Salt Loading Research Articles

Effects of excessive sodium chloride loading in the spontaneously diabetic torii (SDT) fatty rats, a preclinical model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus represents an international health concern with its growing number of patients worldwide. At the same time, excessive salt consumption is also seen as a major cause of diseases such as hypertension and may expedite renal complications in diabetic patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of excessive sodium chloride supplementation on the kidney of the Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT fatty) rat, an obese type 2 diabetes model. Male and female SDT fatty rats and normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5 weeks of age were loaded with 0.3% sodium chloride (NaCl) in drinking water for 13 weeks. Blood serum and urinary parameters were observed throughout the experiment and kidney samples were examined in histopathological and genetical analyses. Significant changes on the body weight, blood pressure, urine volume, creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), relative gene expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were observed in the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats. Urinary L-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and albumin levels were higher observed in the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats throughout the period, but urinary albumin levels in the female SDT fatty rats remain unchanged. In the kidney, slight Armani-Ebstein changes, tubular degeneration, hyaline cast, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in female SDT fatty rats while the levels of some changes were higher in the salt-loaded group. The kidney of the salt-loaded male SDT fatty rats demonstrated a higher degree of lesions compared to the female group and the male unloaded group. Histopathological changes in salt-loaded SDT fatty rats show that excessive salt consumption may act as a diabetic pathology exacerbation factor, but the pathology may be influenced by gender difference. Urinary L-FABP levels may act as a useful biomarker to detect slight tubular damages in the kidney. Excessive salt loading was shown to exacerbate the renal injury in SDT fatty rats.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПОЧВЕННО-РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО ПОКРОВА В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ ИЗЛИВАЮЩИХСЯ ДРЕВНИХ РАССОЛОПОДЪЁМНЫХ СКВАЖИН НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ПЕРМСКОГО КРАЯ

The article deals with the problem of changes in the soil and vegetation cover as a result of more than 300-year long salt load. The study was carried out in the area of brine wells outflow onto the soil cover within the area of a 16th-century settlement where a group of 5 wells with outflowing brines with sodium-chloride chemistry and water salinity of about 30 g/L has survived to this day. The impact of sodium chloride waters on the alluvial soils of the Usolka River led to the emergence of secondary solonchaks with sulphate-chloride sodium salinization (Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Humic, Loamic)). In the course of research, morphological and physicochemical analyses were conducted. Chloridic Gleyic Fluvic Solonchak (Humic, Loamic) forms under hydromorphic conditions. Starting from the depth of 45 cm, a dark, almost black, gley horizon with a distinct smell of hydrogen sulphide was observed in the soil. The sum of toxic salts in the soil reached 1,23%; the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) varied from 13,8 to 19,8; pH was 7,15–8,2. The study area is characterized by the presence of salt-tolerant herbaceous plants. The halophyte Salicornia perennans Willd. has appeared within the wells discharge zone at a distance of 0,2–1,5 m from salty streams. Analysis of the salt load impact on the soil and vegetation cover of taiga landscapes will make it possible to predict the environmental impact of the potash industry of Perm Krai.

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS FROM A MINING AREA. CASE STUDY: TARGU OCNA SALT MINE, ROMANIA

To resolve the water source quality problems for different water demand it is very important to establish in each zone the water sources (surface or/and groundwater) and the main source of pollution for these. By a continuous or periodical water quality monitoring, in industrial zone, can be avoided the major risks of environmental pollution and human health negative implications. The salt load and the specific salt composition, differing from natural rivers from a common area compared with surface water from a salt mining zone. The present paper aims to establish some surface and groundwater quality analysis parameters from an industrial area. The present study is focused on the Targu Ocna mining area, with salt extraction activities and the quality analyzed rivers were Trotus, Slanic, Valcica, two drilling and a fountain. In this sense, were measured 12 water quality parameters, some values were obtained in situ with portable equipment s and other parameters were determined in the research laboratory.

