Salt Fractionation Research Articles

Thermal Properties and Morphological Studies of Poly(ethylene oxide) with the Addition of Salt or Nanofiller

AbstractThe increasing demand of the functional polymers in the global industry has led to extensive development of new polymeric materials with enhanced properties. This work focuses on the effect of addition of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) or titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the thermal properties (i.e., glass transition temperature [Tg], change in heat capacity [ΔCP], crystallinity [X*], melting temperature [Tm]) and morphology of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscope (POM). The Tg and ΔCP of PEO at a mass fraction of salt, WS ≤ 0.0196, increase with the addition of salt. Whereas the values of crystallinity and Tm of PEO at the same salt fraction decrease slightly with increasing salt fraction, suggesting the presence of an interaction between the salt molecules and PEO matrix. However, at WS ≥ 0.107, the Tg, crystallinity, and Tm of PEO decrease significantly with the addition of salt, suggesting the phase separation of the binary mixtures of PEO and salt into salt‐rich and salt‐poor phases are developed. This observation is supported by optical inspections where the salt precipitations can be seen. Meanwhile, the values of Tg, ΔCP, crystallinity, and Tm of PEO show insignificant changes with increasing nanofiller fraction indicating no interaction between PEO and the nanofiller. The two‐phase of PEO and nanofiller in the PEO‐TiO2 can be observed clearly from the optical inspection for all PEO‐nanofiller compositions. Hence, the addition of LiClO4 at low content exhibits relatively prominence on the PEO matrix than the TiO2. LiClO4 possesses better molecular interaction with PEO than TiO2 with PEO.

Electrostatic Interaction on Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation at Low Salt Fraction Revealed by Scattering Techniques

Past studies on salt-doped polymer blends indicate that the electrostatic effect is complicated due to the combined effects of translational entropy of dissociated ions, ion solvation, ion–ion correlation, and ion clustering, especially at high salt concentrations. It still remains a challenge to unveil the electrostatic interaction of dissociated ions on phase separation explicitly in experiments. To address this challenge, the key principle of this study is to have the salt at extremely low concentrations, while its effect on phase separation is significant enough to be detected by scattering techniques. This experimental design enables the solvation of dissociated ions as the dominating factor, carefully avoiding complications from other effects. We characterize concentration fluctuations at full length scales by small-angle laser light scattering, X-ray scattering, and neutron scattering. The measured cloud points, spinodal temperatures, correlation lengths, and effective interaction parameters exhibit significant increase with the salt fraction, indicating that the electrostatic interaction promotes phase separation. We further reveal the electrostatic interaction of cations and anions, respectively. The asymmetric deflection of the phase diagram is quantitatively explained by the composition-dependent solvation of dissociated ions. This fundamental research provides experimental support for the progress of recent theoretical work and is helpful to guide the structural control in polymer electrolytes.

Two dimensional sulfonated molybdenum disulfide (S–MoS2) thin-film nanocomposite nanofiltration membrane for selective desalination

Nano-fillers will be an attractive strategy to improve salt fractionation of nanofiltration (NF) membrane if the integrity problem of nano-fillers in PA layer is well addressed. In this work, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets sulfonated with 1,3-propane sultone was added to the aqueous phase to participate in the interfacial polymerization reaction and construct a novel thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) nanofiltration membrane. A series of characterization and discussion were carried out on the obtained nanomaterials and membranes. The S–MoS2 nanosheet can be well wrapped by the resulted PA layer, thereby preserving the integrity of the PA skin. Furthermore, The TFN membranes possessed enhanced electronegativity and hydrophilicity and the PA layer became thinner and denser after introducing the sulfonated MoS2 nanosheets (S–MoS2) in the PA matrix. In particular, the optimal S–MoS2 composite membrane exhibits excellent performance, which approximately reach 99% divalent salt (Na2SO4) rejection and 1.4-fold water permeance of the pristine membrane. Overall, this study provided a novel way for separation treatment of hypersaline wastewater.

