Salivary Volume Research Articles

Evaluation of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis from the mouth of patients irradiated in the head and neck region: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to quantify Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) from the mouth of head and neck irradiated and cancer-free patients. Information such as age, presence of tongue coating, salivary flow, and biofilm were collected from head and neck irradiated patients (Group 1) and compared the results with a group of cancer-free individuals (Group 2). The presence of tongue coating was clinically examined. Sialometry was performed through a stimulating technique by chewing paraffin. Microbiological samples were collected from buccal and labial mucosa and tongue dorsum. Subsequently, the samples were processed and analyzed by qPCR to detect the presence and quantify the bacteria. There was a statistical difference in the quantity of bacteria among the 24 individuals in Group 1 (A.a, 2817 ± 8718; P.g, 3145 ± 11297) and 26 individuals in Group 2 (A.a, 133996 ± 398545; P.g, 60 ± 195) regarding tongue coating (Group 1, A.a 2194.6 ± 4641.5; Group 2, A.a 92767.8 ± 333385.7) and salivary volume (Group 1, 0.69mL; Group 2, 3.09mL). The linear regression analysis found that the variable group was the main responsible for the difference in the quantity of periodontal pathogens (p-value < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the amount of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis between totally edentulous and partially edentulous (with 12 or fewer teeth) patients. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were present in significant amounts in patients of both groups, with a greater quantity in cancer-free individuals.

Submandibular Gland Preservation in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Our Analysis at A Tertiary Care Hospital.

Surgical excision forms the principal treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. The comprehensive surgical management consists of Wide Local Excision of the tumor and Neck Dissection with removal ofSubmandibular gland. The submandibular gland accounts for 70-90 % of unstimulated salivary volume. Its excision as a part of neck dissection has been found to cause high Incidence (21% vs 7%) of postoperative xerostomia. Recent studies have highlighted that the preservation of the SMG is possible and oncologically safe in early-grade OCSCC with N0 neck as the involvement of SMG in such cases is low and its preservation decreases the chances of xerostomia. 80 subjects were included in the study to estimate the prevalence of metastatic submandibular gland involvement in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. The presence of metastasis into the salivary gland was studied and the mechanism/route of involvement was analysed. The comparison was made between the early and advanced tumors for SMG metastasis irrespective of the primary subsite involvement. In the current study low prevalence (6.2 %) of metastasis to SMG was seen. It was seen in high-grade tumors only. None of the early-grade tumors showed any evidence of SMG metastasis. The most common pattern (80%) of glandular involvement was a direct extension from the primary tumor. Our study concludes that SMG preservation neck dissections can be carried out in early-grade OCSCC irrespective of primary tumor site involvement. The advantages of preserving the SMG are multiple. Furthermore, the morbidity is markedly decreased with its preservation without any compromise on oncological safety.

Black Tea Jelly Candy (Camellia Sinensis) to Increase Salivary Volume in Elderly: Preliminary Research

Background: Physiological changes in the elderly include decreased saliva production that causes dry mouth, difficulty in chewing and swallowing. Chewing gum and candies with a chewy texture like jelly can help stimulate the salivary glands. Black tea contains some phenolic and flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant properties that can increase the saliva flow rate. Objective: To determine the gap in saliva volume of elderly subjects before and after chewing black tea jelly candy compared to the saliva production when subjects chewed non-black tea candies and the control group (no treatment). This study also determined the prevalence of xerostomia in subjects. Materials and Methods: This field experiment was conducted using a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials design with a pretest-posttest control group design. 30 elderly subjects aged 45-90 years in the Tresna Werda Budi Mulia 1 Nursing home, Jakarta were selected based on the predetermined inclusion criteria. They signed the informed consent and answered the Summated Xerostomia Inventory Questionnaire (SXI). Salivary volume before and after chewing black tea jelly candy was measured using a measuring cup. Statistical tests consisting of Oneway ANOVA and Dependent T-Test were performed to analyze the data. Results: The prevalence of elderly who complaining of xerostomia in this research was 40%. There was a significant gap in saliva volume between the three groups with p = 0.002 (P&lt;0.05). An increase in saliva volume in the black tea jelly candy treatment group was identified. The average volume before intervention in the black tea jelly candy treatment group was 1.26 mL and after the intervention was 2.15 mL. Conclusion: Chewing black tea jelly candy increase the saliva volume in elderly subjects.