Effect of the Loading of Metal Salts on the Formation of Fe–Co Solid Solution Nanoparticles in the IR-Pyrolyzed Chitosan Matrix

In this study, metal-carbon nanocomposites have been synthesized via the method of simultaneous formation of bimetallic Fe–Co nanoparticles and carbon support based on pyrolyzed chitosan under the IR irradiation. The XRD structural characteristics as well as morphology and dispersity of Fe–Co nanoparticles depending on the loading of metals in the nanocomposites have been studied. It has been shown that the increase in the metal salts loading in the precursor leads to the formation of metal nanoparticles of larger size and more homogeneous composition of the Fe–Co solid solution. Detailed analysis of the XRD peaks of the obtained Fe–Co phase has allowed to distinguish them into several phases of a solid solution based on body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic lattices.

Stormwater Biofilter Media Performance Updates for WinSLAMM: Data Summary for Unit Process Components, Example Calculations and Model Use

This paper focuses on specific information needed to model various aspects of the pollutant retention processes in stormwater biofilters. Updates currently being incorporated in WinSLAMM (Source Loading and Management Model) are building on expanded data from laboratory and field research mostly conducted by Pitt’s research group at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, by Dr. Shirley Clark’s research group at Penn State–Harrisburg, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey (DNR/USGS). These processes and data can be used in manual calculations or other models. Extensive summaries of these data sources and associated statistical analyses, plus additional references, are included in an online white paper available at the PV & Assoc. website. These tests were conducted to provide the details needed for modeling the performance of biofilters, specifically focusing on: methods to predict treatment flow rates through the media; particulate and associated particulate bound pollutant retention for several particle sizes; maintenance requirements due to sediment clogging and pollutant breakthrough; and retention of filterable pollutants. This multiyear research program also examined issues not commonly described in the biofilter performance literature, such as failure due to excessive salt loadings on media having large amounts of fines, problems associated with compaction of the media, and leaching of previously captured material from the media.

Effects of farming systems, tillage, and traffic practices on deep drainage and soil salt loads in the Queensland Murray–Darling and Fitzroy Basins using soil chloride

Context Cropping in the Queensland Murray–Darling and Fitzroy Basins has precursors for secondary salinity – high soil salt loads and increased drainage after clearing. Aims To measure changes in deep drainage, for key tillage, traffic, and cropping systems. Methods Steady-state and transient chloride (Cl) mass-balance were applied to Cl profiles from four tillage and crop rotation trials and one controlled traffic trial in southern and central Queensland, to determine deep drainage below the root zone. Key results Large downward movement of Cl occurred after clearing. Deep drainage from transient Cl balance for cropping was a small proportion of rainfall but considerably higher than under native vegetation. Deep drainage was consistently greater under zero than conventional tillage, for both winter and summer cropping. For example, deep drainage was greatest for zero tillage (∼45 mm/year) and least for conventional, stubble mulch, and reduced tillage (2–6.3 mm/year) at the highest-rainfall site (677 mm/year). Deep drainage was 12.7 and 7.9 mm/year for zero and conventional tillage, respectively, at the lowest-rainfall site (497 mm/year). Drainage under continuous wheat conventional tillage was more than twice that where some summer crops were included. At Billa Billa, continuous wheat had greater deep drainage by three to five times than continuous sorghum for three of four tillage systems. No drainage was detected during 6 years of opportunity cropping. A pasture legume ley had only 1.7 mm/year of deep drainage. Deep drainage was less for compacted than non-compacted treatments (23.3 vs 38.2 mm/year). Conclusion and implications Increased deep drainage with zero tillage and controlled traffic can be reduced using summer crops, particularly opportunity cropping where crops are planted when soil water is sufficient, and ley pastures.

