Salvia Microphylla Research Articles

A Study on Antioxidant, Pro-collagen Synthesis and MMP-1 Inhibitory Activities of Salvia microphylla Extract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the physiological activity of the antioxidant and anti-wrinkle effects of an ethanol extract of <i>Salvia microphylla</i> (SM) and the possibility of their application in new cosmetic material.Methods: SME70 extract was prepared from powdered SM using 70% ethanol. For the analysis of the antioxidant activities of SME70, the total polyphenolic and flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were performed. The cell viability was determined in fibroblast cells (CCD-986sk) using an MTT assay. For analysis of the anti-wrinkle effects of SME70, pro-collagen synthesis and MMP-1 inhibition activities in human fibroblasts were investigated.Results: The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in SME70 were 198.22±2.14 mg GAE/g and 291.55±6.60 mg QUE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of SME70 was 92.99±0.14% at 400 μg/mL and ABTS radical scavenging activity of SME70 was 99.37±0.12% at 600 μg/mL. The cell viability of fibroblasts was 99.56±2.77% at 200 μg/mL. Pro-collagen synthesis activity of SME70 increased in a concentration-dependent manner and was 140.74±5.31% at 200 μg/mL. The matrix metalloprotease (MMP-1) inhibition effect of SME70 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, and was 65.36±1.40% at 200 μg/mL. Therefore, it is suggested that SME70 can be used as a new material for cosmetics with anti-wrinkle effects.Conclusion: The antioxidant, pro-collagen synthesis, and MMP-1 inhibitory effects of SME70 were established, confirming its potential as a material for functional cosmetics with antiwrinkle properties.

A Study on Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory of Salvia microphylla Ethanol Extract

Purpose: This study was aimed at investigating the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of <ji>Salvia microphylla (SM) extract (SME).Methods: Powdered SM was treated with ethanol and decocted to acquire SME. The antioxidant activities of SME were assessed by evaluating its total polyphenolic, and flavonoid , contents and performing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activities of SME were verified by examining the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages.Results: The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in SME were 102.26±0.39 mg GAE/g and 377.42±0.77 mg QUE/g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS assays revealed the antioxidant activities of SME by exhibiting their ability to scavenge radicals in a concentration-dependent manner (50-1000 μg/mL). The cell viability of SME exceeded 99% at 50-1000 μg/mL. The concentration-dependent reduction in the expression of the inflammation mediator iNOS and subsequent NO production indicated an approximately 100% inhibition efficacy at 600 μg/mL (0.00±1.34%). These results confirmed the potential of SME as a component of cosmeceuticals.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, SME is explicitly acknowledged for its applicability as a natural preservative possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as a raw material for cosmeceuticals intended to alleviate skin irritation.

Comparison of Essential Oil Composition, Phenolic Compound and Biological Activities of Salvia microphylla and Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae)

Salvia microphylla and Teucrium polium are medicinal and aromatic plants with ethnobotanical uses. The present study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition of Salvia microphylla and Teucrium polium essential oils, the secondary metabolites, and the biological activities of their infusion and methanolic (MeOH) extracts. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from shoots Salvia microphylla and Teucrium polium. Phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed the presence of significant qualitative and quantitative variations for the composition of the both essential oils (EO). Salvia microphylla EO were most complex and present 70 compounds with the major components were β-caryophyllene (13.32%), 1,8 cineole (11.25%), Cis p-Menthane-3-one (10.74%), and β-Selinenol (9.71%). Where in the Teucrium polium EO, 45 compounds were identified with the important components are β-cadinene (10%), β-citronellol (8.5%), Carvacrol (7.63%), and Eugenol (7.15%). Obtained results showed that both plant are very rich in secondary metabolites. Extracts isolated from Salvia microphylla presented the highest contents in the phenolic compound than extracted from Teucrium polium. The antioxidant activity data demonstrated that all extracts showed strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. Essential oil and methanol extracts presented a potential for antimicrobial activities against all tested microorganisms. The obtained results highlight the potential use of Salvia microphylla and Teucrium polium as possible natural antioxidant substances and sources of bioactive molecules.

