Injection Of Salt Solution Research Articles

Application of Subretinal Balanced Salt Solution Injection: A Novel technique in treating Severe idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane

Application of Subretinal Balanced Salt Solution Injection: A Novel technique in treating Severe idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane

Plasma Jet Mediated Reduction of Metal Salt

We demonstrate electrodeposition where the plasma acts as both an electrolyte and electrode, to deposit metallic conductive coatings. In conventional electroplating metal ions are reduced at a working electrode with an applied electrochemical potential. Here an RF atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is able to induce a electrochemical reduction due to the presence of free electrons. The advantage of this method is demonstrated by the ability to deposit conducting metal tracks on delicate surfaces including insulators and polymers. The small size and gaseous nature of the plasma allows deposition in difficult geometries with precise spatial control.The reduction process occurs within the plasma. As the aerosolized metal salt crystals interact with the plasma, the free electrons reduce the metal and the hydrogen combines with the anion producing a water soluble acid. The metal reduction takes place within the plasma jet, as show by varying the plasma power and determining the amount of zerovalent metal deposited. Even at low powers, <6 W, the plasma was able to fully reduce the silver, however the copper requires plasma powers of 12 W and above in order to be fully reduced. Once reduced the deposited tracks were shown to be conductive with around 20 % and around 5 % of bulk conductivity for silver and copper respectively. A sintering process occurs also within the plasma, leaving a contiguous track of fused particles of zerovalent metal producing the conducting tracks. The technique is demonstrated mainly for copper and silver, however multiple other metals were capable of being deposited. In addition to the conductivity, the track adherence was tested both using a Scotch Tape© pull test and an in-house constructed scratch test. The track was completely unaffected by the tape pull and the stylus type scratch test showed that the films were scratch resistant up to a pressure up to of 420 kg cm-2, with no measurable drop in conductivity.The APPJ is an accessible, low power, sustainable, precise electroplating device, capable of depositing pure metallic films onto a variety of surfaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate deposition on rough surfaces such as damaged fiberglass, as well as sensitive surfaces including plant tissue and pigskin, with limited damage to the surface.Figure 1. a) showing the deposition setup including nebuliser, salt solution injection, gas flow and power supply. An optical image of the APPJ during deposition operation is included, as well as Schlieren imagine showing the laminar gas flow. b) A silver Hilbert curve printed onto Kapton 0.05 mm thickness via the plasma deposition technique, in a single step process, with no sample prep or post processing. c) Copper deposited on porcine skin showing conductance as part of a LED circuit. Figure 1

Combined 41- gauge surgically induced macular detachment and free internal limiting membrane flap technique for management of refractory full-thickness macular hole.

To report a case of anatomic closure and functional improvement in a patient affected by refractory full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) undergone a combined 41-gauge (g) surgically induced macular detachment and free internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique. This is a retrospective case-report of a 70-years-olded woman affected by refractory FTMH who referred to Ophthalmology Unit of Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza (Italy) in April 2023. The patient underwent a combined 41-g surgically induced macular detachment and free ILM flap. Macular detachment was induced by multiple subretinal injections of balanced salt solution (BSS) by 41-g needle through three retinotomies. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were performed preoperatively and postoperatively at 7th day, 1st and 6th month. On 7th postoperative day, FTMH showed complete closure. BCVA improved from preoperative 20/400 to 20/70 at 6th postoperative month. BSS subretinal injection allowed the mobilization and relaxation of retina at the posterior pole. Although the edges of the hole were still detectable, their diameters were inferior to preoperative measurements. Autologous free ILM flap allowed to fill the residual gap into the hole. The final anatomic closure, and the postoperative functional improvement demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach, supporting its indication for refractory FTHM.