Stress-sensitive arterial hypertension and tolerance to the salt loading in the ISIAH rats

Stress-sensitive arterial hypertension and tolerance to the salt loading in the ISIAH rats

Surgical ablation of whitened interscapular brown fat ameliorates cardiac pathology in salt-loaded metabolic syndrome rats.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine organ that contributes to thermogenesis and energy consumption. We investigated the effects of salt loading and surgical removal of whitened interscapular BAT (iBAT) on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in DahlS.Z-Leprfa /Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of iBAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age and were provided with drinking water containing or not containing 0.3% NaCl for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Removal of iBAT suppressed the salt-induced exacerbation of left ventricular inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, but not that of hypertension development, in DS/obese rats. Salt loading attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy but enhanced inflammation in both visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and iBAT. Although iBAT removal did not affect visceral WAT pathology in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated the elevation of circulating interleukin-6 levels in these animals. Downregulation of uncoupling protein-1 expression in iBAT of DS/obese rats was not affected by salt loading. Our results suggest that the conversion of iBAT to WAT-like tissue contributes to a salt-induced elevation of circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels that leads to exacerbation of cardiac pathology in this model of MetS.

Impact of sustained load on damage characteristics of reinforced concrete beams under the combined action of salt freeze-thaw cycles and corrosion

A large number of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in cold regions are attacked by the combined action of sustained load, freeze-thaw cycles and steel corrosion. The combined effects accelerate the deterioration process of RC and significantly reduce the service life of RC structures. This paper presents an investigation of the damage characteristics of RC beams under combined action of salt freeze-thaw cycles (SFTCs), load and corrosion. By using the large artificial climate chamber and the RC beam reverse loading device, three RC beams were subjected to SFTCs and corrosion tests under different load levels, and one beam was subjected to corrosion tests under normal temperature without load. The test results showed that the second-order natural frequency can be used as an index to evaluate the freeze-thaw damage of RC beams. The higher the load level, the greater the amount of concrete spalling and the faster the second-order natural frequency decreases. Affected by the freeze-thaw damage, the surface of test beams is not prone to rust crack, but the stress cracks become wider with the increase of SFTCs. In addition, freeze-thaw damage aggravates the non-uniformity of longitudinal reinforcement corrosion, accelerates the corrosion ratio of reinforcement. With the increase of load level, the average corrosion ratios of longitudinal rebar and stirrups increase, and the local corrosion of longitudinal reinforcement is more serious. The coupling effect is obvious when the load, SFTCs and corrosion work together, and the evaluation of the damage characteristics of concrete members should pay attention to the interaction between various factors.

High Salt Intake Recruits Tonic Activation of NR2D Subunit-Containing Extrasynaptic NMDARs in Vasopressin Neurons.

In addition to producing a classical excitatory postsynaptic current via activation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDARs), glutamate in the brain also induces a tonic NMDAR current (INMDA) via activation of extrasynaptic NMDARs (eNMDARs). However, since Mg2+ blocks NMDARs in nondepolarized neurons, the potential contribution of eNMDARs to the overall neuronal excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that chronic (7 d) salt loading (SL) recruited NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs to generate an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in nondepolarized [Vh (holding potential) -70 mV] vasopressin (VP; but not oxytocin) supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons in male rodents. Conversely, in euhydrated (EU) and 3 d SL mice, Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA was not observed. Pharmacological and genetic intervention of NR2D subunits blocked the Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in VP neurons under SL conditions, while an NR2B antagonist unveiled Mg2+-sensitive tonic INMDA but not Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA In the EU group VP neurons, an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA was not generated by increased ambient glutamate or treatment with coagonists (e.g., d-serine and glycine). Chronic SL significantly increased NR2D expression but not NR2B expression in the SON relative to the EU group or after 3 d under SL conditions. Finally, Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA selectively upregulated neuronal excitability in VP neurons under SL conditions, independent of ionotropic GABAergic input. Our results indicate that the activation of NR2D-containing NMDARs constitutes a novel mechanism that generates an Mg2+-resistant tonic INMDA in nondepolarized VP neurons, thus causing an E/I balance shift in VP neurons to compensate for the hormonal demands imposed by a chronic osmotic challenge.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) consists of two different types of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) that synthesize and release the following two peptide hormones: vasopressin (VP), which is necessary for regulation of fluid homeostasis; and oxytocin (OT), which plays a major role in lactation and parturition. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) play important roles in shaping neuronal firing patterns and hormone release from the SON MNCs in response to various physiological challenges. Our results show that prolonged (7 d) salt loading generated a Mg2+-resistant tonic NMDA current mediated by NR2D subunit-containing receptors, which efficiently activated nondepolarized VP (but not OT) neurons. Our findings support the hypothesis that NR2D subunit-containing NMDARs play an important adaptive role in adult brain in response to a sustained osmotic challenge.