GC-MS Analysis and Biological Activities of Algerian Salvia microphylla Essential Oils

Abstract. Salvia microphylla is a known species due to its broad uses in traditional medicine against memory loss and rheumatism. The knowledge regarding the chemical composition and biological activities of the species collected in Algeria, no studies have been reported in the literature. Therefore, the present work focuses on the characterization of the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) and the determination of the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, α-glucosidase, and antimicrobial activities of Salvia microphylla. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts, leaves and stems and submitted to chemical analysis by GC and GC/MS. The β-Caryophyllene was identified as the main constituent in the aerial parts and leaves essential oils with 16.75 ± 0.02 % and 17.86 ± 0.07 %, respectively. Likewise, the α-Eudesmol was the predominant component in the stems oil with (21.47 ± 0.20 %). The antioxidant activity of EOs was estimated through using four comparative methods: DPPH, ABTS•+, Reducing power and CUPRAC assays. The Stems oil was the most active one in CUPRAC assay, with an IC50 value with 7.72 ± 0.43 µg/mL. The enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oils was realized against key enzymes involved in type 2 diabetes (α-glucosidase) using 4-Nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside as substrate and in neurodegenerative (AChE and BChE) diseases. The highest anticholinesterase activity against acetylcholinesterase was observed in the EO of aerial parts essential (IC50: 23.65 ± 0.73 µg/mL). The EO isolated from stems (IC50: 37.07 ± 1.44 µg/mL) exhibited a butyrylcholinesterase activity very close to that of analytical standard galantamine (IC50: 34.75 ± 1.99 µg/mL). Furthermore, all EOs displayed high inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, better to that of the standard acarbose. The EOs of Salvia microphylla display potential properties against type 2 diabetes. A broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Salvia microphylla EOs, against eleven microbial strains and two yeast. The EOs showed better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the stems essential oil being more efficient. Moreover, significant antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans.
 
 Resumen. Salvia microphylla es una specie conocida debido a su amplio uso en medicina tradicional, contra la pérdida de memoria y el reumatismo. En el caso de la especie de planta recolectada en Algeria, no hay datos publicados sobre su composición química y sus actividades biológicas. Por ello, el presente trabajo ha sido enfocado en la caracterización de la composición química de aceites esenciales (EOs) de Salvia microphylla y en la determinación de sus actividades antioxidante, anticolinesterasa, α-glucosidasa y antimicrobiano. Los EOs fueron obtenidos mediante hidrodestilación de las partes aéreas, ojas y tallos, y fueron sometidos al análisis por cromatografía de gases con detección por ionización en flama y por espectrometría de masas. Se identificó a β-cariofileno como el componente principal de los aceites de las partes aéreas y de tallos con concentraciones de 16.75 ± 0.02 % y 17.86 ± 0.07 %, respectivamente. Por su parte, el α-Eudesmol fue encontrado como componente predominante en aceite de tallos (21.47 ± 0.20 %). La actividad antioxidante de los EOs fue estimada en base a cuatro métodos compartivos: DPPH, ABTS•+, poder reductor y ensayo CUPRAC. El aceite de tallos resultó ser el más activo en ensayo CUPRAC, con el valor IC50 de 7.72 ± 0.43 µg/mL. La actividad inhibitora de enzimas de los EOs fue evaluada contra principales enzimas involucrados en diabetes tipo 2 (α-glucosidasa), utilizando 4-Nitrofenil-α-d-glucopiranosida como sustrato, y en enfermedades neurodergenerativas (AChE y BChE). La mayor actividad anticolinesterasa y acetilcolinesterasa fue observada en el EO de partes aéreas (IC50: 23.65 ± 0.73 µg/mL). El EO islado de tallos (IC50: 37.07 ± 1.44 µg/mL) presentó actividad de butirilcolinestarasa muy similar a la del estándar analítico, galantamina (IC50: 34.75 ± 1.99 µg/mL). Aunado a ello, todos EOs presentaron una alta actividad inhibitora contra α-glucosidasa, que era mejor comparando con la del estándar de acarbosa. Los EOs de Salvia microphylla presentan potenciales propiedades contra diabetes tipo 2. Para evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los EOs de Salvia microphylla, se utilizó el método de microdulución en caldo, contra once sepas microbianas y dos de levadura. La mejor actividad se observó contra bacterias Gram-positivas y Gram-negativas, excepto Pseudomonas aeruginosa, los cuales presentaron alta resistencia. Los EOs presentaron también importante actividad antifungica contra Candida albicans.

