Salt Water Baths Research Articles

High pressure salt water and low temperature effects on the material performance characteristics of additive manufacturing polymers

The effects of salt water exposure at deep ocean depth pressures when coupled with low temperatures on the material characteristics of three unique additively manufactured polymers has been investigated through a detailed experimental approach. The polymers in the study were manufactured utilizing both Vat Photopolymerization and Material Extrusion printing techniques. The Material Extrusion process was utilized to produce material specimens of Stratasys ULTEM 9085 and Markforged Onyx while the Vat Photopolymerization process was used to produce specimens of Accura ClearVue. The ULTEM 9085 and Markforged Onyx are filament based polymers and the ClearVue is a liquid based resin. The specimens were first submerged in a high pressure, salt water bath of 3.5% NaCl solution at 34.5 MPa (5000 lb/in2) for a total exposure time of 60 days to determine the water absorption characteristics. Subsequent to the salt water exposure at high pressure, the specimens were evaluated to determine changes in tension, compression, flexure, and in-plane fracture properties. To determine the effects of water saturation and low temperature coupling, the mechanical testing was performed at temperatures of 20 °C, 0 °C and −20 °C in both dry and saturated conditions. Additionally, non-destructive testing in the form of TeraHertz and FIRT imaging was conducted to analyze the physical material changes through the thickness of the material due to the saline water absorption. To quantify the change in material storage and loss moduli properties, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) characterization was performed on each of the AM polymers in dry and saturated states. The DMA testing also quantified changes in the Glass Transition Temperature because of salt water exposure. In summary, The current study investigates the effects of coupled long term/high pressure salt water exposure with low temperatures on the mechanical and material characteristics of three unique AM polymers by: (1) immersing the materials in a salt water solution at 34.5 MPa for 60 days, (2) Conducting post exposure mechanical testing on the materials at 0 °C and −20 °C with comparisons to 20 °C testing on dry specimens, and quantifies changes in material properties through DMA experiments. The results from all testing in the study show that high pressure salt water exposure when coupled with low temperatures has unique effects on each of the materials considered in the study and careful consideration to each parameter must be given based on the material type when components will be employed in marine operations.

Gowanus Canal Superfund Site. V: Evaluation of ISS Cylinder Sample Crusts Formed During EPA 1315M Testing

The main purpose of treatability testing is to tailor a proposed remedial approach and related testing to site-specific conditions to ensure the maximum possible applicability of the bench-scale results at the full scale, and thus the success of the approach. One such adaption involves the use of modified (“M”) EPA 1315 tests to assess the leaching of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under simulated brackish-water conditions to provide insights into the mass transfer rates that result from the in situ stabilization/solidification (ISS) of sediments at coastal sites heavily impacted by nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). As shown in this study, the use of saltwater (SW) baths during EPA 1315M testing can result in the formation of surface crusts on ISS samples and mass-transfer reductions in naphthalene, this effect being very pronounced in Gowanus Canal sediments. At the same time, the pH of the SW bath can drop from greater than 11 for a corresponding deionized water (DIW) bath to approximately 8, thus enabling biological activity. The newly formed ISS sample crusts (primarily aragonite and brucite) were similar in many respects to crusts that form on concrete under marine exposure conditions, based on mineralogical and x-ray-based analyses. However, surprisingly, while some SW baths were shown to be biologically active based on gene-probing analyses, petroleum hydrocarbon degraders, when present, did not necessarily reduce the observed leaching rates. The authors concluded that, while the surface crusts do appear to be associated with mass-transfer reductions, to varying degrees, remedial design should conservatively proceed on the basis of EPA 1315M tests utilizing DIW baths only, and any crusts potentially occurring under field conditions constitute an inherent benefit.

Analysis of differences in effectiveness between salt water bath therapy and ginger water bath therapy on pain scale and its relationship with age, gender, and education level in gout sufferers in the working area of the Mpunda Public Health Center of Bima City

Background: Gouty arthritis is an inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissue of the joints, is progressive, symmetrical, and systemic, and tends to turn chronic. It has typical symptoms experienced by sufferers, such as pain in one or more joints. These symptoms can interfere with comfort in activities. Method: This study used a Quasi-Experimental design with a Two Group Pretest-Posttest approach. Sampling was done using the Quota sampling technique, resulting in 40 respondents chosen. Data analysis in this study, to answer research questions and hypotheses, was bivariate analysis using 4 (four) types of statistical tests, namely 1) Wilcoxon test, 2) Mann-Witney test, 3) Test Gamma correlation, and 4) Chi-square test with a significant level ? of 0.05. Results: The results showed that the Mean Rank of the warm salt water bath group was lower, namely 18.55, while that of the warm ginger water bath group was 22.45. The statistical test results showed that the p-value was 0.145> 0.05, meaning that statistically, there was no difference in effectiveness between the two therapies on the pain scale of respondents because the value did not reach 5.