SUBSTANTIATION OF METHOD FOR LEVELING INJECTIVITY PROFILE UNDER CONDITIONS OF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS OF FIELD NAMED AFTER R. TREBSA

At the moment, the issue of reducing water cut during the development of carbonate fractured reservoirs is relevant. In the work, the object of the study is the carbonate deep reservoirs of the R. Trebs field. According to the field development analysis, there are production wells with sharp unpredictable breakthrough of injected water.In order to increase the coverage of pay zones by waterflooding, it is necessary to use methods aimed at limiting the filtration of injected water into water-flooded intervals.High formation temperature and mineralization of formation water are complicating factors in the selection of the injection profile alignment (runway) technology.Taking into account the criteria specified in the work, potential candidates for testing the technology were selected for the runway.The article analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the existing runway methods used when exposed to injection wells. The criteria for the applicability of various technologies based on the use of: polymer/gel compositions, emulsion compositions, including reverse emulsions, injection of aqueous salt solutions, silicate, thermotropic and complex reagents are highlighted. Technologies and compositions based on water-soluble polymers that form viscoelastic compositions when crosslinkers of various nature are added are recognized as the most promising for the conditions of the fractured reservoir of the Trebs field.Particular attention is paid to laboratory experiments aimed at studying the physical and chemical properties of crosslinked polymer systems, conducting filtration experiments, determining the applicability of the technology for the geological and physical conditions of the study object.According to the results of physicochemical experiments, such parameters as the time of dissolution of reagents, compatibility with formation water, time and temperature of gelling were determined. Based on the shear test, rheological parameters of the investigated polymer systems are determined. Testing was carried out to determine the conditions under which the crosslinked polymer composition breaks down.Filtration experiments were carried out on linear and volumetric models of the formation using core material from the Trebs field to determine the reagent with the highest colmating abilities calculated from the residual resistance factor.

Topical and subconjunctival anesthesia versus topical anesthesia alone in patients with senile cataracts undergoing phacoemulsification: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThis study compared topical anesthesia to a combination of topical anesthesia and subconjunctival anesthesia for phacoemulsification.MethodsThis double-blinded parallel placebo-controlled randomized trial involved senile cataract patients scheduled for phacoemulsification between May and December 2022. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either topical anesthesia with 0.5% tetracaine hydrochloride and subconjunctival balanced salt solution injection (Control group) or topical anesthesia and subconjunctival injection with 2% lidocaine (Lidocaine group). Baseline parameters, cataract grades, and various outcomes were recorded, including pain scores at specific time points, patient cooperation scores, requests for additional anesthesia, and complications. Statistical methods included Fisher’s exact test, the t-test, ordinal logistic regression, and linear regression with robust standard errors.ResultsIn total, 176 patients were included in the study after excluding 33 patients. A significant reduction in immediate postoperative pain was achieved in the Lidocaine group (p < 0.001) and was maintained for 2 h (p = 0.011). Additionally, better cooperation was observed in this group (p = 0.038). However, patients in the Lidocaine group experienced more pain during the subconjunctival injection (p = 0.001) and a significant increase in subconjunctival hemorrhage related to the injection (p < 0.001). Despite this, the rates of surgical complications were comparable between the groups, and all phacoemulsification procedures were successfully completed using the assigned anesthetic technique.ConclusionsThe addition of subconjunctival lidocaine injection to topical anesthesia reduced postoperative pain and improved patient cooperation during phacoemulsification. However, the lidocaine injection was painful, and it carried a higher risk of spontaneous-relief subconjunctival hemorrhage.Trial registrationTrial Registration Number: TCTR20220804003, date of registration August 4, 2022, retrospectively registered.

Combined Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling and Subretinal Balanced Salt Solution Injection: A Novel Technique to Unfold Congenital Falciform Folds.