Left Ventricular Mass Reduction by a Low-Sodium Diet in Treated Hypertensive Patients.

Objective: To evaluate the left ventricular mass (LVM) reduction induced by dietary sodium restriction. Patients and Methods: A simple sodium-restricted diet was advised in 138 treated hypertensives. They had to avoid common salt loads, such as cheese and salt-preserved meat, and were switched from regular to salt-free bread. Blood pressure (BP), 24-h urinary sodium (UNaV) and LVM were recorded at baseline, after 2 months. and after 2years. Results: In 76 patients UNaV decreased in the recommended range after 2 months and remained low at 2 years. In 62 patients UNaV levels decreased after 2 months and then increased back to baseline at 2 years. Initially the two groups did not differ in terms of BP (134.3 ± 16.10/80.84 ± 12.23 vs. 134.2 ± 16.67/81.55 ± 11.18 mmHg, mean ± SD), body weight (72.64 ± 15.17 vs. 73.79 ± 12.69 kg), UNaV (161.0 ± 42.22 vs. 158.2 ± 48.66 mEq/24 h), and LVM index (LVMI; 97.09 ± 20.42 vs. 97.31 ± 18.91 g/m2). After 2years. they did not differ in terms of BP (125.3 ± 10.69/74.97 ± 7.67 vs. 124.5 ± 9.95/75.21 ± 7.64 mmHg) and body weight (71.14 ± 14.29 vs. 71.50 ± 11.87 kg). Significant differences were seen for UNaV (97.3 ± 23.01 vs. 152.6 ± 49.96 mEq/24 h) and LVMI (86.38 ± 18.17 vs. 103.1 ± 21.06 g/m2). Multiple regression analysis: UNaV directly and independently predicted LVMI variations, either as absolute values (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.611; p < 0.001), or changes from baseline to +2years. (R2 = 0.454; β = 0.677; p < 0.001). Systolic BP was a weaker predictor of LVMI (R2 = 0.369; β = 0.168; p = 0.027; R2 = 0.454; β = 0.012; p = 0.890), whereas diastolic BP was not correlated with LVMI. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy decreased (29/76 to 15/76) in the first group while it increased in the less compliant patients (25/62 to 36/62; Chi2 p = 0.002). Conclusion: LVM seems linked to sodium consumption in patients already under proper BP control by medications.

Modeling of MRP Protection Considering Chemical Inhibition, Electrochemistry, and Mass Transport

Aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 is widely used in aerospace applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio. However, because of its heterogeneous microstructure, it is susceptible to microgalvanic corrosion and pitting in chloride containing environments, requiring additional corrosion protection methods. Organic coatings are the primary corrosion protection method used in aluminum alloys and they are usually composed of pigments embedded in a polymeric matrix. The polymeric matrix promotes a high resistance to ionic movement and it provides barrier against the ingress of aggressive species onto the substrate. The pigments can provide corrosion protection by inhibiting corrosion reactions, providing cathodic protection to the substrate, and/or depositing a protective layer on the surface of the substrate. Recently, a coating system containing a Mg-rich primer (MgRP) has emerged as an effective alternative to the chromate-based coatings commonly used for this purpose. Due to the lower potential of Mg, MgRP can protect aluminum alloys via galvanic coupling, serving as a sacrificial anode and preventing the corrosion of the Al substrate. Additionally, recent studies showed that the electrolyte chemistry resulting from Mg dissolution is beneficial to localized corrosion inhibition of AA2024, providing corrosion protection even after pigment depletion.Localized corrosion of coated Al alloys can be affected by a large number of variables, such as water layer thickness, salt loading, pigment volume concentration of primer, chemistry of the primer, galvanic effects of pigment. and component geometry. The efficacy of the organic coating also depends on many variables. Exposure of the coating to UV radiation and aggressive solutions causes degradation of the polymeric matrix, which reduces the resistance to ionic movement and protection of the substrate against aggressive species. Thus, it is difficult to predict and quantify damage by localized corrosion, in addition to the efficacy and lifetime of a coating system.In this context, modeling can be used as a valuable assessment of parameter space to increase efficiency of experimental work. The objective of this work was to model the protection mechanisms offered by a MgRP coating system in AA2024, and investigate the influence of different variables on the effectiveness of the protection mechanism. The mechanisms of importance include protection via (a) the Mg pigment particles acting as sacrificial anodes, (b) the barrier to ion transport effected by the organic coating, and (c) changes in the electrolyte chemistry from dissolution of the Mg pigment particles. The modeling considers each of these protection mechanisms in isolation as well as in combination. Ultimately, this model will provide a better understanding and prediction of the protection mechanisms of the MgRP system and serve as a framework to study new coating systems.AcknowledgementsFinancial support from the SERDP program through the Office of Naval Research (C. Sanders) via Contract N00173-19-1-G011 as well as the DOD Corrosion Program Office through the US Air Force Academy via Contract FA7000-18-2-0006 is gratefully acknowledged.

Finite Element Modeling of SS316 Pit Stability, with Respect to Geometry Parameters, Under Atmospheric Conditions

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals have become a promising fabrication method, due to the decreased waste from conventional manufacturing and the ability to create complex geometries [1]. However, the surface roughness of powder based additively manufactured structures appears porous, with complicated geometries that are a concern for localized corrosion. Knowing which defects are more susceptible than others, from a geometry perspective, will greatly aid mitigation strategies either in terms of AM process parameters or through post-build surface treatments. This study will explore how surface defects created on AM stainless steel parts impact local corrosion stability under atmospheric conditions.The stochastic nature of the pits initiating and repassivating, combined with the complexities of the AM defects and those of thin water layers, make for a very large parameter space to explore. In effect, the most important aspect of localized corrosion under these conditions is the determination of whether a pit will repassivate or grow, and if it grows, how large can it become. Many different parameters affect the pit stability, including the geometry of the cathode size, the anode (pit) size, details of the environment (solution composition, electrochemical potential), and the water layer thickness.It is known that the potential at a pit mouth must be more positive than in order to grow stably [2]. The repassivation potential therefore serves as one way to measure pit stability, while other parameters in the system are held constant. An additional pit stability criteria is the pit stability product, (i ⋅ x), from Galvele’s seminal work [3]. The maximum pit model [4] uses these criteria, parameters that define the thin electrolyte, and the current-potential relationship for the cathodic reaction(s) on the external surface to define the largest hemispherical pit for which the Conservation of Charge is met.Finite element modeling is used here to determine what combinations of geometric parameters associated with surface defects due to AM processing of SS316 lead to the stabilization of a pit or not. Pits of different dimensions, including hemispherical, rectangle, and disk shaped, are assessed as isolated pits. The model’s geometric complexity is then increased to better represent an additively manufactured surface with many pits of different shapes and sizes based on cross-sectional data from actual surfaces. A range of atmospheric conditions are investigated, including a range of relative humidity and salt loading density. The boundary conditions within the model represent the solution kinetics of both scenarios. The water layer and loading densities were varied, according to the equation proposed by Chen et al. [5].SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2020-5408 A.[1] B. AlMangour and J. M. Yang, “Improving the surface quality and mechanical properties by shot-peening of 17-4 stainless steel fabricated by additive manufacturing,” Mater. Des., vol. 110, pp. 914–924, 2016.[2] J. Srinivasan, M. J. McGrath, and R. G. Kelly, “A High-Throughput Artificial Pit Technique to Measure Kinetic Parameters for Pitting Stability,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 162, no. 14, pp. C725–C731, 2015.[3] J. R. Galvele, “Transport Processes and the Mechanism of Pitting of Metals,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 123, no. 4, p. 464, 1976.[4] R. M. Katona, J. Carpenter, E. J. Schindelholz, and R. G. Kelly, “Prediction of Maximum Pit Sizes in Elevated Chloride Concentrations and Temperatures,” J. Electrochem. Soc., vol. 166, no. 11, pp. C3364–C3375, 2019.[5] Z. Y. Chen, F. Cui, and R. G. Kelly, “Calculations of the Cathodic Current Delivery Capacity and Stability of Crevice Corrosion under Atmospheric Environments,” J. Electrochem. Soc., pp. 360–368, 2008.