Successful experiments with Salvia officinalis and Salvia microphylla and COVID19

This paper presents results of the author on Salvia officinalis and Salvia microphylla and COVID19. The results were achieved with dried Salvia officinalis leaves and with fresh Salvia microphylla leaves. The properties of fresh leaves appear with the taste as being much richer in antiviral agents, drying reduces the antiviral activity. The experiments presented in this paper are on the author himself, do not involve biosampling to confirm in laboratory but existing data in the published literature confirms the excellent efficiency of Salvia officinalis against COVID19 and a large array of other diseases. The self-experiments were very successful against COVID19, opening a path for natural treatment.

Catalytic and antibacterial evaluation of silver nanoparticles synthesized by a green approach

In this work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Salvia microphylla Kunth leaves extract as reducing agent and stabilizing agent. The effect of reaction time and plant extract amount on the biosynthesized nanoparticles were studied. The UV–Vis spectrum indicated that silver nanoparticles show a characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 427 nm. X-ray diffraction experiments show that the silver nanoparticles have a face-centered cubic crystal structure. The density of nanoparticles increases with increasing extract concentration and reaction time. TEM and SEM observations showed well-dispersed quasi-spherical nanoparticles sized in the range of 15–45 nm. The FT-IR analysis suggested the involvement of phenolic compounds in the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. Synthesized silver nanoparticles showed good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Finally, the catalytic properties of silver nanoparticles were demonstrated through the degradation of congo red and methyl orange.

Juvenomimetic and Insecticidal Activities ofSenecio salignus(Asteraceae) andSalvia microphylla(Lamiaceae) onSpodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract Plant extracts can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of insect pests. Based on this knowledge, juvenomimetic and insecticidal activities of n-hexane extracts of the aerial parts of Senecio salignus DC. (Asteraceae) and Salvia microphylla Kunth (Lamiaceae) collected in Mexico were evaluated against 1st instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda Smith & Abbot (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Senecio salignus extract showed insecticidal activity at 500 ppm, resulting in larval mortality of 52.5% and pupal mortality of 62.5%. Salvia microphylla extract at the same concentration caused larval mortality of 65.0% and pupal mortality of 82.5%. The LC50 was 440 ppm for S. salignus extract and 456 ppm for S. microphylla extract based on the total larval period. The juvenomimetic activity of S. salignus extract at 500 ppm increased the duration of the larval period to 17.3 d and of the pupal period to 1.4 d. It also reduced pupal weight by 34.7% with respect to the control (241 mg). F...

A Novel Tyrosinase Base Biosensor for the Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity: Evaluation on Infusions of Medicinal Plants

The working electrode of a screen-printed-type electrodes, SPE, was modified with Tyrosinase enzyme (Tyr) using different immobilization method namely: entrapment, using polyvynil alcohol, PVA, cross-linking using glutaraldehyde, GA, and cross-linking using GA and Human Serum Albumin, HSA, the resulting electrodes were named as SPE/Tyr/PVA, SPE/Tyr/GA and SPE/Tyr/HSA/GA respectively. All these biosensors were characterized from amperometry and EIS thechniques. From the amperimetric evaluation the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km´, of each biosensor were evaluated and from the impedance measurements the respective charge transfer resistance, Rct , were assessed. It was found that the biosensor SPE/Tyr/GA has the lowest Km´(57±7)mM and Rct values, the lowest detection and quantification limits for catechol quantification notwithstanding, the highest sensitivity corresponds to others biosensor. Using the SPE/Tyr/GA biosensor, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was determined for infusions prepared with Mirto (Salvia microphylla), Hierba dulce (Lippia dulcis) and Salve Real (Lippia alba); medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico.

Electrochemical quantification of the antioxidant capacity of medicinal plants using biosensors.

The working area of a screen-printed electrode, SPE, was modified with the enzyme tyrosinase (Tyr) using different immobilization methods, namely entrapment with water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cross-linking using glutaraldehyde (GA), and cross-linking using GA and human serum albumin (HSA); the resulting electrodes were termed SPE/Tyr/PVA, SPE/Tyr/GA and SPE/Tyr/HSA/GA, respectively. These biosensors were characterized by means of amperometry and EIS techniques. From amperometric evaluations, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km′, of each biosensor was evaluated while the respective charge transfer resistance, Rct, was assessed from impedance measurements. It was found that the SPE/Tyr/GA had the smallest Km′ (57 ± 7) μM and Rct values. This electrode also displayed both the lowest detection and quantification limits for catechol quantification. Using the SPE/Tyr/GA, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was determined from infusions prepared with “mirto” (Salvia microphylla), “hHierba dulce” (Lippia dulcis) and “salve real” (Lippia alba), medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico.

