Cases Of Salmonella Research Articles

Эффективность комбинированного коли‑сальмонеллезного бактериофага в условиях утководческой фермы

Salmonella-escherichia infections are widespread and of particular relevance in poultry farming, are the most common causes of intestinal outbreaks in young ducks. Salmonellosis of waterfowl causes great damage to farms and is caused mainly by Salmonella enterica var. typhimurium – S. typhimurium. This paper presents the results of commission studies of preventive, therapeutic efficacy, as well as the harmlessness of a drug based on bacteriophages in an industrial duck-breeding enterprise. The rationale for initiating trials of the combined coli-salmonella bacteriophage was the periodically recorded cases of infectious pathology caused by enterogenic bacteria Salmonella variants S. typhimurium, S. infantis and Escherichia coli. The scientific justification is also the experience of phage application in other branches of poultry and livestock breeding. Preventive use of the drug based on bacteriophages "Eshrifag" will allow to achieve protective and microbiological efficiency without the use of antibiotics, which contributes to the development of organic poultry farming in Russia. During the tests, three groups were formed: the 1st experimental, the 2nd experimental and the control. Evaluation of the preventive effectiveness of the use and harmlessness of the drug was carried out from the first days of life. In the course of the study, five exposures and five spray treatments were carried out for 70 days. lives. The positive effect of this scheme was recorded in the absence of cases of salmonella and coli-bacterial infections in the experimental group of poultry during the entire observation period. The absence of isolation of pathogens of salmonellosis and colibacteriosis is confirmed by the results of a bacteriological study of a slaughtered bird. For therapeutic purposes, the drug was prescribed when cases of salmonellosis, colibacteriosis were detected in the experimental group, of which three outbreaks were observed during the test period. During the use of the drug, the ability of the drug to localize the disease was established. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the use by production indicators reflected the preventive and economic feasibility of the phage agent "Eshrifag", its harmlessness and high medicinal efficacy for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections of ducks caused by Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli.

Population dynamics and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Derby ST40 from Shenzhen, China.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Derby (S. Derby) is one of the most common serotypes responsible for salmonellosis in humans and animals. The two main sequence types (ST) observed in China are ST40 and ST71, with ST40 presently being the most common in Shenzhen. Recent years have seen an increasing number of cases of salmonella caused by ST40 S. Derby, but the epidemiology is not clear. We gathered 314 ST40 S. Derby isolates from food and patient samples for 11 years in Shenzhen; 76 globally prevalent representative strains were also collected. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) combined with drug resistance phenotyping was used to examine population structural changes, inter-host associations, drug resistance characteristics, and the food-transmission risks of ST40 S. Derby in Shenzhen over this period. The S. enterica evolutionary tree is divided into five clades, and the strains isolated in Shenzhen were primarily concentrated in Clades 2, 4, and 5, and thus more closely related to strains from Asian (Thailand and Vietnam) than European countries. Our 11-year surveillance of S. Derby in Shenzhen showed that Clades 2, 4, and 5 are now the dominant epidemic branches, and branches 2 and 5 are heavily multi-drug resistant. The main resistance pattern is ampicillin-tetracycline-ciprofloxacin-chloramphenicol-nalidixic acid-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. This may lead to a trend of increasing resistance to ST40 S. Derby in Shenzhen. Using a segmentation of ≤3 SNP among clone clusters, we discovered that Clades 2 and 4 contained multiple clonal clusters of both human- and food-derived strains. The food-derived strains were mainly isolated from pig liver, suggesting this food has a high risk of causing disease outbreaks in Shenzhen.

Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern in Blood Culture Positive Typhoid Fever

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blood culture positive typhoid fever. Study Design:Retrospective study Place and Duration:Children Medical Center (CMC) / Dr Habib un Nabi Children Hospital Mingora Swat and Pediatrics department of Hamdard University Hospital, Karachi for the duration between June 2020 and December 2020. Methods: There were total one hundred and twenty patients of both genders were presented. Patients were aged between 5-15 years of age. Patients detailed demographics age, sex and body mass index were recorded after taking informed written consent. All the patients had fever. Blood sample of all the patients were taken for salmonella species. The Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility, and the results were interpreted in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. SPSS 20.0 version was used to analyze complete data. Results:There were 84 (70%) males and 36 (30%) females. Mean age of the patients was 11.5±3.48 years. Among 120 cases of salmonella, 89 (74.2%) were Salmonellatyphi and Salmonella paratyphi was found in 31 (25.8%) patients. Sensitivity of antibiotics chloramphericol, cotrimoxazole, and azithromycin was 100% greater than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. (6.7%, vs 5.8%) But resistance of both antibiotics was high. Nalidixic Acid showed 108 (90%) resistance to salmonella typhi. Conclusion: We observed a very high degree of diversity in the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern, with extremely high levels of sensitivity to antibiotics that have been utilized in the past, such as chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole. It was discovered that the quinolones, which were widely utilized in the last two decades, have a very poor sensitivity. Keywords:Typhoid fever, Sensitivity, Antibiotics, Resistance