Simplistic determination of the membrane pore charge density in presence of mixture of electrolytes

Membrane pore charge density (Xd) is an effective but non-measurable parameter for determining the performance of low cut-off ultrafiltration (LCUF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. Xd along with the physicochemical properties of the solution determines the membrane zeta potential. These properties include the solution pH, ionic strength as well as the ratio and nature of electrolytes in the solution. Hence, with the prior knowledge of the solution physicochemical properties and the zeta potential, determination of Xd is possible. In this study, the effect of binary mixture of electrolytes, i.e., NaCl/Na2SO4 on the membrane zeta potential was investigated for different solution pH (3–9) as well as the total salt concentration (2–10 g L−1). An empirical correlation between Xd and the other experimentally measurable parameters was developed. Salt rejection experiments were carried out with the above mentioned combinations of pH and total salt concentration along with different weight ratios of NaCl/Na2SO4 namely, 100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50 and 0:100 for six LCUF membranes. For PAN PDA/PEI 12 membrane, at pH 7 and 2 g L−1 of total salt concentration, the rejection of divalent anion (SO42−) was increased from 60% to 75.3%, for monovalent cation (Na+), it was increased from 33% to 41.2% with the concentration of Na2SO4. However, the corresponding rejection of monovalent anion (Cl−) was decreased from 33% to 16.1%. For each of the experimental condition, Xd obtained from the Donnan Steric Pore Model (DSPM) solution was correlated with the zeta potential (ζ) and weight fraction of divalent salt (r) as: Xd=a+br+cζ. The effect of the solution pH and ionic strength is included in the membrane zeta potential. The correlation was successfully tested for the commercial membranes in predictive mode. The empirical correlation proposed in this paper acts as a useful tool to determine Xd for amine based LCUF membranes. This helps to predict the membrane performance for real life desalination treatment without performing a series of rejection experiments.

Polyethylenimine Deposited on Phosphomolybdic-Acid-Loaded Polyacrylonitrile Membranes for Enhanced Dye/Salt Separation

Rationally designing membranes for efficient fractionation of dyes and salts is a great challenge in the membrane community. Here, a composite loose nanofiltration membrane (NF) was fabricated by depositing polyethylenimine (PEI) onto a phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12)-loaded polyacrylonitrile substrate followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The physical and chemical properties of the loose NF membrane were systematically investigated. Compared with the unloaded membrane, the introduction of PMo12 regulates the deposition of PEI, leading to a smaller pore size, higher hydrophilicity, and stronger charge of the loose NF membrane. The optimized loose NF membrane presented an extremely low rejection of <2.00% to inorganic salts sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, and sodium chloride, while maintaining a high rejection of >99.00% to organic dye Congo red (CR). In addition, the loose NF membrane is capable of fractionating CR/Na2SO4 mixtures with an astonishing separation factor of 59.18. Moreover, the stability of the loose NF membrane is qualified for a 100 h period filtration. This work provides an efficient strategy to fabricate loose NF membranes with high separation performance for the fractionation of dyes or salts.

Numerical simulation of gas extraction from marine hydrate sediments using sodium chloride injection

The inhibitor injection method is an important method for natural gas hydrate development and sodium chloride (NaCl) is a cheap and clean inhibitor. In this study, a new three-dimensional three-phase, four-component numerical model is developed to consider the effect of inhibitors. The focus is on the production dynamics of hydrate development by using inhibitor injection method, and the effects of different injection salt mass fraction, temperatures, and pressures are investigated. The results show that the inhibitor injection method has higher gas production rates, higher peak gas production, and shorter extraction development period compared to conventional extraction methods in challenging hydrate reservoirs. In addition, higher inhibitor concentrations increase peak gas production rates and shorten the development period. Injected pressure at 20 MPa is reasonable. The results of the global sensitivity analysis of the production parameters indicate that the mass fraction of salt in the injected water has a significant positive effect on extraction. In summary, the inhibitor injection method can be an effective method for developing challenging hydrate-bearing sediments

Ensemble hybrid machine learning to simulate dye/divalent salt fractionation using a loose nanofiltration membrane

The escalating quantity of wastewater from multiple sources has raised concerns about both water reuse and environmental preservation.