Discrepant acute effect of saline loading on blood pressure, urinary sodium and potassium according to salt intake level: EpiSS study.

Acute dietary salt intake may cause an elevation in blood pressure (BP). The study aimed to assess the acute effect of saline loading on BP in subjects with different levels of salt intake. This study is based on the baseline survey of systemic epidemiology of salt sensitivity study. The sodium excretion in the 24‐hour urine was calculated for estimating the level of salt intake. Subjects were performed an acute oral saline loading test (1 L), and data of 2019 participants were included for analyses. Multivariate linear regression and stratified analyses were performed to identify associations between 24‐hour urinary sodium (24hUNa) with BP changes. Due to saline loading, systolic BP (SBP), pulse pressure, and urinary sodium concentration were significantly increased, while diastolic BP, heart rate, and urinary potassium concentration were significantly decreased. The SBP increments were more significant in subjects with lower salt intake, normotensives, elders, males, smokers, and drinkers. There was a significant linear negative dose‐response association between SBP increment with 24hUNa (β = −0.901, 95% CI: −1.253, −0.548), especially in lower salt intake individuals (β = −1.297, 95% CI: −2.338, −0.205) and hypertensive patients (β = −1.502, 95% CI: −2.037, −0.967). After excluding patients who received antidiabetic or antihypertensive medicines, the effects of negative associations weakened but remained significantly. In conclusion, acute salt loading leads to an increment in SBP, and the increased SBP was negatively related with 24hUNa. This study indicated avoiding acute salt loading was important for escaping acute BP changes, especially in lower salt intake populations.

Amlodipine modulation of analgesic effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rheumatoid arthritis, comorbid with arterial hypertension

With the interaction of drugs belonging to different pharmacotherapeutic groups – nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive – against the background of comorbid arterial hypertension with rheumatoid arthritis, the activity and safety of drugs may change with their combined use. Changes in the analgesic activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, different in their selectivity to the types of cyclooxygenase (diclofenac, nimesulide and celecoxib), under the conditions of their long-term combined use with amlodipine in different periods of inflammation against the background of hypertension should be studied. Using the model of adjuvant arthritis comorbid with hypertension, in experiments on nonlinear mature white rats, the threshold of pain sensitivity has been determined by means of the “tail flick” test. Hypertension was caused by salt load with 1% sodium chloride solution for drinking with free access to it. Adjuvant arthritis was induced by the introduction of complete Freund’s adjuvant into the plantar aponeurosis of the hind limb of each animal with the established arterial hypertension. Against the background of arterial hypertension and comorbid pathology, there was an increase in the threshold of pain sensitivity observed in rats, which indicated the development of hypoalgesia. When combined, amlodipine enhanced the analgesic activity of diclofenac during 60 days of observation, slightly heightened the analgesic effect of nimesulide – up to 42 days, the effect of Celecoxib – in the acute period and the period of manifestation of adjuvant arthritis against the background of hypertension. The antinociceptive effect of diclofenac with amlodipine and celecoxib with amlodipine exceeded the analgesic effect of the combined nimesulide with amlodipine use against the background of comorbid pathology. The results obtained can be taken into account under the conditions of prescribing drugs belonging to the studied pharmacotherapeutic groups. It is likely that the use of diclofenac for analgesia against the background of comorbid conditions is only appropriate in the acute period of rheumatoid arthritis. The use of nimesulide to achieve an analgesic effect in the recurrence of rheumatoid arthritis against the background of hypertension is appropriate in the acute period and in the period of the inflammatory process attenuation. A highly selective coxib group cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, can reduce pain during the acute period of arthritis and during the manifestation of an inflammatory reaction that has developed against the background of arterial hypertension.