Epidemiološke karakteristike salmoneloza u populaciji Beograda za period 1994-2013. godine

Background/Aim: The registered salmonella cases are estimated to constitute 1-10% of the real frequency of this disease. The aim of the research was to analyze epidemiological salmonella characteristics in Belgrade population for the period 1994-2013. Methods: The data on the number of salmonella cases regarding gender, age and municipalities for the given period were taken from the City Institute of Public Health in Belgrade and used to calculate crude, age-specific and standardized incidence rates were used. For estimating the incidence trend joinpoint regression analysis was used. Results: In the given 20-year period there were 12,452 salmonellosis cases, and female infected persons were more present (53.5%) than males (46.5%). In both sexes, the highest average age-specific rates were found in age group 0-4, and the lowest for people age 70 and older. According to joinpoint regression analysis there is a significant incidence decline in men from the age group 15-19 and further on, while in women that decline starts with the age group 10-14. The average standardized salmonellosis incidence rate (per 100,000) was 61.6 (61.7 for men and 61.4 for women). The most frequent Salmonella serotypes isolated from human material were S. enteritidis (81.6%), S. typhimurium (7.7%) and S. infantis (2.6%). Conclusion: The decline in salmonellosis noticed in our study suggests better farming control, better control of meat production and turnover and application of hygienic and sanitary measures in these processes as well as the greater presence of the HACCP standard for the health safety of food in Belgrade.

Antibiotic Use Associated with Confirmed Influenza, Pertussis, and Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections.

Purpose: Antibiotics are not the recommended treatment for uncomplicated influenza or nontyphoidal salmonella infections, whereas they are for current pertussis infection. We investigated adherence to these recommendations in a population of older community-dwelling adults. Methods: Population-based prospective cohort study of Australian adults 45 years of age and older followed by record-linkage to laboratory-confirmed influenza, pertussis, and nontyphoidal salmonella notifications, hospitalization records, and antibiotic dispensing data from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2015. Proportions of those with infections who were prescribed antibiotics were estimated, and characteristics associated with antibiotic prescribing were examined. Results: There were 1,056 influenza, 151 pertussis, and 334 nontyphoidal salmonella cases in the cohort eligible for analysis. Antibiotics were dispensed in 56.2% (594/1,056) of influenza, 78.8% (119/151) of pertussis, and 39.5% (132/334) of nontyphoidal salmonella cases within the ±10-day window around the infection onset date. The likelihood of antibiotic dispensing did not differ according to most participant characteristics examined, including whether cases had an associated hospitalization, their age, and recorded comorbidities. Macrolides were the predominant class of antibiotics dispensed for pertussis (79%), whereas both beta-lactams (36.3%) and macrolides (35.4%) were used for cases of influenza. There was no dominant antibiotic class dispensed among those with nontyphoidal salmonella. Conclusions: Given concerns regarding increasing antibiotic resistance, the high proportion of adults with influenza and nontyphoidal salmonella cases dispensed antibiotics indicate the need for further strengthening of antimicrobial stewardship by raising education and awareness of guidelines for managing these infections.

Epidemiological characteristics of a salmonella outbreak among infants in Qatar, 2017.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology behind the increased incidence of infant salmonella cases in Qatar during 2017 and identify the possible risk factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using the notification reports of laboratory-confirmed infant salmonella cases received by the Ministry of Public Health during the year 2017. Furthermore, complementary phone interviews with the infants’ mothers using a validated questionnaire were conducted. Results: The infant salmonella attack rate was calculated at approximately 3.23 cases per 1000 infants. Among the 89 confirmed infant salmonella cases, there were more girls (53%) than boys (47%) with a median age of 8 months. The most common type of salmonella species isolated was group B (50.5%). Among the 59 infant cases whose mothers were interviewed, the majority (94.9%) were symptomatic and diarrhea was the main reported symptom (90%), particularly bloody diarrhoea (62%). Regarding their dietary consumption, the majority (69.5%) of the infected infants were formula-fed. Moreover, the majority reported having no pets at home (91.6%) and were not enrolled in a day care center (93.3%). Conclusion: This study revealed a high incidence of salmonella infection among infants in the State of Qatar, which poses a public health concern. Therefore, targeted interventions and health awareness programs are required for outbreak prevention, detection and control.

