In the article, the methods of increasing the efficiency of drying, shortening the drying time and obtaining high-quality dried raisins have been achieved by processing the bunches of large-sized raisin varieties of grapes grown in the Republic of Uzbekistan in different ways. The location of the large cultivation is considered to be the hill slopes with good wind circulation, as well as these areas are considered to be optimal, as well as there is a lot of precipitation in early autumn. To eliminate these inconveniences, the process of drying grape bunches is the use of basic and energy-saving methods of processing agricultural products, Salsola arbuscula Pall, which grows in the natural steppe regions of “Surkhandarya” region, is used for grape bunches. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal concentration of the natural alkaline decoction prepared from the plant.

The article describes the study of the germination of Salsola orientalis S.G.Gmel seeds in the conditions of culture. The literature highlights laboratory germination-this is the percentage of the number of normally germinated seeds. Germination is the main indicator of the quality of the seeds, it is used to determine the yield of seeds, as well as their biological and economic significance. This plant is found in all deserts and semi-deserts of Central Asia. Along with it grow such forage plants as black saxaul, white saxaul, wormwood, salsola arbuscula, ephemera and ephemeroids.

The larvae of three species of jewel beetles of the subgenus Chrysoblemma Jakovlev of the genus Sphenoptera Dejean are described: Sphenoptera (Ch.) tamarisci beckeri Dohrn reared from Horaninovia ulicina Fisch. et Mey., Atriplex tatarica L. and Salsola arbuscula Pall.; Sphenoptera (Ch.) tomentosa Jakovlev from Salsola arbuscula; Sphenoptera (Ch.) amplicollis Jakovlev from Salsola orientalis S.G. Gmel. and Halothamnus glaucus (Bieb.) Botsch. Differential diagnoses to distinguish them from the previously described sphenopterine larvae are given.

ABSTRACT Nest-site choice profoundly influences reproductive success and the survival of incubating adult birds. Asian Houbara (Chlamydotis macqueenii) nest in subtly contrasting habitats where the main cause of nest failure is predation. We examined nest-site selection across 3 semiarid shrub habitats that differed in vegetation structure and hypothesized that increased concealment would reduce nest predation. We quantified vegetation structure at 210 nests and 194 random control sites at 2 scales, the “nest area” (50 m radius, considering mean “shrub height” and mean “shrub frequency”) and “nest scrape” (2 m radius, considering a “concealment index”). Variance ratio tests showed that variance in both shrub height and concealment index was lower at nests than at random sites, indicating nonrandom selection. Analysis of the probability of nest occurrence for nest area indicated consistent selection of intermediate shrub heights (shrub height + shrub height2) in the Astragalus, Salsola arbuscula, and S. ri...

Halophytes, as integral parts of many marine, coastal and terrestrial ecosystems, can play an important future role for biosaline agriculture, forage production and habitat restoration. There is currently a lack of public awareness and scientific documentation regarding nutritive value of halophytes. The aim of this research was to determine nutritive value of native halophytes of Iran. Seven saline indicator species of Iran including Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys caspica, Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Salicornia herbacea, Alhagi persarum, Salsola regida and Atriplex leucoclada were sampled at three phenological stages (vegetative, flowering and seed ripening). Then, the plants were powdered and six quality traits, Crude Protein (CP), Acid detergent fiber (ADF), Moisture, Metabolizable Energy (ME), Ash and Dry mater digestibility (DMD) were determined. ANOVA results revealed that there were significant differences among all species and phenological stages. ME, DMD and CP decreased in all the species in three stages, but ADF changed significantly in seed ripening stages in H. strabilaceum (20.63), S. rosmarinus (17.61 %) and H. caspica (17.4 %). The difference was not significant in flowering (32.56%) and seed ripening (31.66 %) stages for A. persarum. Increasing of ash and moisture content in flowering stage in succulent halophytes helps them to tolerate salinity. Due to less fiber and more CP, ME and DMD, S. regida has the highest nutritive value and A. leucoclada has the lowest value. Also, late vegetative or early flowering stages are the best time of forage quality according to these traits.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of Salsola arbusculiformis on soil physico-chemical characteristics in rangelands of in Garmeh Located in northeast of Iran. After surveying the regions, the three sites (karnakh, Aspakho, Robat) with Salsola arbusculiformis were selected. Vegetation cover and soil parameters were sampled by a random systematic method, in each region. Five transects each 100 meter length were selected and then 50 plots by the average of 1m ×2m were randomly chosen and vegetation cover parameters such as percentage canopy cover, production, density and percentage litter were measured in the key area of each site. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0-30, 30-60 cm) under plant and in control areas. The measured characteristics of soil included texture, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (pH), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Organic matter(OM), CaCO 3 and CaSO 4 .Data were analyzed using SPSS software under windows. One-way ANOVA and T-test were used to compare the data related to planted and control treatments. Results showed that Salsola arbusculiformis significantly increased the amount of K, pH, EC, N, Na (P<0.01), and O.M (P<0.05). In these sites measured characteristics of soil in planted areas were more than the control ones.