Effect of rapid weight loss incorporating hot salt water immersion on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in male mixed martial arts athletes

PurposeTo investigate the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL), incorporating comparison of hot water immersion (HWI) in fresh or salt water, on changes in body mass, blood markers, and indices of performance in mixed martial arts athletes.MethodsIn a crossover design comparing fresh water (FWB) to salt water (SWB; 5.0%wt/vol Epsom salt) bathing, 13 males performed 20 min of HWI (~ 40.3 °C) followed by 40 min wrapped in a heated blanket, twice in sequence (2 h total). Before bathing, ~ 26 to ~ 28 h of fluid and dietary restriction was undertaken, and ~ 24 to ~ 26 h of a high carbohydrate diet and rehydration was undertaken as recovery.ResultsDuring the entire RWL process, participants lost ~ 5.3% body mass. Body mass lost during the 2 h hot bath protocol was 2.17 ± 0.81 kg (~ 2.7% body mass) and 2.24 ± 0.64 kg (~ 2.8% body mass) for FWB and SWB, respectively (P = 0.647 between trials). Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased (all P < 0.05), and plasma volume was decreased (~ 14%; P < 0.01), but did not differ between FWB and SWB, and were similar to baseline values after recovery. No indices of performance (e.g., countermovement jump, isometric strength, and functional threshold power) were impacted when RWL was followed by the recovery process.ConclusionUnder the conditions of this hot bath protocol, fluid loss was not augmented by the addition of ~ 5.0%wt/vol of Epsom salt during HWI, and RWL of ~ 5.3% body mass followed by > 24 h of recovery did not impact indices of performance.

Nanozeolite-Impregnated Polysulfone/Polyethylene Glycol Nanocomposite Membrane for Ion Adsorption Application

Polysulfone (PSf) is a high-performance polymer often used in water treatment applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Nanozeolite (NZ) were used as additives to improve the membrane’s porosity, chemistry, and overall performance in ion adsorption. PSf, PSf with PEG, and PSf with PEG and varying concentrations of Nanozeolite were prepared via non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) and tested using: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for the surface morphology, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for the chemical composition, Contact Angle Goniometer for the wettability, Zeta Potential for the stability, and conductivity test through salt-water bath for ion adsorption application.

Phototherapy for atopic eczema.

Phototherapy for atopic eczema.

The effect of salt-water bath in the management of treatment-related peripheral neuropathy in cancer patients receiving taxane and platinum-based treatment

ObjectivesIn a clinical setting, patients have been observed to complain of discomfort and to discontinue treatment because of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. This experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of a salt-water bath in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. MethodOne hundred and three patients who received taxane and platinum-based chemotherapy due to cancer and developed peripheral neuropathy associated with the treatment between December 2018 and June 2020 were included in the study. The patients were assigned to the control and experimental groups (1-warm salt-water and 2-cold salt-water) following the randomization checklist. While control groups did not receive any interventions, the patients in the salt-water group were asked to apply warm (41 °C) or cold-water (23–26 °C) baths to their hands/feet for 30 min every other day for 14 days. The data were collected at the beginning of the study and at the end of its first and second weeks using the Patient Information Form and National Cancer Institute (NCI)-CTCAE v5.0 toxicity criteria as well as the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-CIPN20 quality of life scales. ResultsThe patients had a mean age of 55.6 ± 10.3, and most of them were treated following a breast cancer diagnosis. At the beginning of the study, Grade 3 peripheral neuropathy severity and quality of life scores of the cold/warm salt-water and control groups were similar. Due to repeated follow-ups, it was determined that the peripheral neuropathy severity decreased and the quality of life scores increased statistically significantly in the patients in the cold salt-water bath group compared to the control group. ConclusionThis study's results suggest that a cold salt-water bath can be an effective approach in managing the development of peripheral neuropathy due to taxane and platinum-based treatment.

How does saltwater bath plus ultraviolet B phototherapy (UVB) compare with UVB alone for adults with chronic plaque psoriasis?

How does saltwater bath plus ultraviolet B phototherapy (UVB) compare with UVB alone for adults with chronic plaque psoriasis?