Transdermal pilocarpine on the skin over salivary glands to increase salivation: an in vivo study

BackgroundHyposalivation is treated using oral cholinergic drugs; however, systemic side effects occasionally lead to discontinuation of treatment. We aimed to investigate the effects of transdermal pilocarpine on the salivary gland skin on saliva secretion and safety in rats.MethodsPilocarpine was administered to rats orally (0.5 mg/kg) or topically on the salivary gland skin (5 mg/body). Saliva volume, the number of sweat dots, and fecal weight were measured along with pilocarpine concentration in plasma and submandibular gland tissues.ResultsSaliva volume significantly increased 0.5 h after oral administration and 0.5, 3, and 12 h after topical administration. Fecal weight and sweat dots increased significantly 1 h after oral administration; however, no changes were observed after topical application. The pilocarpine concentration in the submandibular gland tissues of the topical group was higher than that in the oral group at 0.5, 3, and 12 h of administration.ConclusionsPilocarpine application to salivary gland skin persistently increased salivary volume in rats without inducing sweating or diarrhea. Transdermal pilocarpine applied to the skin over the salivary glands may be an effective and safe treatment option for hyposalivation.

Baseline PSMA PET/CT as a predictive biomarker for toxicity and patient-reported outcomes in mCRPC patients undergoing 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy.

e17058 Background: The phase III VISION trial demonstrated that 177Lu-PSMA-617 (PSMA-RLT) prolonged overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Common side effects of PSMA-RLT include xerostomia, bone pain, and myelosuppression. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of baseline PSMA PET/CT (bPET) in predicting hematologic toxicity and patient-reported outcomes in mCRPC patients undergoing PSMA-RLT. Methods: Patients treated with 177Lu-PSMA-617 in the Expanded Access Program at UCLA with available bPET, toxicity data, and patient-reported outcomes (BPI, FACT-P, and Xerostomia Questionnaire) were included in this retrospective analysis. TRAQinform IQ technology (AIQ Solutions-Madison, WI) was used to conduct region of interest (ROI)-based analyses at bPET. SUVmean, SUVmax, volume (cm3), and total lesion PSMA (TLP; SUVmean x volume) of the whole-body tumor burden, healthy bone, and the salivary glands were extracted. We evaluated the following associations: 1) Whole-body tumor parameters on bPET with time to worsening of FACT-P scores (defined as a decrease of &gt;10 points from baseline) and time to first occurrence of Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity (Multivariate Cox regression model); 2) Healthy bone parameters on bPET with time to worsening of BPI Pain Severity and Pain Interference scores (defined as a 30% increase or at least 2 points from baseline) and time to first occurrence of Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity (Multivariate Cox regression model); 3) Salivary gland parameters on bPET with Xerostomia Questionnaire scores (Mixed-effect linear regression model). Results: 61 mCRPC patients were included. When evaluating associations between healthy bone SUVmean, SUVmax, and TLP with time to first occurrence of Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity, baseline hemoglobin was associated with a longer time to first occurrence (HR = 0.61, p = 0.005; HR = 0.59, p = 0.002; HR = 0.62, p = 0.005 respectively). When evaluating associations between bPET and time to worsening of FACT-P scores, whole-body tumor SUVmean, SUVmax, and TLP were associated with a longer time to worsening (HR = 0.74, p = 0.033; HR = 0.82, p = 0.01; HR = 0.91, p = 0.028 respectively). When evaluating associations between salivary gland SUVmean, volume, SUVmax, and TLP with Xerostomia Questionnaire scores, the number of cycles was associated with higher scores (mean estimate: 0.63, p = 0.003; mean estimate: 0.64, p = 0.003; mean estimate: 0.64, p = 0.003; mean estimate: 0.63, p = 0.003 respectively). Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis of 61 mCRPC patients treated with PSMA-RLT, bPET parameters were generally not predictive of hematologic toxicity or patient-reported outcomes. Of note, whole-body tumor SUV was associated with a longer time to worsening of FACT-P scores. Validation in a larger, prospective cohort is warranted.

Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands.

Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, Syn-ir nerve fibers around smooth muscle actin (SMA)-ir cells alone were infrequent; however, those around aquaporin-5 (AQP5)-ir cells alone and both SMA- and AQP5-ir cells were abundant in the sublingual and serous lingual glands. SMA-ir cells were occasionally immunoreactive for toll-like receptor 4, a Syn receptor. Syn-ir nerve fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the submandibular gland and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in all examined salivary glands. In the superior cervical (SCG), submandibular, and intralingual ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn with TH and ChAT, respectively. SCG neurons innervating the submandibular gland contained mostly Syn. In the thoracic spinal cord, 14.7% of ChAT-ir preganglionic sympathetic neurons co-expressed Syn. In the superior salivatory nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons projecting to the lingual nerve co-expressed Syn and ChAT. The present findings indicate that released Syn acts on myoepithelial cells. Syn in pre- and post-ganglionic neurons may regulate neurotransmitter release and salivary volume and composition.