Trends in Epidemiology, Susceptibility Pattern and Serotypes of Salmonellae at a Tertiary Care Hospital, India: An Eight-Year Study (2011 – 2018)

Background: Enteric fever is a global disease. In India, Enteric fever is endemic with Salmonella enterica serovar typhi being the predominant etiological agent. Due to changing antimicrobial resistance patterns, knowledge of local epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance pattern helps in the initiation of appropriate empiric therapy.
 Methodology: A prospective study on Salmonellae isolated from blood and stool specimens over an 8 year period was conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done as per The Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Serotyping was done by using commercial antisera and later confirmed at Central Research Institute, Kasauli.
 Results: Out of 52 salmonellae, 43 (82.6%) were from blood and 8 (15.3%) from stool and 1 (1.9%) from pus specimen. We observed a change in spectrum and susceptibility pattern of salmonellae the 8 year study period. In 2011, 2013, 2016 and 2018, Salmonella typhi (serotype-9,12,vi:d:-) was the predominant etiological agent accounting for 81.8% , 66.6%, 51% and 80% of the total cases of salmonella respectively. Salmonella Paratyphi B (4,12:b:1,2) was predominant in 2012 (100% of cases). Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium (4,12;i:1,2) was predominant in 2014 (50%) while Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi B contributed equally to infections in 2015 (40% each). From 2011, Non-typhoidal salmonellae (NTS) steadily increased. 19 (36.6%).The most effective antimicrobials against typhoidal salmonellae were chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and co-trimoxazole with all most 100% sensitivity from 2011 to 2018. Ciprofloxacin maintained good sensitivity in 2013, 2014 and 2015, 2016 and 2018 but ampicillin was ineffective in our set-up.
 Conclusions: Due to changing trends in spectrum and sensitivity of salmonellae, continuous monitoring is essential.

Epidemiological characteristic of salmonellosis in Serbian areas of Kosovo and Metohija

Salmonellosis are food-borne toxinfections flowing with the clinical picture of acute enterocolitis, and are caused by non-typhoid salmonella (Salmonella food poisoners). The main objective of the study was to identify the most important epidemiological characteristics of salmonellosis in Serbian areas of Kosovo and Metohija. We used the data or reporting of infectious diseases, reports on infectious diseases (seven-day, month, year) of the Public Health Pristina in Kosovska Mitrovica. In our research we used epidemiological Studies of cross-section (cross-sectional) Between 2003-2015.god. Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian middle) registered 250 cases of salmonella. The average incidence in the reporting period was 12.35 / 10,0000. Analysis of age distribution revealed that the most common incidence in people aged 20-29 years, and the rarest people ages 15-19 godina. salmoneloze occur throughout the year showing seasonal variations. The trend in the incidence of salmonellosis is decreasing in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija Based on the results of our study we can conclude that a significant salmonellosis both public health and animal health but also economic problem. Epidemiological situation with regard to salmonella requires intense activity in the field of food safety not only medical services, but also veterinarians and veterinary and sanitary inspection.

EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED IN VARIOUS ASPECTS OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHERN BAČKA AND SREM REGION

Salmonella causes local and systemic infections of poultry, which may lead to substantial direct and indirect economic losses, presenting also significant risk to human health. Th e aim of this study was to monitor the occurrence of certain serotypes of Salmonella spp. isolated on poultry farmsin Southern Bačka and Srem regions in the period from 2010 to 2014, as recommended by the Book of rules of early detection, diagnostic, prevention of spreading and eradication of Salmonella spp. We analyzed the results obtained from the laboratory for clinical bacteriology to determine number of salmonella cases. From all samples that have been submitted for bacteriology analysis, salmonellas were isolated from 7.3% samples. Salmonella infantis was isolated from 50.3% of all salmonella-positive samples, mostly from materials supplied from broiler farms. Salmonella enteritidis was most frequently isolated in broiler chickens at the rate of 48.2%. Th ere is an increasing trend in the occurrence of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella infantis on poultry farms from year to year. Our research revealed the highest incidence of salmonella isolates in broilers that died during transportation or within the fi rst three days upon arrival of chickens. During the five-year research period, 65 samples from parent fl ocks (63 from broiler breeders and 2 from parent fl ocks of layers) were salmonella positive, which makes 8.03% of all positive isolates. It is most likely that salmonella infection occurs due to infection of parent flocks and young chickens are infected trough both vertical and horizontal transmission.