Veterinary and sanitary quality assessment of long-life pickled mushrooms

Vinegar pickled mushrooms are a specific product. On their proper preservation, sorting and primary processing depends on the life and health of consumers. The purpose of this study - to assess the quality of long-life pickled mushrooms sold in retail stores in Ussuriysk. The assortment of pickled mushrooms sold in retail stores in Ussuriysk was studied. It was found that this type of product is represented by a wide range of manufacturers. An Internet survey of consumer preferences for this type of product was conducted. In the conditions of the laboratory of veterinary and sanitary expertise of the Institute of Animal Breeding and Veterinary Medicine of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education "Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy", the consumer packaging and labeling of the selected samples of canned mushrooms under study in the amount of three was assessed. The results of quality assessment by organoleptic and physical and chemical indices were obtained and described. Evaluation by organoleptic and physical and chemical indicators was carried out according to the generally accepted methods. Organoleptic method determined the appearance, flavor, odor, color, consistency, pouring quality. The laboratory method showed non-compliance of the mass fraction of mushrooms (below the norm by 7 and 18.5%), to the requirements of the controlling regulatory document. Titratable acidity was determined by the titration method, there were increased and decreased values of this indicator in the two tested samples (deviation by 0.5%). Elevated index of mass fraction of table salt was found in one of the examined samples - 3.5%, which is 0.5% higher than the highest limit set. As a result of veterinary and sanitary examination of long-life pickled mushrooms, the following conclusion was made: according to organoleptic and physicochemical quality indicators, only one sample out of those submitted for examination completely corresponds the standard. The studied indicators of the other two samples have deviations from the specified standard, which raises doubts about their quality.

Enhanced Biosynthesis and Purification of Proteases from Bacillus sp. AI-5 by SmF: A Green Approach for Degradation of Peptide Bonds in Complex Proteins

Proteases are theprotein degrading commercial enzymes with considerable importance for many industrial applications such as paper, leather, food industries as well as used in detergent formulation, toxic waste removal, pharmaceutical and drilling for oil. The focus of the current study was to isolate the novel protease producing bacterial sp. from environment, to optimize the submerged fermentation parameters in order to design the best supportive media for maximum enzyme yield and to purify the enzyme to increase its utilization in various industries, most importantly the pharmaceutical industry.Five pure cultures were isolated from soil of coastal area, Karachi and the bacterial strain that was proved to be the most potent producer of protease was selected for research purposeand named as Bacillus sp AI-5 after series of morphological and biochemical tests. The fermentation conditions and media composition were optimized using the starter medium that was selected among the three previously reported media for protease production. It was found that protease production from Bacillus sp AI-5 reached to maximum when media was supplemented with 0.4 gm % casein as carbon source, the combination of 0.5 gm % yeast extract and 0.5 gm % peptone as nitrogen source and 0.05 gm CaCl₂ as inducer and stabilizer of proteases. The optimum pH and temperature for maximum production of protease were found to be pH 5 and 45 and#176;C respectively after 24 hours of incubation. The protease of the Bacillus sp. AI-5 was purified to homogeneity by salt fractionation method using 60 gm % ammonium sulfate, dialysis and Sephadex G-100 Gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of purified protease was found to be 322.25 U/mg with 13.80 fold purification as compared to crude enzyme. The purified enzyme gave a single band on Sodiumdodecyl sulfate Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)corresponding to a molecular weight of 66 kDa.

The effects of C2-methylation of imidazolium-based ionic liquid electrolytes on the lithium-ion transport

In salt-in-ionic liquid electrolytes (SILEs), the “wrong” drifting direction of lithium ion (Li+) with its coordinating anions raises the internal resistance and limits the applications of SILEs in lithium (ion) batteries. By applying molecular dynamics simulations to study two imidazolium-based SILEs, both with 0.25 molar fraction of lithium salt, we found that the trapped Li+ by counter ions is more easily released by a methyl substitution of the acidic H2-atom in 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium (BMIM+) cation to 1-butyl-2,3-dimethyl-imidazolium (BMMI+), namely, C2-methylation. Upon C2-methylation, the smeared charge distribution and steric hinderance of the methyl group make BMMI+ reduce the amount of high-coordinated Li+ and depress the formation of Li+-containing agglomerates (AGGs), while the presence of the H2-atom makes BMIM+ stabilize the high coordination of Li+ and enhances the formation of AGGs. Consequently, more non-AGG Li+ ions exist in the SILE consisting of BMMI+, which results in a desired change of the transference number of Li+ and demonstrates that a tiny difference in ionic structure can exert promising effect on the transport properties of SILEs.