To describe a novel surgical technique to unfold congenital falciform folds. A retrospective, interventional case series was performed where a novel technique was applied to treat five cases of congenital falciform folds. Twenty-five-gauge vitrectomy was performed along with the removal of all vitreous adhesions. The internal limiting membrane was peeled from the macula and around the macular fold area. A Tano diamond-dusted membrane scraper was used to stretch the folded retina mechanically. Then, subretinal balanced salt solution was injected using a 38-gauge subretinal needle to create multiple blebs around the folded retina. Finally, 20% sulfur hexafluoride gas was used for tamponade. Follow-up was conducted for a minimum of 6 months. Vision improved from preoperative mean best-corrected visual acuity logMAR 1.44 (20/550) ± 0.32 to postoperative mean best-corrected visual acuity logMAR 0.75 (20/112) ± 0.17 ( P value = 0.0208) after intervention. There was a reduction in the macular fold. Postoperatively, a macular hole with retinal detachment developed in one of five (20%) eyes. The novel technique of vitrectomy with combined internal limiting membrane peeling and subretinal balanced salt solution injection is visually rewarding in treating congenital falciform folds.

Mechanism of PVA hydrophobic cushion layer to prevent basal erosion in earthen sites: Three-dimensional model tests and numerical simulation studies

Water-salt migration is an important reason for the development of basal erosion which seriously threatens the conservation of earthen sites. Studies in cutting-off or redirection of the water-salt migration path become vital. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite soil with extreme hydrophobicity shows the potential as the cushion layer with the damp-proof function, but the feasibility of preventing basal erosion based on the PVA cushion layer still lacks verification. In this study, for the embedded and non-embedded PVA cushion layers, water-salt distribution and morphology of earthen wall after repeated injection of salt solution were compared. The results showed that PVA cushion layer changed the water-salt migration path and promoted the accumulation of soluble salt on the ground outside the wall rather than the bottom of cushion layer, which effectively prevented basal erosion. A numerical model based on HYDRUS-2D confirmed that a partial laying of hydrophobic cushion layer under the wall cannot effectively prevent the water-salt migration, and a full laying of cushion layer should be adopted to prevent basal erosion. The cushion layer was recommended to extend towards the direction of the earthen wall instead of towards the sides, which also resisted the destructive effects of sand-driving wind and runoff erosion.

Development of a Surgical Technique for Subretinal Implants in Rats.

Retinal degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. A myriad of approaches have been undertaken to develop regenerative medicine-based therapies for AMD, including stem cell-based therapies. Rodents as animal models for retinal degeneration are a foundation for translational research, due to the broad spectrum of strains that develop retinal degeneration diseases at different stages. However, mimicking human therapeutic delivery of subretinal implants in rodents is challenging, due to anatomical differences such as lens size and vitreous volume. This surgical protocol aims to provide a guided method for transplanting implants into the subretinal space in rats. A user-friendly comprehensive description of the critical steps has been included. This protocol has been developed as a cost-efficient surgical procedure for reproducibility across different preclinical studies in rats. Proper miniaturization of a human-sized implant is required prior to conducting the surgical experiment, which includes adjustments to the dimensions of the implant. An external approach is used instead of an intravitreal procedure to deliver the implant to the subretinal space. Using a small sharp needle, a scleral incision is performed in the temporal superior quadrant, followed by paracentesis to reduce intraocular pressure, thereby minimizing resistance during the surgical implantation. Next, a balanced salt solution (BSS) injection through the incision is carried out to achieve focal retinal detachment (RD). Lastly, insertion and visualization of the implant into the subretinal space are conducted. Post-operative assessment of the subretinal placement of the implant includes imaging by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Imaging follow-ups ascertain the subretinal stability of the implant, before the eyes are harvested and fixated for histological analysis.