Gowanus Canal Superfund Site. III: Leaching of In Situ Stabilization/Solidification Mix Designs

An in situ stabilization/solidification (in situ S/S or ISS) field pilot was conducted in the Gowanus Canal on the manufactured gas plant (MGP) impacted sediments using 9 mix designs including 5%–10% by dry weight (wt%) type I/II Portland cement (PC), type V PC, and NewCem (NC) slag cement in various combinations. Naphthalene was the primary contaminant with total contents between 187 and 54,500 mg/kg and a median value of 1,320 mg/kg. A mobile nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) was observed in many of the untreated sediment samples. USEPA 1316 testing modified (M) for organics showed that 7 out of 9 untreated samples had naphthalene effective solubilities on the order of 11.5–14 mg/L and its leaching was solubility controlled. Leaching of S/S-treated samples using USEPA 1315M was completed using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) liner inserts and in both deionized (DI) and saltwater (SW) baths to compare the impact of simulated brackish conditions (approximately 22.4 g/L salt) on the leaching of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The main differences were that the pH of the DI water bath was approximately 3–3.5 units higher than the SW bath but the conductivity of the latter was typically 30–50 times greater. Visible crusts were observed on all SW bath samples, the most significant crusts being associated with the lowest VOC leaching rates. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching was relatively unaffected by bath type. The naphthalene percent leaching reductions (% LRs) for the top five mixes (> 97% LRs) versus the untreated sediment were 5%–14% higher under SW conditions, presumably due to the surface crusts. The interval mass releases from the top 3 mixes under SW conditions were approximately100 times lower than the corresponding DI water bath values. Because 3 out of the top 5 mixes were the 60/40 (w/w) type V PC/NC blend, a minimum dose of 7.5 wt% of this blend was recommended for remedial construction.

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis.

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis.

Maternal Stress Effects on Hatching Success and Larval Malformation Prevalence in Palmetto Bass.

Striped Bass Morone saxatilis are an iconic North American fish. This species, and it’s hybrid with White Bass Morone chrysops, Palmetto Bass are intensively cultured for stocking into Texas water bodies. However, a large proportion of hatchery‐spawned Palmetto Bass larvae were recently plagued with malformations. Pug headedness is a common malformation that restricts the fish’s ability to intake food by misshaping the skull and mouth. Malformations such as this drastically reduce larval survival. Female Striped Bass broodfish used to produce Palmetto Bass are caught in the wild, hormonally induced to maturation, transported to the hatchery, and hand‐spawned by stripping. Consequently, we hypothesize that this extreme handling stress affects larval development and viability. Eight Striped Bass females were strip‐spawned, and samples of plasma, ovary, eggs, and hatchlings where collected to measure the concentrations of glucose, lactate and cortisol. Percentage of hatch, malformations and viability were also recorded for each spawn. A standard ELISA plate was used to measure cortisol and colorimetric protocols were used to measure glucose and lactate. Females that produced spawns with lower hatch (9.9 %) and larvae with elevated malformations rates (53.2%) showed significantly higher concentrations of plasma cortisol (290.7 ± 80.7 ng/mL) than females associated with low larval malformation rates (120.6 ± 16.0 ng/mL). Interestingly, females with low hatching rate had significantly less cortisol in ovarian tissue but more cortisol in their eggs than females with a higher performance. Spawns with higher malformation rates also had higher values of larval tissue cortisol (4.5 ± 1.0 ng/g) than spawns with lower malformation rates (0.2 ± 0.0 ng/g). This data points to a transfer of cortisol from maternal gonads to the spawn while under handling stress. Glucose and lactate had similar values in all individuals. Thus, only cortisol correlated with the presence of malformations in larvae. This study demonstrates the need to reduce handling stress in Striped Bass culture to minimize the production of malformed larvae. The impact of integrating saltwater baths, anesthetics, and reducing handling time, can be easily monitored with cortisol measurements and may improve production outcomes.