Compositional evolution for mixed aerosols containing gluconic acid and typical nitrate and the effect of multiply factors on hygroscopicity

The aging process of atmospheric aerosols usually leads to a mixture of inorganic salts and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. In organic compounds, polyhydroxy organic acids are important components, however, the study on composition and hygroscopic properties of the mixture containing inorganics and polyhydroxy organic acids is scanty. In this study, gluconic acid, the proxy of polyhydroxy organic acids, is mixed with the representative nitrate (Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2) to form aerosols. ATR–FTIR and optical microscopy are employed to study the component changes and hygroscopicity as a function of relative humidity. As relative humidity fluctuates, the FTIR–ATR spectra display that the internal mixed gluconic acid (CH2(CH)4(OH)5COOH) and nitrate can react to release acidic gases, forming relevant gluconate and further affecting the hygroscopicity. The specific presentation is particles cannot be recovered to their original size after the dehydration–hydration process and there will be some disparities in GF for mixed particles. For the gluconic acid–Ca(NO3)2/Mg(NO3)2 mixtures with molar ratios of 1:1, higher degree of reaction resulting in the production of large amounts of gluconate should be responsible to the lower hygroscopicity compared to ZSR model. For 1:2 gluconic acid–nitrate mixed systems (with higher nitrate content), the hygroscopicity of mixtures are higher than the ZSR prediction. A possible reason could be ‘salt-promoting effect’ on the organic fractions of the surplus inorganic salt in the mixture. These data can improve the chemical composition list evaluation, in turn hygroscopic properties and phase state of atmospheric aerosol, and then the climate effect.

Demineralisation and recovery of whey proteins from commercial full-fat salty Cheddar whey using size-exclusion chromatography

Extraction of the whey proteins from salty whey would add value to milk waste streams. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a non-invasive method to screen proteins, based on molecular size. Here, compositional analysis of commercial salty whey showed total solids (TS), ash, and protein contents were 12.3 ± 0.1 %, 8.92 ± 0.01 %, and 0.9 ± 0.1 %, respectively. Prior to SEC, salty whey pH (5.5) was adjusted to pH 4.6, 7.0 and 9.0. This adjustment was associated with protein losses through aggregation. Following SEC, a substantial amount of whey protein (82–100 %) and salt (>99 %) was recovered/removed. SEC samples exhibited similar ranges of conductivity (1.8 × 102 – 2.4 × 102 μS.cm−1) and NaCl (0.005–0.009 %). SEC protein and salt fractions were characterised for particle size, and zeta potential, and subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Generally, demineralisation resulted in decreased conductivity and particle size, whereas zeta potential was pH-dependent. FTIR analysis showed modifications and/or rearrangement of whey protein secondary structure after SEC. This work suggests that SEC can be used to demineralise and recover WPs from salty whey.

Nutritive, chemical and technological properties of liver pate formulated with beef offal, sheep tail fat and licorice and ginger root

In the present study, incorporation of sheep tail fat, beef heart, kidneys, and herbal ingredients (grounded licorice and ginger root, pumpkin, carrots, and onions) into liver pate formulations was investigated. Four types of liver pate were prepared: control sample containing only liver and butter; experimental sample S1 - pate with sheep tail fat (5%), ground dried licorice root (1%) and ginger (2%); experimental sample S2 - pate with sheep tail fat (8%), ground dried licorice root (2%) and ginger (3%); experimental sample S3 - pate with sheep tail fat (10%), ground dried licorice root (3%) and ginger (4%). Inclusion of the above-mentioned ingredients in the pate recipe did not cause significant changes in the mass fraction of table salt and protein (P &gt; 0.05) and, conversely, significantly increased the moisture content, carbohydrates, fat and be-ta-carotene in the test sample (P &lt; 0.05). In the experimental samples, the number of amino acids decreased with the exception of arginine. Among the experimental samples, the highest content of amino acids (18 g / 100 g) and essential amino acids (8.89 g/ 100 g) was detected in S1. The results of determining the fatty acid composition showed significant changes in the composition of experimental samples com-pared with the control. The total content of saturated acids in the experimental samples decreased while the content of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased (P ˂ 0.05). Textural characteristics, such as hardness, cohesiveness and adhe-siveness in the test sample have changed significantly (P &lt; 0.05). However, the elasticity (springiness) and stickiness of the paste mass were almost the same for the control and experi-mental samples. The introduction of the above-mentioned ingredients in the experimental sam-ples increased the pH and water-binding capacity) values, which suggests an increase in juici-ness. The conducted studies have confirmed the prospects for improving the chemical compo-sition without deterioration of the consistency and structure of the finished product.