Iatrogenic macular detachment for large macular holes: How to improve this technique

AbstractIatrogenic macular detachment (IMD) with subretinal injection of balance salt solution (BSS) was proposed as an alternative treatment of the large, persistent and chronique macular holes (MH). Subretinal administration of BSS is aimed to detach the edges of the MH decreasing the stiffness and increasing the elasticity of the retina. Hence, the closure of the MH could be improved. Nevertheless, there are still cases that remain refractory to this approach. Preliminary observational studies of the surgery flow with the use of intraoperative optical coherent tomography revealed that in majority of cases after BSS was injected into subretinal space there was strong remaining almost circumferential adhesion between retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor outer segments at the edge of MH base. These data differ from the visually percepted MD and showed that in studied cases approximately just 5% to 20% of MH edge circumference were elevated predominantly in temporal area. Subretinal BSS blebs appeared to merge with each other within the macula but outside the MH edges. Additionally, there were no correlation between the size or height of the bleb with the extension of the MD at MH edges. It was noticed that nasally to the MH the adhesion between RPE and OPS was stronger. The causes of this adhesion remain unclear. This hypothesizes that separation of the adhesion could improve the closure rate of the refractory MH using IMD technique. Development of the new surgical approaches together with novel instruments to address the separation of the strong adhesion at the MH edge shall be considered in order to improve the results of iatrogenic macular detachment (IMD) technique in treatment of large, persistent and chronique MH.

The GLP-1 receptor agonist Exendin-4 modulates hippocampal NMDA-receptor signalling in aged rats and improves cognitive impairment in diabetic elderly patients

Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1A) are revolutionary drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exendin-4 is an incretin agonist which shares 53% of GLP-1 amino-acid sequence and beyond its efficacy as antidiabetic, several studies demonstrated a neuroprotective effect in brain damage. NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is involved in memory formation processes and cognitive dysfunction. Herein, we wanted to explore whether Exendin-4 directly affected NMDA-R signal transduction pathway. We also evaluated clinical efficacy in ameliorating cognitive dysfunction. 18-months old Wistar rats were challenged for 30 days with intraperitoneal Exendin-4 or salt solution injection. Notably, in hippocampus Exendin-4 downregulated the gene expression of NMDA-R2A and 2B subunits, while significantly increased the NMDA-R2B phosphorylation. The clinical analysis of diabetic old patients revealed a significant improvement of cognitive dysfunction as demonstrated by the considerable increase in Mini Mental State Examination over time. Moreover, this improvement was not related to the glycaemic control. In conclusion, the GLP-1 agonist Exendin-4 ameliorated the cognitive performance of diabetic elderly patients and one suggested mechanism relies in the modulation of NDMAR-mediated glutamatergic signaling.

Optimizing Visualization of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Tissue: Assessing the Impact of Trypan Blue Exposure on Stain Duration and Corneal Endothelial Cell Function.

To assess how trypan blue staining affects Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) graft visibility and corneal endothelial cell (CEC) mitochondrial respiration. DMEK grafts (n = 20) were stained with trypan blue 0.06% for 1, 3, 5, or 10 minutes. Each graft was injected into an artificial anterior chamber. Surgery was simulated with tapping and sweeping motions on the corneal surface and injections of balanced salt solution (BSS). Graft visibility was assessed at 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Effects of trypan blue on mitochondrial respiration were assessed using primary CECs cultured from donor corneas (n = 43). Treatment wells exposed to trypan blue 0.06% (1, 5, or 30 minutes) and donor-matched control wells to methylene blue 1% (1 minute) or BSS (1, 5, or 30 minutes) were assayed for key respiration parameters. After 5 minutes of surgical manipulation, grafts stained for 5 minutes were significantly more visible than grafts stained for 1 or 3 minutes; there was no added benefit of staining for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes of surgical manipulation, grafts stained for 3 minutes were more visible than grafts stained for 1 minute, without additional benefits of staining ≥5 minutes. No visibility differences were observed after ≥20 minutes of surgical manipulation. CEC mitochondrial respiration did not change significantly following trypan blue exposure for all intervals tested compared to BSS. Staining DMEK grafts with trypan blue for 3 to 5 minutes optimizes visibility during surgical manipulation without mitochondrial impairment. Corneal surgeons learning DMEK will benefit from optimizing this critical step.