Evaluation of the efficacy of warm salt water foot-bath on patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A randomized clinical trial

Objectives: Pain relief is one of the main goals of treatment in Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Abzan(foot- bath) is one of the effective ways to relief various types of pain in Persian Medicine (PM). Design: This study is a randomized clinical trial (RCT) conducted on 60 patients of age range within 30 to 70 years, which were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (warm water bath):For one month each night before bedtime, they were asked to sit on a chair with trousers pulled up to about 5 cm above the ankles and both feet immersed in an electrical foot-bath that contained 5 liters of warm tolerable water (between 40 and 45 ° C) for 15 minutes without any massage. In Group B (salt water bath) was added and dissolved 250 grams of powdered mineral salt to their warm water. Other stages were similar to the group A. Group C (control) did not receive any interventions. Patients were evaluated prior to and following the intervention by the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire (DN4), The McGill Pain questionnaire and The World Health Organization Bref Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. Results: Decrease in DN4 score level in the salt warm water group was significant while The McGill questionnaire showed a significant decrease of pain level the same group. Conclusions: Application of a specific Abzan (salt water bath) may significantly decrease the pain of DPN patients.

Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Industri Tahu sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Usaha Kecil Menengah (UKM) di Kecamatan Gambiran Kabupaten Banyuwangi

If waste is utilized properly, it will create new production and advance SMEs in Gambiran District so that it can minimize unemployment and increase the amount of income per capita of the community. This study has three objectives, namely: (1) To analyze the technology used in processing tofu industrial waste into nata de soya in Gambiran District, Banyuwangi Regency, (2) To analyze the technology used for processing tofu industrial waste into soy sauce in Gambiran District Banyuwangi, (3) To analyze the amount of production costs and costs of production sales from nata de soya and soy sauce products as an effort to develop Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) in Gambiran District, Banyuwangi Regency. This research is classified into descriptive research with quantitative and qualitative types of data from the results of the experimental application to examine the act of making nata and soy sauce food products by the Gambiran District community by collecting data through surveys, observations, documentation, interviews and document analysis. In analyzing the document the results of the study will compare the feasibility of the two products obtained from whey to Nata de Soya and Ketchup products using the following feasibility analysis: TCI = FCI + WCI, TC = TFC + TVC, TR = P x Q, = TR – TC, dan BEP = . The analysis shows that the technology used in making nata de soya is biotechnology from the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum which has been fermented with sugar, vinegar and micin. While the technology of utilizing tofu industrial waste into soy sauce is one strategy to reduce environmental pollution. Experiments of making soy sauce are carried out by fermentation by methanogen bacteria from soaking solid waste and fermented with salt water bath after the tofu waste is dried until the moisture content reaches 12%. To analyze the production cost of making nata de soya with 3 liters of liquid waste is TCI = 16,500, TC = 16,500, TR = 25,500, Π = 9,000, BEP = 6 Liters. While for the analysis of the production cost of making soy sauce is TCI = 33,000, TC = 33,000, TR = 75,500, Π = 42,000, BEP = 2.2 Liter

Vibration isolation of sensory deprivation tanks

Sensory deprivation tanks or float tanks are advertised to be a powerful stress-relief and wellness tool. In these tanks, a person floats in a salt water bath and is enclosed to cut off all visual and auditory sensory inputs. Vibration can have a significant effect on the experience of using a one of these tanks by disrupting the sensory deprivation experience. A recent project will be discussed where vibration was causing such a problem. A solution was developed using recycled rebounded rubber crumb. The subject and object performance data will be shared.

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis

Indoor salt water baths followed by artificial ultraviolet B light for chronic plaque psoriasis

Management of atopic dermatitis: safety and efficacy of phototherapy.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease that can affect all age groups. It is characterized by a relapsing course and a dramatic impact on quality of life for patients. Environmental interventions together with topical devices represent the mainstay of treatment for AD, in particular emollients, corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors. Systemic treatments are reserved for severe cases. Phototherapy represents a valid second-line intervention in those cases where non-pharmacological and topical measures have failed. Different forms of light therapy are available, and have showed varying degrees of beneficial effect against AD: natural sunlight, narrowband (NB)-UVB, broadband (BB)-UVB, UVA, UVA1, cold-light UVA1, UVA and UVB (UVAB), full-spectrum light (including UVA, infrared and visible light), saltwater bath plus UVB (balneophototherapy), Goeckerman therapy (coal tar plus UVB radiation), psoralen plus UVA (PUVA), and other forms of phototherapy. In particular, UVA1 and NB-UVB have gained importance in recent years. This review illustrates the main trials comparing the efficacy and safety of the different forms of phototherapy. No sufficiently large randomized controlled studies have been performed as yet, and no light modality has been defined as superior to all. Parameters and dosing protocols may vary, although clinicians mainly refer to the indications included in the American Academy of Dermatology psoriasis guidelines devised by Menter et al in 2010. The efficacy of phototherapy (considering all forms) in AD has been established in adults and children, as well as for acute (UVA1) and chronic (NB-UVB) cases. Its use is suggested with strength of recommendation B and level of evidence II. Home phototherapy can also be performed; this technique is recommended with strength C and level of evidence III. Phototherapy is generally considered to be safe and well tolerated, with a low but established percentage of short-term and long-term adverse effects, with the most common being photodamage, xerosis, erythema, actinic keratosis, sunburn, and tenderness. A carcinogenic risk related to UV radiation has not been excluded. Phototherapy also has some limitations related to costs, availability, and patient compliance. In conclusion, phototherapy is an optimal second-line treatment for AD. It can be used as monotherapy or in combination with systemic drugs, in particular corticosteroids. It must be performed conscientiously, especially in children, and must take into account the patient’s features and overall condition.