A Novel Tyrosinase Base Biosensor for the Quantification of Antioxidant Capacity: Evaluation on Infusions of Medicinal Plants

The working electrode of screen-printed-type electrodes, SPE, was modified with Tyrosinase enzyme (Tyr) using different immobilization methods namely: entrapment, using water soluble polyvynil alcohol, PVA, cross-linking using glutaraldehyde, GA, and cross-linking using GA and Human Serum Albumin, HAS. The resulting electrodes were named: SPE/Tyr/PVA, SPE/Tyr/GA and SPE/Tyr/ HSA/GA, respectively. All these biosensors were characterized through amperometry, immersed in an aqueous solution containing different catechol concentrations, and EIS techniques. From the amperometric evaluation, the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant, Km´, of each biosensor were evaluated and from the impedance measurements the respective charge transfer resistance, Rct, were assessed. It was found that the biosensor SPE/Tyr/GA has the lowest Km´ (57 ± 7) μM and Rct values. Moreover, this electrode also displays both the lowest detection and quantification limits for catechol quantification, notwithstanding, the highest sensitivity corresponds to the SPE/Tyr/PVA biosensor. Using the SPE/Tyr/GA biosensor, the Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was determined for infusions prepared with Mirto (Salvia microphylla), Hierba dulce (Lippia dulcis) and Salve Real (Lippia alba); medicinal plants commonly used in Mexico.

A new insight into the phylogeny of vascular cryptogams with special reference to Selaginella and Isoetes inferred from nuclear ITS/5.8S rDNA sequences

In order to provide a better understanding of the evolutionary history of vascular cryptogams, phylogenetic framework was developed based on ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S rDNA sequences of 102 extant taxa of vascular cryptogams using Maximum Parsimony (MP) analysis. The analysis revealed high GC content in Isoetaceae (60.5 %) in comparison with Selaginellaceae (54.4 %) that was envisaged to be the result of variation in selection, mutational bias, and biased recombination-associated DNA repair within these two plant lineages during evolution. Transition/transversion ratio was observed to be 0.9 in Isoetaceae, 0.68 in Selaginellaceae and 0.57 among all the 102 taxa belonging to lycophytes and ferns. It is hypothesized that the lycophytes have been separated very early during evolution and therefore acquired independent line of evolution from the other plant lineages. Although Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae are closely related ancient plant groups, pairwise sequence divergence of sampled taxa on the basis of transition and transversion, and disparity index values per site between sampled sequence pairs pointed towards the differential investment of natural selection process. These lead to high rate of nucleotide substitution within nuclear genome of Selaginellaceae with respect to Isoetaceae. MP phylogenetic tree identified Isoetes subinermis, Isoetes durieui and Salvia microphylla as separate group among the studied taxa due to high sequence variation within these species through the time of evolution. Our result interpreted the polyphyletic origin of ferns and provides valuable information regarding the lycophytes and their fern allies.

Salvia x jamensis J. Compton: Trichomes, essential oil constituents and cytotoxic-apoptotic activity

Salvia x jamensis J. Compton is a hybrid between Salvia greggii A. Gray and Salvia microphylla Kunt. In this study, we describe three hair types identified by Scanning Electron Microscopy. In the essential oil of the aerial parts of S. jamensis 56 different compounds were identified. The two main constituents were β-caryophyllene (14.8%) and β-pinene (6.8%). Cytotoxic-apoptotic activity of S. x jamensis essential oil has been investigated by using U937 cell line. The essential oil EC50 for cell number and for cell apoptosis have been shown to be 360 and 320 µg mL−1, respectively. Among the constituents of the oil examined, only β-caryophyllene, β-pinene and α-pinene displayed cytotoxic and apoptotic activities. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that some of the pure constituents identified within S. x jamensis essential oil are responsible for its cytotoxic-apoptotic activity when properly combined.