این آزمایش به منظور تعیین ترکیب شیمیایی و خصوصیات تجزیه پذیری گیاه مرتعی شور بیابانی با استفاده از روش کیسه های نایلونی انجام شد. نمونه برداری از منطقه دشت شمالی شهرستان گناباد در سه مرحله از رشد (رویشی، گلدهی و بذردهی) انجام شد. نمونه های برداشت شده پس از خشک شدن در هوای آزاد، آسیاب شدند و ترکیب شیمیایی گیاه تعیین شد. جهت تعیین میزان تجزیه پذیری ماده خشک، پروتئین، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی گیاه، از دو رأس گاو فیستوله شده استفاده گردید. میزان تجزیه پذیری نمونه ها در زمان های صفر، 2، 4، 8، 16، 24، 36، 48 ، 72 و 96 ساعت اندازه گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که در مراحل رشد گیاه شور بیابانی، حداکثر پروتئین خام و ماده آلی در مرحله رویشی به ترتیب 34/10 و 75/76 درصد بود، و بین مراحل رشد از نظر آماری اختلاف معنی دار وجود داشت. بیشترین خاکستر خام در مرحله بذردهی (9/31 درصد) مشاهده شد. با پیشرفت مرحله رشد از میزان پروتئین گیاه کاسته شده و بر مقدار الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی آن افزوده شد. تجزیه پذیری ماده خشک، پروتئین خام، الیاف نامحلول در شوینده اسیدی و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی در مرحله رویشی از دیگر مراحل رشد بیشتر بود. به طوری که با افزایش رشد تجزیه پذیری الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی و پروتئین کاهش معنی داری داشت. نتایج این مطالعه نشان دادکه با افزایش مرحله رشد، میزان پروتئین گیاه کاهش و محتوی فیبری آن افزایش یافته و همچنین تجزیه پذیری پروتئین و الیاف نامحلول در شوینده خنثی و اسیدی آن کاهش معنی داری پیدا کرد.

Abstract Tetranychus iraniensis Mahdavi & Ueckermann sp. nov. (Tetranychidae) is described from Salsola sp. (Amaranthaceae) in Manujan-Kerman. This species belongs to the group one of Tetranychus by Flechtmann and Knihinicki's grouping. The new species is different from the other species in the group in having a peculiar shape of the aedeagus.