Commentary regarding: effectiveness of saltwater baths in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa.

Dermatologic TherapyVolume 29, Issue 2 p. 136-136 Journal Highlights Commentary regarding: effectiveness of saltwater baths in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa Kim B. Yancey, Corresponding Author Kim B. Yancey Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Dallas, TexasAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Kim B. Yancey, MD, Department of Dermatology NL8.116D, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, or email: kim.yancey@utsouthwestern.edu.Search for more papers by this author Kim B. Yancey, Corresponding Author Kim B. Yancey Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Dallas, TexasAddress correspondence and reprint requests to: Kim B. Yancey, MD, Department of Dermatology NL8.116D, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, or email: kim.yancey@utsouthwestern.edu.Search for more papers by this author First published: 14 July 2015 https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12269Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue2March/April 2016Pages 136-136 RelatedInformation

Effectiveness of saltwater baths in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa.

Current management of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) focuses on preventing secondary infections--a leading cause of mortality--by regularly cleaning and bandaging blisters and erosions and preventive bandaging of high-friction areas. Unfortunately the baths and showers used to remove bandages and clean the skin are often painful, causing lack of adherence and subsequent increases in infections, pain, and antimicrobial use. This study evaluates the hypothesis that bathing individuals with EB in saltwater is less painful than in normal bath water. The study also explores whether taking saltwater baths reduces infections as measured through skin pruritus, odor, discharge, and nonbathing pain. Participants recruited from the Children's Hospital Colorado Outpatient EB Clinic completed standardized questionnaires assessing the effects of the clinic's saltwater bathing recommendations; the data were analyzed using frequencies and Fisher tests. After starting saltwater baths, patients reported a significant reduction in pain (91%), pain medication use (66%), skin odor (31%), and skin discharge (44%). No significant differences were found with respect to the type of EB, age, length of time using baths, or amount of salt added. Saltwater baths are a noninvasive, low-cost, effective treatment that significantly reduces bathing pain, pain medication use, and some signs of skin infection. This treatment can be recommended to patients with all studied EB types without regard to age, the specific amount of salt used, bathing frequency, or pain level. Given the central role bathing and dressing changes play in the management of EB, the use of saltwater baths can lead to significant improvement in quality of life.

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of aqueous CdTe/CdS QDs in salt water bath heating

A novel simple method for fast and efficient synthesis of aqueous CdTe/CdS quantum dots (QDs) with core–shell structure was developed by using salt water bath heating with the ultrasonic-assisted technique in this paper. The formation of crystal nucleus was promoted by ultrasonic and CdTe/CdS QDs with blue fluorescence were synthesized only in 0.5h. The heat source was bath heating in salt water solution at 60% NaCl and the heating temperature could reach 105°C. The heating method solved the biggest drawback of low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of ordinal bath heating in water. The preparation was cheap, simple and had less pollution to the environment. The properties of the CdTe/CdS QDs were thoroughly investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), photoluminescence (PL), transmission electron microscope (TEM), laser size analysis, fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Different CdTe/CdS QDs with core shell structure were efficiently synthesized and the maximum PLQY could reach 97.13% when refluxing at 105°C for 2h. These QDs exhibited uniform dispersity, high fluorescence intensity, good optical property and long life of fluorescent. The synthesis mechanism of the core shell structure of the QDs was inferred that the Cd2+ might coordinate with sulfur (S) as well as thiol propionate (–SCH2CH2COO−1) to constitute two relatively thick compound layers on the QDs surface as passive shells.

Expression of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in epidermis equivalents exposed to salt water and narrowband ultraviolet B radiation.

Expression of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in epidermis equivalents exposed to salt water and narrowband ultraviolet B radiation.