sequential polar solvents, as revealed by previous studies. In this study, we examined the antiviral potential of Sage extract through successive extractions using organic solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethanol, acetone, methanol, and water). The antiviral effectiveness of the selected extract fraction, Faramir®, was assessed against human immunodeficiency virus using ELISA and MTT assays conducted on Jurkat cells. Moreover, Faramir® antiviral activity was also examined against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza viruses using the TCID50 assay, employing Vero E6 and MDCK cell lines, respectively. The findings indicated that the inhibitory effects of Faramir® on HIV replication are dependent on the concentration, as demonstrated through serial dilutions (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/mL). The highest inhibitory effect was observed at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL. Furthermore, the TCID50 assay demonstrated that the antiviral activity of Faramir® is time-dependent. The highest level of antiviral activity was observed at the 5-minute mark following treatment. Subsequently, the extract fraction exhibiting the highest antiviral activity (Faramir®) was subjected to analysis using HPLC and GC-MS and found to contain three classes of phenolic molecules, namely flavonoids (such as Apigenin), hydroxylated compounds (including rosmarinic acid), and terpenes (such as alpha pinene). Based on these findings, it is suggested that Faramir® holds great potential as a novel natural therapeutic extract for combating viral infections.

Effect of a Salvia officinalis and Hypericum perforatum mixture on improving memory and cognitive decline

Effect of a Salvia officinalis and Hypericum perforatum mixture on improving memory and cognitive decline

Allelopathic interactions of brown mustard (Brassica juncea L.) with other aromatic plants during germination and seedling development

Organic compounds originating from plant metabolism and reaching the environment may inhibit or stimulate germination and early developmental processes of other plants grown in the vicinity. The aim of this study was to investigate the allelopathic interactions of brown mustard with four other aromatic plants (summer savoury, coriander, caraway and common sage). While health-promoting metabolites of brown mustard are thoroughly investigated and the plant receives an increasing interest from cultivators of aromatic and medicinal plants, its allelopathic interactions with other aromatic plants are poorly documented. The experiments were performed in closed germination vessels, under controlled conditions. The influence of the presence or absence of light, as well as of a sufficient or reduced water supply on the co-germination of brown mustard seeds with each of the other four aromatic plants was also evaluated. The presence of brown mustard reduced the germination velocity of caraway, coriander, sage and savoury. It inhibited stem elongation, but stimulated root growth of savoury. Shoot growth of coriander seedlings was enhanced by the vicinity of brown mustard plantlets. Caraway slowed down the germination of brown mustard seeds, but it stimulated root and stem elongation of the seedlings. The presence of savoury enhanced the fresh biomass production of brown mustard. Common sage inhibited root growth, but stimulated stem elongation of brown mustard plantlets. Most of the allelopathic effects were more pronounced under water shortage than under sufficient water supply. Positive interspecific influences on biomass production were, in most cases, more pronounced in the presence of light. The findings may contribute to optimization of brown mustard cultivation in small parcels, in the vicinity of other aromatic plants, some allelopathic interactions being able to stimulate growth and developmental processes in an environmental-friendly and cost-effective manner.

Influence of adding sage leaves on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation in Awassi lambs

This study was conducted to determine the effect of adding different levels of sage leaf powder (SLP) to the diet of local Awassi lambs on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation. Sixteen Awassi male lambs 4-5 months of age were randomly distributed into four treatment groups: no feed additive (SLP0), 5g (SLP5), 10g (SLP10) and 15 g (SLP15) of sage leaves powder/kg of dry matter (DM) were added to the diet. Results revealed that adding SLP did not affect feed intake. However, growth performance, dry matter and organic matter digestion were recorded higher significances (P≤0.05) in lambs fed SLP5 and SLP10 than in lambs fed SLP15 and SLP0. Total volatile fatty acids concentrations were significantly increased (P≤0.05) in lambs fed SLP5 than other lambs. In conclusion, the addition of SLP at 5g/kg DM in the diet of Awassi lambs improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility with a positive effect on ruminal fermentation. Keywords: Salvia officinalis; Awassi lambs; Growth performance; Nutrient digestibility; Rumen fermentation