The rise and decline in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods in the United States, 1973-2009.

Salmonella enterica causes an estimated 1 million domestically acquired foodborne illnesses annually. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is among the top three serovars of reported cases of Salmonella. We examined trends in SE foodborne outbreaks from 1973 to 2009 using Joinpoint and Poisson regression. The annual number of SE outbreaks increased sharply in the 1970s and 1980s but declined significantly after 1990. Over the study period, SE outbreaks were most frequently attributed to foods containing eggs. The average rate of SE outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods reported by states began to decline significantly after 1990, and the proportion of SE outbreaks attributed to egg-containing foods began declining after 1997. Our results suggest that interventions initiated in the 1990s to decrease SE contamination of shell eggs may have been integral to preventing SE outbreaks.

Estimation of the Expected Change in Domestic Human Salmonella Cases in Sweden in 2010, Given a Hypothetical Relaxation of the Current Salmonella Control Programme

The Swedish salmonella control programme has been very successful in reducing the number of salmonella infections in both humans and animals. However, the costs for the control have increased and it has thus been questioned if the control measures could be relaxed and, if so, what effect this would have on human and animal health. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expected effects on human health of a relaxation of the Swedish control i.e. a substitution of the present programme with a programme similar to the ones present in Denmark or the Netherlands. Data from the year 2010 was used to illustrate this. It was assumed that the domestic exposure to salmonella would then become the same in Sweden as it was in Denmark or the Netherlands in that year. As official statistics on the number of reported salmonella cases are not comparable across European countries, data from five different sources were used to try to obtain comparable estimates of the domestic salmonella exposure in the three countries. The study shows that the number of reported domestic human salmonella cases in Sweden in 2010 would increase by approximately 900 to 2 400 cases in the Danish scenarios and 6 400 to 8 400 in the Dutch scenarios. Although uncertainty exists, it was concluded that the number of reported domestic salmonella cases would increase substantially in Sweden in case of a relaxation of the current control programme.

Geographical distribution of salmonella infected pig, cattle and sheep herds in Sweden 1993-2010

BackgroundThe Swedish salmonella control programme covers the entire production chain, from feed to food. All salmonella serotypes are notifiable. On average, less than 20 cases of salmonella in food-producing animals are reported every year. In some situations, the cases would be expected to cluster geographically. The aim of this study was to illustrate the geographic distribution of the salmonella cases detected in pigs, cattle and sheep.MethodsData on all herds with pigs, cattle and sheep found to be infected with salmonella during the time period from 1993 to 2010 were obtained from the Swedish Board of Agriculture. Using the ArcGIS software, various maps were produced of infected herds, stratified on animal species as well as salmonella serotype. Based on ocular inspection of all maps, some were collapsed and some used separately. Data were also examined for temporal trends.ResultsNo geographical clustering was observed for ovine or porcine cases. Cattle herds infected with Salmonella Dublin were mainly located in the southeast region and cattle herds infected with Salmonella Typhimurium in the most southern part of the country. Some seasonal variation was seen in cattle, but available data was not sufficient for further analyses.ConclusionsAnalyses of data on salmonella infected herds revealed some spatial and temporal patterns for salmonella in cattle. However, despite using 18 years' of data, the number of infected herds was too low for any useful statistical analyses.

Ambient maximum temperature as a function of Salmonella food poisoning cases in the Republic of Macedonia.

Background:Higher temperatures have been associated with higher salmonellosis notifications worldwide.Aims:The objective of this paper is to assess the seasonal pattern of Salmonella cases among humans.Material and Methods:The relationship between ambient maximum temperature and reports of confirmed cases of Salmonella in the Republic of Macedonia and Skopje during the summer months (i.e. June, July, August and September) beginning in 1998 through 2008 was investigated. The monthly number of reported Salmonella cases and ambient maximum temperatures for Skopje were related to the national number of cases and temperatures recorded during the same timeframe using regression statistical analyses. The Poisson regression model was adapted for the analysis of the data.Results:While a decreasing tendency was registered at the national level, the analysis for Skopje showed an increasing tendency for registration of new salmonella cases. Reported incidents of salmonellosis, were positively associated (P<0.05) with temperature during the summer months. By increasing of the maximum monthly mean temperature of 1° C in Skopje, the salmonellosis incidence increased by 5.2% per month.Conclusions:The incidence of Salmonella cases in the Macedonian population varies seasonally: the highest values of the Seasonal Index for Salmonella cases were registered in the summer months, i.e. June, July, August and September.