Preparation and characterization of composite adsorbent LiCl/zeolite 13X for adsorption system

A novel composite adsorbent with high adsorption capacity, stable cycle performance and structure is developed. LiCl/zeolite 13X composite adsorbents with different LiCl content were synthesized by double solvents impregnation with alcohol and ethanol. The textural properties of composite adsorbents were characterized by nitrogen adsorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The water adsorption performance of the composite adsorbents was tested, and the dynamic and equilibrium adsorption characteristics of the composite adsorbents were simulated by Polanyi potential theory and LDF model, respectively. Research on nitrogen adsorption suggested that because of the impregnated salt, composite adsorbents presented different pore structure pure. As the salt concentration of the LiCl solution increases, more salt is immersed into the pore channels of zeolite 13X, resulting in the LiCl content in the adsorbents increasing simultaneously. Water adsorption capacity of the composite adsorbent is not enhanced consistently with the increase in LiCl loading amount. After LiCl modification process, the water adsorption capacity increases little when the salt load is low, and then, the water adsorption capacity increases significantly with the increase in the salt load and finally decreases slightly. The sorption performance of CS30 with salt content of 16.7 wt% was optimal, and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.7 g/g, nearly 3.3 times than properties of zeolite 13X 0.21 g/g. As the number of cycles increases, the adsorption capacity of the composite adsorbent decreases slightly. The tenth cycle is only reduced by 8.67% compared to the first cycle.

Effects of MgCl2 and Mg(NO3)2 loading on catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust for bio-oil and MgO-impregnated biochar production

For high-quality utilization of biomass resources, co-production of bio-oil and MgO-impregnated biochar from catalytic pyrolysis of Mg-loaded biomass samples is a prospective approach. In this study, the effects of MgCl2 and Mg(NO3)2 loading on catalytic pyrolysis of sawdust for production of high value-added bio-oil and biochar, as well as the catalytic pyrolysis process mechanism were explored. The thermal degradation process behavior and the pyrolysis products of non-condensable gas, bio-oil and biochar were obtained by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and lab-scale fixed-bed reactor system. The product properties were analyzed and characterized by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-rays diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The obtained results indicated that the loading of Mg salts favored the thermal degradation process of catalytic pyrolysis due to the weakened hydrogen-bonding networks and disrupted the crystalline structures. The enhanced cross-linking and repolymerization reactions of pyrolysis intermediates by the catalytic effect of Mg resulted in the increased non-condensable gas and biochar yields and the decrease of bio-oil yield. The loading of Mg salts also resulted in the decreased CO yield and increased CO2 yield. The relative contents of ketones and furans increased, and the relative contents of phenols and sugars decreased for Mg-loaded SD samples in bio-oil. In addition, the Mg salts loading also favored the formation of developed pore structure and uniformly dispersed MgO nanoparticles in obtained biochar. In general, catalytic pyrolysis of MgCl2-loaded or Mg(NO3)2-loaded sawdust is a feasible method to obtain high value-added bio-oil and MgO-impregnated biochar products.

Aging and chronic high-fat feeding negatively affect kidney size, function, and gene expression in CTRP1-deficient mice.