Investigation of the growth and phytochemical variations for different Salvia species in terms of their transfer and adaptation in Iran

More than 1000 species of Salvia genus are reported all over the world, some of which have high pharmaceutical values for use in food-pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In order to domesticate and breed some endemic Salvia species of Iran, the seeds of 14 species were collected from North, West, Central, and Northeast of Iran, in an altitude ranging from 580 m to 2269 m. To evaluate the diversity of the studied Salvia species without environmental influences, the seeds of the collected species were planted under similar environmental and soil conditions. At flowering stage, the morphological and essential oil content of the grown plants were determined. The assayed species were phenotypically diverse, and there were considerable variations among the species in terms of plant growth and flower characteristics. Furthermore, significant differences were observed among the studied species regarding the quantity of essential oil. The mean essential oil content and yield of different Salvia species were 0.06–1.24% v/w and 0.02–0.19 g per plant, respectively. Among the species, Salvia officinalis and Salvia sclarea showed the highest essential oil content and yield, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a weak relationship between the morphological characteristics and essential oil content. Moreover, the results of Principal Compound Analysis (PCA) based on the assayed traits were partially accordance with the species categorizing by Hierarchical Custer Analysis (HCA). Generally according to the obtained results, Salvia sclarea, Salvia reuterana, Salvia officinalis, and Salvia spinosa can be suggested for further domestication and breeding programs.

Mineral-Associated Medicinal Plants: Uncovering Their Anti-inflammatory Potential Through Comprehensive Exploration of Bioactive Compounds And Pharmacological Activities

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in harnessing the potential of bioactive compounds sourced from specific wild plants with inherent natural anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation is a complex physiological response crucial for defense against adverse stimuli. However, prolonged inflammation can give rise to a myriad of health issues, particularly when influenced by factors related to mineral exposure and processing. This review aims to provide an overview of the current status of knowledge regarding the anti-inflammatory plant-based drugs which have been derived from green tea, licorice, devil's claw, willow bark, chamomile, Salvia officinalis and Piper ovatum etc. Bioactive compounds such as catechins, glycyrrhizin, harpagoside, salicin, chamazulene, Lactones and alkaloids which are referred as secondary plant metabolites obtaining the pharmacological effects in human beings and animals. It has long been identified by the authors of various classical texts of Ayurveda and their properties, indications to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes which helps to modulate various signaling pathways involved in inflammation. This study delves into the assessment of the anti- inflammatory properties of select wild plants while taking into consideration their potential interactions with mineral and mineral-associated pollutants. Safety and potential side effects are discussed in the context of metal exposure scenarios. Additionally, it underscores the necessity for continued research to elucidate the action mechanisms of these plant-derived compounds, further unlocking their therapeutic potential and efficacy in addressing inflammation heightened by mineral- related factors.

Salvia officinalis restores semen quality and testicular functionality in cadmium-intoxicated male rats

The present study investigated the potential ability of Salvia officinalis, one of the oldest medicinal plants, to protect male rats against cadmium reproductive toxicity. Twenty-eight healthy male rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 7); control, Salvia-extract treated group, cadmium treated group and a group treated with both Cd and Salvia. Administration of cadmium reduced the relative testis to body weight and significantly affected sperm parameters by decreasing motility, viability, count and increasing morphological aberrations. Comet assay was used to detect DNA fragmentation in sperms of the rats exposed to Cd. Serum levels of testosterone T, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, and luteinizing hormone LH were significantly decreased. The biochemical analysis of testicular tissue showed a significant rise in Malondialdehyde MDA level coupled with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx and catalase CAT). The histological examination of testis sections after Cd administration revealed severe degeneration of spermatogenic cells. Seminiferous tubules were filled with homogenous eosinophilic fluid associated with atrophy of other seminiferous tubules. Co-treatment with the Salvia officinalis extract restored the oxidative enzymes activities and decreased the formation of lipid peroxidation byproduct, which in turn ameliorated the effect of Cd on sperm parameters, DNA damage and testis histopathology. Taken together, it can be concluded that the synergistic antioxidant and radical savaging activities of Salvia officinalis prevented the effect of Cd on semen quality, sperm DNA damage, along with the oxidative stress and histological abnormalities in the testis tissues.