Ocular toxicity of intravitreal golimumab in a rabbit model

Background/aimTo investigate the effect of intravitreal golimumab on rabbit retina histopathology.Materials and methodsSixteen albino New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. The right eye of each rabbit in groups I, II, and III received a single intravitreal injection of 5 mg/0.05 mL (6 eyes), 10 mg/0.1 mL (6 eyes), or 20 mg/0.2 mL (4 eyes) golimumab, while left eyes served as controls with the same volume of a balanced salt solution injection. All animals were examined using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy before and after intravitreal injection and at days 1 and 7. Animals were euthanized on day 7 and the eyes were enucleated for immunohistochemistry evaluation and electron microscopic examination of the retinas.ResultsFor groups I, II, and III, the number of cells in the outer nuclear layer and the inner nuclear layer was decreased compared to those in the control groups. In group I, the percentage of caspase-3 staining of the outer nuclear layer was significantly higher than that in the control. For groups II and III, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining percentages in the outer and inner nuclear layers were found to be significantly higher than those for the control groups. In the ganglion cell layer, for groups I, II, and III, neither TUNEL nor caspase-3 staining percentages showed any significant difference between two groups. No significant dose-dependent relationship was found for increasing doses of golimumab in all layers. Myelin figures and karyorrhexis in the photoreceptor cells were prominent in electron microscopy of the golimumab-injected eyes.ConclusionGolimumab caused apoptosis in both photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the rabbit retina. Potential retinal toxicity of intravitreal golimumab should be considered if an intravitreal administration is planned.

Removal of foveal hard exudates by subretinal balanced salt solution injection using 38-gauge needle in diabetic patients

To examine the anatomic and visual outcomes after removal of foveal hard exudates through a macular hole created by subretinal balanced salt solution (BSS) injection. This was a retrospective, consecutive, case series. Six patients (7 eyes) underwent vitrectomy with removal of foveal hard exudates. All patients were women and the mean age was 65years (range from 55 to 71). All patients had a history of panretinal photocoagulation. Previous treatments included intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injection in one eye and vitrectomy in both eyes of one patient. The geometric mean preoperative decimal visual acuity was 0.11 (range from 0.08 to 0.3). The mean postoperative follow-up period was 12months (range from 6 to 19). The status of lens was two phakic and five pseudophakic. Surgical procedures included simultaneous cataract surgery if phakic, creation of posterior vitreous detachment if not present, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and a gas or air tamponade. Manual subretinal BSS injection using 38-gauge needle was performed at ILM-peeled area. Removal of foveal hard exudates was conducted by the water flow through the macular hole created during subretinal BSS injection. Foveal hard exudates decreased in all cases early after surgery. The geometric mean final decimal visual acuity was 0.31 (range from 0.1 to 0.9). Visual acuity improved more than 0.2 LogMAR units in six eyes and unchanged in one eye. There was no severe complication and recurrence of macular edema. This procedure may be effective for foveal hard exudates in diabetic patients.

Computational modeling and experimental investigation of aqueous potassium carbonate droplets in superheated steam flow

The paper describes a computational study and an experimental investigation of aqueous potassium carbonate droplets in superheated steam flow for potential applications in mitigation of superheated geothermal steam. The computational model included the boiling point elevation due to the droplet salt concentration as well as other concentration-dependent physical properties of the salt solution. Various phenomena involved in the process, such as breakup, transport, heat transfer, boiling and coupling between droplet and steam phase were taken into account. To validate the simulation results from the model, a laboratory scale experimental setup was built and experiments were carried out for different salt solution injection concentrations upto 5.27 mol kg−1 in superheated steam at 421 K. Results from the simulation were in accordance with experimental measurements, showing an increase in boiling point elevation with an increase in injection salt solution concentration. The temperature values obtained from the simulation are slightly higher than those measured with an average deviation of 1.5 K, which can be explained by a small degree of heat loss from the apparatus not accounted for in the model. Results from the simulation for concentration were also in accordance with the experimental measurement, showing an increase in concentration of the salt solution droplets, collected at the separator bottom. The concentration values obtained from the simulation are lower than that from the measurement with an average deviation of 20%.

Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis

BackgroundDexamethasone is used for the intra-articular route of administration in management of aseptic arthritis in horses. Despite its widespread use there is very little quantitative data of the disposition and response to dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the synovial fluid and plasma dexamethasone concentration over time and to explore the relation between synovial fluid concentration and response using clinical endpoints as response biomarkers after IA injection of dexamethasone disodium salt solution in an equine model of synovitis.ResultsInflammation was induced in the radiocarpal joint of six horses by injection of 2 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two hours later either saline or dexamethasone was injected in the same joint in a two treatment cross over design. Each horse was treated once with one of the six doses dexamethasone used (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg) and once with saline. Dexamethasone was quantified by means of UHPLC–MS/MS. Dexamethasone disposition was characterised by means of a non-linear mixed effects model. Lameness was evaluated both objectively with an inertial sensor based system and subjectively scored using a numerical scale (0–5). Joint circumference, skin temperature over the joint and rectal temperature were also recorded. The LPS-challenge induced lameness in all horses with high inter-individual variability. Dexamethasone significantly decreased lameness compared with saline. Other variables were not statistically significant different between treatments. Objective lameness scoring was the most sensitive method used in this study to evaluate the lameness response. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was successfully fitted to experimental dexamethasone and lameness data. The model allowed characterization of the dexamethasone synovial fluid concentration–time course, the systemic exposure to dexamethasone after intra-articular administration and the concentration–response relation in an experimental model of synovitis.ConclusionsThe quantitative data improve the understanding of the pharmacology of dexamethasone and might serve as input for future experiments and possibly contribute to maintain integrity of equine sports.

Silica scrubbing from superheated steam using aqueous potassium carbonate solution: An experimental investigation

A study on scrubbing of superheated steam containing silica impurities is performed using an aqueous potassium carbonate solution as a potential application in mitigation of superheated geothermal steam. An experimental setup aimed at testing a silica particle scrubbing technique was built. The setup consists of a superheated steam generating system, a silica particle feeding and an injection system, a salt solution injection and separation system, and a sampling unit. Silica particle concentration, salt solution concentration and superheated steam temperature were determined at the outlet for different injected salt solution concentrations. Results indicate improved scrubbing performance obtained using relatively small amounts of aqueous potassium carbonate solution as compared to that obtained using traditional wet scrubbing, while allowing the superheat to be conserved.

Effect of Reformation of the Anterior Chamber by Air or by a Balanced Salt Solution (BSS) on Corneal Endothelium after Phacoemulsification: A Comparative Study.

Aim To study the effect of reformation of the anterior chamber by air or by a balanced salt solution, after smooth phacoemulsification on the corneal endothelial count and morphology. Methods A prospective interventional nonrandomized comparative study included 500 eyes of 500 patients with age range between 50 and 60 years, prepared for cataract surgery and presented to the Ophthalmology department of Sohag University Hospital in the period from October 2016 to May 2017. Corneal endothelial morphology and count were examined, and the results were recorded for all cases before the surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, and both groups were diagnosed with grade 2 cataract and underwent uncomplicated phacoemulsification performed by well-trained surgeons. At the end of the surgery, group 1 was subjected to a reformation of the anterior chamber via a balanced salt solution (BSS) injection while group 2 was subjected to a reformation of the anterior chamber via air injection. Corneal endothelial morphology and count were evaluated in the first and 3rd month postoperatively. Results The study included 500 patients (250 in each group), 220 males (44%) and 280 females (56%) with no significant statistical age differences. Both preoperative and postoperative (3 months after the operation) recorded parameters of the corneal endothelium did not show any significant statistical differences. The cumulative dissipated energy was recorded, for all cases of both groups, during phacoemulsification with no significant statistical differences (P = 0.7). Conclusion There is no difference between the effect of reformation of the anterior chamber after phacoemulsification, using air or using a BSS injection, on the corneal endothelial count and morphology.