Multidrug-ResistantSalmonella entericaSerotype Typhimurium Associated with Pet Rodents

An estimated 1.4 million salmonella infections occur annually in the United States. The majority of these infections are foodborne, but many are acquired by contact with animals. In August 2004, isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, which were indistinguishable from one another by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), were obtained from eight hamsters from a Minnesota pet distributor. We conducted an investigation to determine whether human cases of salmonella could be linked to this rodent-borne strain. To identify cases of human infection with S. enterica serotype Typhimurium potentially related to pet rodents, we reviewed salmonella PFGE patterns submitted to the National Molecular Subtyping Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance. Patients with isolates matching the hamster strain were interviewed about exposure to pet rodents. Implicated rodents were traced to pet stores, distributors, and breeders. We identified matching S. enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates from 28 patients in whom the onset of illness occurred between December 2003 and September 2004. Of 22 patients (or in the case of children, their parents) interviewed, 13 patients (59%) in 10 states reported exposure to pet hamsters, mice, or rats, and 2 (9%) had secondary infections. The median age of the 15 patients with primary or secondary rodent exposure was 16 years, and 6 patients (40%) were hospitalized. Thirteen associated pet stores supplied by seven distributors were identified in 10 states. No single source of the rodents was identified. The outbreak strain of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium was cultured from a patient's pet mouse and from seven hamsters from pet stores. Closely related S. enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates were cultured from rodent cages and reusable transport containers at a pet distributor. Human, rodent, and environmental isolates were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Pet rodents probably are an underrecognized source of human salmonella infection.

Clonal Emergence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (CTX-M-2)-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Virchow Isolates with Reduced Susceptibilities to Ciprofloxacin among Poultry and Humans in Belgium and France (2000 to 2003)

Antibiotic treatment is not required in cases of Salmonella enterica gastroenteritis but is essential in cases of enteric fever or invasive salmonellosis or in immunocompromised patients. Although fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins are the drugs of choice to treat invasive Salmonella, resistance to these antibiotics is increasing worldwide. During the period 2000 to 2003, 90 Salmonella enterica serovar Virchow poultry and poultry product isolates and 11 serovar Virchow human isolates were found to produce an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, CTX-M-2, concomitantly with a TEM-1 beta-lactamase. The bla(CTX-M-2) gene was located on a large conjugative plasmid (>100 kb). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated a clonal relationship between the poultry and human isolates. All these isolates displayed additional resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline as well as a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs of between 0.5 and 1 mug/ml). CTX-M-2-producing Salmonella with a reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones constitutes a major concern, since such strains could disseminate on a large scale and jeopardize classical antibiotic therapy in immunocompromised patients.

Role of the Department of Health in the implementation of the new UK Food Safety Bill

The recent statistics on notifications of food poisoning and on cases of salmonella, campylobacter and listeriosis are presented and the trends over recent years discussed. The Food Safety Bill, at present passing through Parliament is outlined and those measures proposed with particular relevance to the public health discussed. The proposed Food Hygiene Regulations on temperature control at retail outlets and during distribution, at present out to consultation, are also outlined.

Salmonellae on the grocery shelf.

Editorials1 June 1967Salmonellae on the Grocery ShelfTHEODORE C. EICKHOFF, M.D.THEODORE C. EICKHOFF, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-6-1279 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptSeveral unique outbreaks of salmonellosis in recent years have demonstrated some of the uncommon ways in which this disease may be transmitted to humans. Examples might include the massive water-borne outbreak of salmonellosis in Riverside, Calif., (1) and the cases ofSalmonella cubanagastroenteritis resulting from the ingestion of contaminated carmine dye (2). Beyond these few unusual outbreaks, however, and the continued person-to-person transmission of salmonellosis in institutions, there is little doubt that the vast majority of cases are food-borne and arise from the extraordinary reservoir of salmonellae in animals. That the most common serotypes found in humans regularly closely...