Aqueous biphasic systems based on ethyl lactate: Molecular interactions and modelling

Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) based on ethyl lactate are novel green solvent systems that are biorenewable and biodegradable with the potential to replace currently used hazardous organic solvents. Models to correlate and predict binodal curves of these systems are crucial for the design of separation processes but are currently nonexistent. Here, we report the development of two empirical models based on Merchuk’s equation and the Effective Excluded Volume model for ABS composed of ethyl lactate, water and a salt (K3PO4, K2HPO4, K2CO3, Na3C6H5O7, Na2C4H4O6, Na2C4H4O4, K2S2O3, Na2S2O3 and (NH4)2S2O3). Additionally, the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) as a tool to predict binodal curves was explored. An ANN composed of tansig transfer function and five neurons was built using three inputs: mole fraction of salt, molar Gibbs energy of hydration of the salt cation and anion. Furthermore, Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy was used to reveal the molecular interactions which were used to explain binodal data.

Surface Activity of Surfactant–Polyelectrolyte Mixtures through Nanoplasmonic Sensing Technology

Deposition plays an important role in the active delivery and efficiency of hair and skin formulations since it allows active compounds to interact with surfaces in order to achieve the product’s desired performance characteristics. Therefore, it is essential to study the surface activity and behavior of certain compounds that are frequently used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations in order to understand how they interact with relevant biological surfaces, such as hair and skin. We chose to study the surfactants and conditioning agents utilized in the formulation of conditioning shampoos, which are usually designed to be able to achieve the deposition of these substances on the hair and scalp to provide lubrication and better conditioning for hair fibers, facilitating detangling and providing a better feel. In this study, cationic polymer and salt fractions were varied to obtain eighteen different conditioning shampoo formulations in which the deposition was measured by utilizing a nanoplasmonic sensing technology instrument. Moreover, a wet combing test was performed for each of the formulations to investigate if there was any correlation between the combing force and the surface deposition. The complete study was performed using a sustainable anionic surfactant in order to compare the results with those obtained from the traditional formulations.

Investigations on physical and mechanical properties of Mg composites and foams fabricated by powder metallurgy using NaCl

The demand for metallic foams is increasing rapidly because of their very low density, high heat dissipation ability, high vibration damping capacity, and high energy absorption capacity. In the present work, Mg composites and foams are prepared using salt as space holder material using the powder metallurgy technique. Salt in different volume fractions (0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) was mixed with Mg, and Mg/salt composites were fabricated. Density, porosity, and hardness of fabricated Mg/salt composites were investigated. Then, the sintered Mg/salt composites were dipped in water for the dissolution of salt. Density, porosity, and compressive strength of fabricated foams were investigated. The density and hardness of Mg/salt composites increased with an increase in the volume fraction of salt. The highest density (1.93 g/cc) and hardness (26 BHN) were obtained for Mg/salt composite fabricated using 75 vol% of salt. While for Mg foams, porosity increased with an increase in the volume fraction of salt and the highest porosity of 64 % was observed in Mg foam fabricated using 75 vol% of salt. On the other hand, compressive strength decreased rapidly with an increase in the volume fraction of salt. The compressive strength of Mg foam fabricated using 75 vol% of salt was only 3.44 MPa, therefore not suitable for most industrial applications. But, for Mg foam fabricated using 25 vol% of salt, comparatively high compressive strength (22.5 MPa) and high porosity (36 %) were obtained. Because of their very low density (1.15 g/cc) and sufficient strength, fabricated Mg foams can be used for various applications in automobiles and other industries.