Targeted delivery of essential oils of Salvia officinalis L to AGS cancer cells using PLA-spermine-PEG-FA

The MTT test was used in this study to evaluate anticancer potential of Salvia officinalis L's essential oil on AGS cells. The results showed that the Salvia officinalis L's essential oil has high potential anticancer activity against AGS cells. To improve the solubility of the essential oil and its targeted administration to AGS cells, poly lactic acid-spermine-poly ethylene glycol-folic acid (PLA-Spermine-PEG-FA) (FPSP) was utilized. For this purpose, Salvia officinalis L's essential oil and silver nanoparticles were encapsulated into the PLA-Spermine-PEG-FA (FPSP) using the solvent diffusion technique. Then, using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively, morphology, zeta potential, as well as average particle size characteristics of the nanoparticles were evaluated. The FPSP/essential oil nanoparticles (FPSP/EO) were spherical in shape and had an average particle size of 200–300 nm. The mean particle dimensions for both PSP/silver/EO and FPSP/silver/EO nanoparticles assemblies are measured at 236.52 ± 22.64 nm and 248.95 ± 28.17 nm, respectively. The results showed that the zeta potential values for PSP/silver/EO and FPSP/silver/EO were −18.3 ± 0.7 mV and −20.6 ± 1.3 mV, respectively. The results of this test showed that FPSP/Silver/EO significantly reduced the percentage of AGS cell viability better than EO and PSP/Silver/EO. The best treatment in this experiment was FPSP/Silver/EO at a concentration of 50 μL/mL and time 72 h. The minimum value of IC50 in FPSP/Silver/EO was observed as 21.11 μL/mL in 72 h.

The Efficacy of Salvia officinalis on the Prevention of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Background: In addition to physical discomfort, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis imposes a significant financial and psychosocial burden, such as lower levels of self-esteem, a higher level of stress, clinical depression, and less satisfaction with their life. Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis interferes with emotional and sexual relationships. Objective: This study aimed to compare the effect of vaginal Salvia officinalis, clotrimazole, and their combination on the prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Methods: This randomized triple-blinded trial was conducted on 111 women aged 18-49 years with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Participants were randomly assigned into one of the three groups of vaginal tablets of Salvia officinalis 400 mg and placebo of clotrimazole 100 mg, clotrimazole 100 mg and placebo of Salvia Officinalis 400 mg, or Salvia officinalis and clotrimazole that were applied every night for 7 consecutive days. A recurrence rate of vulvovaginal candidiasis was evaluated by WET test and vaginitis symptoms examination after 12 weeks. In the case of positive evaluation, the culture of vaginal discharge was performed. Results: Totally, 29 patients (80.6%) in group clotrimazole, 33 patients (94.3%) in group Salvia Officinalis and 35 patients (97.2%) in group Salvia officinalis-clotrimazole were treated (P = 0.43). Out of cured patients, 4 (13.8%) patients in the group clotrimazole, 1 patient (3%) in group Salvia Officinalis, and no case in group Salvia officinalis-clotrimazole experienced the recurrence of infection. There was a significant difference among the 3 groups in terms of recurrence (P = 0.023). Moreover, no adverse event during the 12 weeks after treatment was observed. Conclusion: Adjuvant therapy of Salvia Officinalis alongside routine vaginal clotrimazole could successfully prevent recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis after three months.

Harnessing Herbal Remedies: Salvia officinalis and Hypericum perforatum Mixture for Enhancing Memory and Cognitive Function

In the pursuit of alternative therapies for cognitive decline and memory enhancement, herbal remedies have gained significant attention. Among these, Salvia officinalis (sage) and Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) have emerged as promising candidates due to their neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing properties. This review explores the scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of a mixture of Salvia officinalis and Hypericum perforatum in improving memory and cognitive function and discuss the bioactive compounds present in these herbs, their mechanisms of action, and their individual effects on cognitive health. Furthermore, we examine preclinical and clinical studies investigating the synergistic effects of combining Salvia officinalis and Hypericum perforatum in mitigating cognitive decline and enhancing memory. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review aims to provide insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of this herbal mixture and its implications for cognitive health.