Surgical treatment of traumatic macular hole

PurposeTo present the results of the treatment of traumatic macular holes.MethodsThis study is a retrospective consecutive case series of 7 patients who underwent a 25G PPV with the displacement of macular retina after subretinal balanced salt solution injection to treat traumatic full thickness macular holes (TFMH). The efficiency was evaluated by the anatomical macular hole closure rate and best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) during follow‐up visits. The degree of retinal displacement was accessed by comparing the preoperative and postoperative fundus photographies.ResultsComplete closure of macular hole was achieved in 85,7% and 14,3% had partial closure. Average macular hole diameter was (825 μm). Visual acuity after surgery in the total group was significantly increased. All patients revealed a negative correlation between postoperative visual acuity and the time elapsed from the moment of the trauma, and a strong positive correlation between the macular hole size and elapsed time from the injury. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications.ConclusionVitrectomy with the «retinal displacement» technique may be an effective addition to surgical options for treating traumatic macular holes.

INDUCTION OF MACULAR DETACHMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT OR RECURRENT IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLES.

To analyze the efficacy of induced macular detachment for the treatment of persistent or recurrent idiopathic macular holes after treatment with one or more standard pars plana vitrectomies (PPVs) with internal limiting membrane peeling. This study is a retrospective consecutive case series of 10 patients who underwent a PPV with subretinal balanced salt solution injection from 2011 to 2014 to treat persistent or recurrent idiopathic macular holes. All patients had previously undergone PPV with internal limiting membrane peeling. Visual acuity, ocular examination findings, and optical coherence tomographic images were reviewed preoperatively and postoperatively to assess the anatomical and visual outcomes of this procedure. Nine of the 10 patients who underwent the procedure had closure of their macular holes postoperatively (90%) and remained closed 6 months postoperatively. Most patients reported a subjective visual improvement. A mean objective visual improvement of 16 letters (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study, 0.324 logMAR) was seen between preoperative and 6-month postoperative assessments of all patients (pre = 1.490, post = 1.166; P = 0.022). Subgroup analysis of patients with successful closure revealed 20 letters of improvement (0.398 logMAR) in visual acuity (pre = 1.491, post = 1.093; P = 0.004). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. In eyes with persistent or recurrent idiopathic macular holes after standard PPV with internal limiting membrane peeling, repeat PPV with subretinal balanced salt solution injection to create a macular detachment may be a viable surgical treatment option. Our results show improved anatomical and visual outcomes postoperatively that compare favorably to other case series describing various surgical treatments for these challenging cases.

Effects of intracameral brilliant blue on the corneal endothelium of swine: in vitro study

Abstract: The aim was to investigate the ultrastructural changes in the corneal endothelium of pigs induced by intracameral 0.05% brilliant blue. Twenty swine corneas were separated into two groups, the right eye bulbs (control group) and the left eye bulbs (experimental group) of the same animal. All the eye bulbs were evaluated with specular microscopy. The cornea of the right eye bulbs was excised and in the left eye bulbs 0.2ml of 0.05% brilliant blue vital dye (OPTH-blue±) was injected into the anterior chamber, where it remained for one minute. Then the anterior chamber was cleaned with a balanced salt solution injection and the cornea was excised too. All the corneas were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the changes on the endothelium caused by the brilliant blue dye. There were no significant differences between the right corneal endothelium cells and the left corneal endothelium cells with scanning electron microscopy after intracameral use of 0.05% brilliant blue dye. The 0.05% brilliant blue dye concentration did not cause deleterious effects for the swine corneal endothelium after intracameral use and can be a choice for safe staining of the anterior capsule of the lens in cataract surgery.