Background and objective The hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of Salsola inermis exhibited antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive effects. The present study deals with the isolation and identification of the chemical constituents of this hydroalcoholic extract. Materials and methods The aerial parts of S. inermis (Forsskal) were collected from wild plants growing near the El-Alamein area in October 2005. Air-dried and powdered aerial parts of S . inermis were extracted with 70% alcohol in H 2 O. The extract was partitioned successively with CHCl 3 , EtOAc, and n -BuOH. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Results and conclusion Phytochemical investigation of the alcoholic extract from the aerial parts of S. inermis revealed 12 compounds, identified as long chain hydroxyl fatty acid 9,12,13-trihydroxydecosan–10,15,19-trienoic acid; trans - N -feruloyl tyramine-4ooo- O -β-D-glucopyranoside; umbelliferone; scopoletin; 3-methyl kaempferol; olean-12-en-3,28-diol; olean-12-en-28-oic acid; stigmasterol-3-β- O -D-glucopyranoside; 3- O -[β-D-glucopyranosyl]oleanolic acid; kaempferol 3-O-β-glucopyranoside; and isorhamnetin 3- O -β-glucopyranoside, in addition to β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol. Some of these compounds have hydroxyl groups, which help in scavenging free radicals and inhibit COX and various mediators involved in the pathogenesis of pain relief.

To recognize the dynamic of vegetation in eastern Iran as well as to ascertain interactions of human societies with theirenvironment, the present study is carried out on charcoal samples collected from Shahr-i Sokhta dated back to the Bronze Age.This research will present two different vegetal formations used by the inhabitants of Shahr-i Sokhta: riparian formationwith species such as tamarisk (Tamarix) and willow (Salix) and steppe taxa like Chenopodiaceae and saltwort (Salsola).By comparing charcoal data with those of present flora, certain changes concerning the vegetation structure in this part ofIran have been identified. These changes are best explained in terms of anthropogenic or environmental factors. The majorpresence of riparian taxa in the studied samples indicates that Sistan had favorable environmental conditions in the thirdmillennium B. C. The study also concludes that the ancient vegetation of southern delta of Sistan have been relativelyricher than the existing situation.

The importance of Amaranthus retroflexus pollen in causing respiratory allergy has been well ascertained in many countries including Iran with a high positive rate (69%) among Iranian allergic patients. The aim of the present study is to identify the allergenic properties of A. retroflexus pollen. Sixteen patients with allergy to A. retroflexus pollen were selected for the study. The antigenic and allergenic profiles of the A. retroflexus pollen extract as well as pollen extracts from other species of the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae family, including Chenopodium album, Kochia scoparia, and Salsola kali, were evaluated by ELISA, immunoblotting, and immunoblot inhibition assays. The resolved protein fractions on SDS-PAGE ranged from 10-85 kDa. Several allergenic components (MW 85, 45, 39, 18, 15, and 10 kDa) of the A. retroflexus pollen extract were recognized by using patients' sera by specific antibody of IgE class using ELISA and immunoblot assays. The IgE reactivity of the A. retroflexus pollen extract was partially inhibited by all three pollen extracts tested. The inhibition by the S. kali pollen extract was more than those by other pollen extracts. Moreover, the wheal diameters by the A. retroflexus pollen extract were highly correlated with those by C. album, K. scoparia and S. kali pollen extracts. In conclusion, three proteins with apparent MWs of 39, 45, and 66 kDa are suggested as the common allergenic components among the four pollens from the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae family. It appears that there are some common (similar) epitopes among the four common allergenic pollens.

Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood is a soil-borne plant pathogen of roots. Nematode infection results in altered plant growth and physicochemical processes due to gall formation. Many plants contain unique biochemicals that have biocidal properties and offer a potential novel approach to suppress the nematode populations in soil and improve growth of crop plants. In the present study effect of some indigenous halophytic plant species ( Tamarix indica Willd , Suaeda fruticosa Forssk and Salsola imbricata (Schultz) Dandy) were tested against M. javanica . Tested halophytes significantly ( P< 0.001) reduced egg hatching and caused mortality of second stage juveniles (J 2 ) in vitro . These halophytes when incorporated in soil (0.3, 0.5 and 1% w/w) markedly increased growth of eggplant ( Solanum melongena L. cv. Black beauty) and okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench. cv. Arka anamika) and provided control of root-knot infection at higher doses (0.5 and 1%). Amended eggplants and okra showed significant ( P< 0.001) increase in chlorophylls and decrease in chlorophyll a/b ratio. Protein concentration in leaves of both the plants were increased with 1% amendment of S. fruticosa and S. imbricata . While nucleic acid concentrations were varied with different treatments.