Antifouling and chlorine-resistant cyclodextrin loose nanofiltration membrane for high-efficiency fractionation of dyes and salts

Antifouling loose nanofiltration membranes are prepared for effective fractionation of dyes and salts by the construction of a porous cyclodextrin polymer layer on membrane substrate. Octopus-shaped cyclodextrin macromonomers with pendant vinyl groups can be facilely prepared via a union of controlled radical polymerization and esterification reaction, which are then used to fabricate membrane. The surface-initiated photopolymerization of β-cyclodextrin-centered macromonomers could yield a porous polymer layer on the surface of the PVDF substrate. The porous structure could be well-tuned by adjusting the concentration of macromonomers or regulating the polymerization time. The optimal loose nanofiltration membranes have demonstrated high-efficiency separation ability for different dyes and low rejection ability for salts (<10%), owing to the selective layer of porous cyclodextrin polymer. Meanwhile, it maintains a high Congo red (CR) retention (∼99%) in a long-term filtration test. Furthermore, the cyclodextrin polymer layer also endows the membranes with predominant chlorine-resistance performance even after 15 days of immersion in sodium hypochlorite solution. The flux recovery ratio value of optimal membrane towards bovine serum albumin is 97.6% even after 5 antifouling cycles, and the antifouling ability is more than 10 times higher than that of the pristine PVDF membrane depending on the degree of membrane fouling by CR. The proposed strategy could provide helpful guidance in preparing antifouling loose nanofiltration membranes.

Swelling of Thermo-Responsive Gels in Aqueous Solutions of Salts: A Predictive Model.

The equilibrium degree of swelling of thermo-responsive (TR) gels is strongly affected by the presence of ions in an aqueous solution. This phenomenon plays an important role in (i) the synthesis of multi-stimuli-responsive gels for soft robotics, where extraordinary strength and toughness are reached by soaking of a gel in solutions of multivalent ions, and (ii) the preparation of hybrid gels with interpenetrating networks formed by covalently cross-linked synthetic chains and ionically cross-linked biopolymer chains. A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of a TR gel in aqueous solutions of salts at various temperatures T below and above the critical temperature at which collapse of the gel occurs. An advantage of the model is that it involves a a small (compared with conventional relations) number of material constants and allows the critical temperature to be determined explicitly. Its ability (i) to describe equilibrium swelling diagrams on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels in aqueous solutions of mono- and multivalent salts and (ii) to predict the influence of volume fraction of salt on the critical temperature is confirmed by comparison of observations with results of numerical simulation.

Neutronics and fuel cycle modeling of a thorium-fueled two-fluid molten salt iso-breeder reactor

This paper presents reactor physics modeling to quantify behavior of a thorium-fueled molten salt iso-breeder reactor (MSiBR) system similar to the two-fluid molten salt breeder reactor (MSBR) documented in ORNL-4528. A Python framework was developed to allow for a flexible, fully parameterized modeling strategy for analysis of the fuel cycle and core neutronics. Modeling was performed in Serpent-2 to assess the MSiBR design and performance. The framework can be used for direct evaluation of reactor design parameters such as the fuel and blanket salt fraction, lattice geometry, and reactor core size. A full core model of the MSiBR system is presented. Temperature feedback coefficients of reactivity for the fuel salt, blanket salt, and graphite are calculated. It is observed that the present model demonstrates passive and inherent self-regulation of reactivity. The developed framework is also used to demonstrate a methodology for evaluating two-fluid reactors operating with a thorium fuel cycle. This work is intended to provide a baseline for future research into the development of two-fluid MSR designs.

Production and Partial Purification of Xylanase with Special Application in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries

Enzymes are used in a variety of ways in the biopharmaceutical industry. Enzymes are the focal point of metabolic and biochemical processes. Xylanase is one of them which are widely used in various purpose. Xylanase is a naturally occurring enzyme present in bacteria and fungi. Xylanases are members of the CAZymes (carbohydrate-active macromolecular biocatalyst) community and are classified as glycoside hydrolases, further divided into clans and families. Xylanases are produced by solid-state or submerged fermentation (SMF) techniques. SSF processes have many advantages over SMF processes, including lower fermentation cultivation costs, lower risk of contamination, improved enzyme stability. The microorganism Aspergillus spp. was used to produce xylanase, and this organism was isolated from soil. Solid-state fermentation is done with 80% moisture content for the production of this extracellular enzyme. After fermentation, purification is done in 70% saturated ammonium sulfate salt fractionation because the best result is found in this condition. After production and purification of xylanase, which is stored in desiccators cause, the enzyme is hygroscopic.