C1q/TNF-related protein 1 (CTRP1) is an endocrine factor with metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal functions. We previously showed that aged Ctrp1-knockout (KO) mice fed a control low-fat diet develop renal hypertrophy and dysfunction. Since aging and obesity adversely affect various organ systems, we hypothesized that aging, in combination with obesity induced by chronic high-fat feeding, would further exacerbate renal dysfunction in CTRP1-deficient animals. To test this, we fed wild-type and Ctrp1-KO mice a high-fat diet for 8 mo or longer. Contrary to our expectation, no differences were observed in blood pressure, heart function, or vascular stiffness between genotypes. Loss of CTRP1, however, resulted in an approximately twofold renal enlargement (relative to body weight), ∼60% increase in urinary total protein content, and elevated pH, and changes in renal gene expression affecting metabolism, signaling, transcription, cell adhesion, solute and metabolite transport, and inflammation. Assessment of glomerular integrity, the extent of podocyte foot process effacement, as well as renal response to water restriction and salt loading did not reveal significant differences between genotypes. Interestingly, blood platelet, white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts were significantly elevated, whereas mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin were reduced in Ctrp1-KO mice. Cytokine profiling revealed increased circulating levels of CCL17 and TIMP-1 in KO mice. Compared with our previous study, current data suggest that chronic high-fat feeding affects renal phenotypes differently than similarly aged mice fed a control low-fat diet, highlighting a diet-dependent contribution of CTRP1 deficiency to age-related changes in renal structure and function.

Urinary phosphate-containing nanoparticle contributes to inflammation and kidney injury in a salt-sensitive hypertension rat model

Although disturbed phosphate metabolism frequently accompanies chronic kidney disease (CKD), its causal role in CKD progression remains unclear. It is also not fully understood how excess salt induces organ damage. We here show that urinary phosphate-containing nanoparticles promote kidney injury in salt-sensitive hypertension. In Dahl salt-sensitive rats, salt loading resulted in a significant increase in urinary phosphate excretion without altering serum phosphate levels. An intestinal phosphate binder sucroferric oxyhydroxide attenuated renal inflammation and proteinuria in this model, along with the suppression of phosphaturia. Using cultured proximal tubule cells, we confirmed direct pathogenic roles of phosphate-containing nanoparticles in renal tubules. Finally, transcriptome analysis revealed a potential role of complement C1q in renal inflammation associated with altered phosphate metabolism. These data demonstrate that increased phosphate excretion promotes renal inflammation in salt-sensitive hypertension and suggest a role of disturbed phosphate metabolism in the pathophysiology of hypertensive kidney disease and high salt-induced kidney injury.

Resistant arterial hypertension: problems and opportunities for personalised drug therapy

Background. Effective drug therapy for resistant arterial hypertension is among major problems in modern medicine. The actual prevalence of resistant arterial hypertension is unknown, and its pathogenetic mechanisms are actively investigated. Among its important components is salt-sensitivity of the patient. At the same time, effi cacy of combined antihypertensive therapy in relation to salt-sensitivity of patients with resistant arterial hypertension is not fully understood.Objectives. Effi cacy assessment of personalised drug therapy in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant patients with resistant arterial hypertension.Мethods. We conducted a non-randomised controlled study with the observation time of 48 weeks. All patients had ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in the onset and past 48 weeks of treatment. Prior to therapy, the patient’s salt-sensitivity was determined with ABPM in salt loading (V.I. Kharchenko’s test). Two cohorts were formed with respect to the test results to include salt-sensitive (n = 67) and salt-resistant (n = 54) patients. Both cohorts received a combined therapy: enalapril 10 mg twice a day, amlodipine 10 mg/day, hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/day, aliskiren 150 mg/day. If a target blood pressure was not observed in 3 weeks, aliskiren was elevated to 300 mg/day. Therapeutic effi cacy was assessed with ABPM after 48 weeks. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 6.10 (StatSoftInc, USA).Results. The study included 121 patients with resistant arterial hypertension, median age 63 [58;67]. With background therapy, the target blood pressure was observed in 29 (43.4%) patients in cohort 1 and in 38 (70.4%) — in cohort 2 (intergroup p &lt; 0.05). Statistically signifi cant lower ABPM values were registered in both cohorts after 48 weeks. Daily blood pressure normalised with therapy in 62.1% of patients in cohort 1 and in 68.4% — in cohort 2. The salt-resistant cohort exhibited a more pronounced reduction in ABPM values compared to salt-sensitive patients.Conclusion. Salt-sensitivity is a factor for personalising antihypertensive drug therapy in patients with resistant arterial hypertension due to specifi city of mechanisms for maintaining high blood pressure. Combined antihypertensive therapy with aliskiren is statistically more effective in salt-resistant than in salt-sensitive patients.