Flora and Vegetation of saline habitats of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) are investigated for the first time. According to our measurements 6,8 of the actual flora of Fuerteventura are able to grow on saline habitats. 39 additional species are probably salt tolerant; so the total amount of salt tolerant species is at least 11,8 The following plant communities are documented by plant sociological releves: Cymodoceetum nodosae, Arthrocnemum fruticosum community, Cakile maritima community, Traganetum moquinii, Salsola divaricata-Sasola vermiculata community, Suaeda fruticosa community, Tamarix canariensis community, Cyperus laevigatus ssp. laevigatus community, Ruppia maritima ssp. rostellata community, Lemna minor community, Phragmites australis communitiy, Mesembryanthemum crystallini. The Frankenio-Zygophylletum gaetuli is newly described from the peninsula of Jandia, it is put into the class Crithmo-Staticetea.

Abstract A description is provided for Leveillula cylindrospora . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of members of the Chenopodiaceae. Mycelium and ascomata form white, then dirty-grey layers on damaged green parts of the host. The fungus is potentially dangerous for some cultivated plants, for example, beet. Records from Italy and Corsica identified as Leveillula taurica s.l. on Beta maritima (Amano, 1986) probably belong in L. cylindrospora . HOSTS: Atriplex halimus, A. sphaeromorpha, A. tatarica, A. turcomanica, Ceratoides fruticulosa, C. papposa, Chenopodium album, C. ambrosioides, C. anthelminticum, C. murale, C. rubrum, Corispermum hyssopifolium, Kochia prostrata, K. scoparia, K. sieversiana, Noaea mucronata, Salsola arbuscula, S. australis (incl. S . iberica &amp; S. ruthenica ), S. canescens, S. kali, S. laricifolia, S. paletzkiana, S. richteri, S. soda, S. tamamschjanae (Chenopodiaceae). [Type host - Ceratoides papposa ( Eurotia ceratoides )] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Canary Islands, Morocco. Asia (temperate areas only): Azerbaijan, Armenia, China, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan, Korea, Lebanon, Pakistan, Russia (north Caucasus, south Siberia), Tadzhikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Europe: France, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, Russia (southeastern areas of European part, south Urals), Spain, Turkey (European part), Ukraine (southern). TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôle of ascospores in disease transmission is unknown, although it has been supposed that they can cause the initial stage of the disease, because ascomata containing asci and ascospores have been observed after winter (Gaponenko et al. , 1983, p. 177).

The Identity, Typification and Distribution of Salsola imbricata Forsskal: Studies in the Chenopodiaceae of Arabia 1

A small complex area in the Samarian Desert was investigated. The rainfall reaches about 250 mm. The area consists of a hill where limestone, chalks, marls and nari crust are exposed. Various young sediments are also present. Mediterranean batha vegetation characterizes the Terra rossa and dark Rendzina soils that cover hard rocks on northern and western slopes. Irano-Turanian vegetation (mainly Noaea mucronata ) covers the Rendzinic Desert Lithosol that has developed from hard chalk on the southern slopes. At the same exposure Saharo-Arabian vegetation (mainly Fagonia mollis and Blepharis ciliaris ) characterizes the soft chalk that is covered by calcareous desert Lithosols. Almost no vegetation was found on marl with a marly desert Lithosol soil cover; only toward the margins is there some cover of Salsola vermiculata. The vegetation on natric Grumic Serozems that developed from clay sediments is restricted to favored spots, like hollows, cracks etc., that receive higher amounts of water. These spots are also relatively leached. A close relationship was found between vegetation characteristics and degree of soil leaching: vegetation diversity and density decrease with the increase of the Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, Sodium Adsorption Ratio and salinity (Electrical Conductivity) values. The same is true with respect to lime content of soils on hard rocks. The reason for these relationships is attributed to different moisture regimes.