Oral somatosensory alterations and salivary dysfunction in head and neck cancer patients

PurposePatients with head and neck cancer (HNC) are at high risk of malnutrition due to eating difficulties partly mediated by sensory alterations and salivary dysfunction. Clinical studies have mostly focused on taste and smell alterations, while changes in oral somatosensory perception are largely understudied. The study aimed to investigate oral somatosensory (tactile, texture, chemesthetic, and thermal) responses and salivary functions of HNC patients in comparison to healthy controls.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using psychophysical tests in HNC patients (n = 30) and in age- and gender-matched control subjects (n = 30). The tests included measurements of point-pressure tactile sensitivity, whole-mouth chemesthetic stimulation, food texture discrimination, and temperature discrimination. Salivary functions, including hydration, saliva consistency, pH, volume, and buffering capacity, were also evaluated.ResultsHNC patients demonstrated significantly lower chemesthetic sensitivity (for medium and high concentrations, p < 0.05), thermal sensitivity (p = 0.038), and salivary functions (p = 0.001). There were indications of lower tactile sensitivity in the patient group (p = 0.101). Patients were also less sensitive to differences in food roughness (p = 0.003) and firmness (p = 0.025).ConclusionThis study provided evidence that sensory alterations in HNC patients extend beyond their taste and smell. The measurements demonstrated lower somatosensory responses, in part associated with their reduced salivary function. Oral somatosensory alterations and salivary dysfunction may consequently impart the eating experience of HNC patients. Thus, further investigations on food adjustments for this patient group seem warranted.

Effects of Denture Treatment on Salivary Metabolites: A Pilot Study.

Symptoms of oral discomfort such as dry mouth are common in older people wearing dentures. Such symptoms are mainly treated symptomatically. Many of these symptoms are related to saliva, and associations with salivary volume have been reported. Although denture treatment improves symptoms by increasing the amount of saliva, the effects on salivary components remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of denture treatment on salivary metabolite changes based on salivary metabolome analyses. We enrolled 21 patients requiring denture treatment. At the first visit, and after completion of denture treatment, saliva outflow was measured under resting and stimulated conditions, samples for salivary metabolite analysis were collected, and masticatory efficiency was tested. In all participants, masticatory efficiency increased after denture treatment. Moreover, the amounts of resting and stimulated saliva were increased. Using salivary metabolome analysis, 61 salivary metabolites were detected. Substantial concentration changes were observed for 4 and 21 metabolites in resting and stimulated saliva, respectively. The four metabolites common to both saliva tests had significantly lower concentrations after treatment. These results suggest that the improvement in masticatory function by dentures is related not only to salivary secretion volume, but also to salivary metabolite composition.

Sports drinks effect on salivary volume and pH in children after exercise: a randomized clinical study.

The aim of this study was to examine the sports' related oral health behavior and the effect of sports drinks on the salivary volume and acidity of 6 to 14 years old children. Sixty-eight children with a median age of 8 years old from Waterford Tennis Association camp participated in the study. Each child was randomly assigned to either the control group that consumed water or the experimental group that consumed a sports drink. Salivary volume and acidity were measured for all groups before exercise, right after exercise and after consuming the rehydrating agent. Salivary volume was measured by dripping into a pre-measured (mL) plastic medicine cup while salivary acidity was measured using an electric pH meter with 0.01 sensitivity. Oral health behavior did not differ between the two groups. No statistically significant difference was detected in the salivary volume before and after exercise. A statistically significant increase (P=0.005) was found in the salivary volume before (1.73ml) and after re-hydration (2.92ml) regardless of the drink consumed (P=0.813). Salivary pH increased significantly (P=0.012) before (7.06) and after exercise (7.73), and dropped significantly (P=0.001) after the consumption of the rehydration drink (6.63) among the same group. The pH decrease was greater in the sports drink group (P=0.013). No difference in the children's salivary volume was found between the two groups. However, consumption of sports drinks reduces significantly salivary pH and thus, water should be the drink of choice for rehydration in children.

Epidermolysis bullosa in oral health: clinical manifestations and salivary alterations.

To evaluate clinical manifestations of EB on the oral mucosa and alterations in salivary flow. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from EB individuals. The salivary flow analysis was performed in EB and in non-EB patients. Fischer's exact test was applied to the qualitative variables, and the Mann-Whitney test was applied to the quantitative data. A total of 11 cases of EB were evaluated, and 3 types of EB were diagnosed (recessive dystrophic-RDEB; junctional-JEB; and simplex-EBS). Only individuals with RDEB or JEB showed the oral manifestation of the disease. The most affected sites were the lips (54%), hard palate (36%), and oral mucosa (27%). Ulcer and ankyloglossia were diagnosed in all RDEB cases. Regarding salivary flow, an intragroup comparison revealed an increase in stimulated versus unstimulated collection in the control sample (p = 0.0064). The EB group showed no difference (p = 0.6086). We also observed no differences in salivary volume between the control and EB groups (p = 0.7117 and p = 0.5557, unstimulated and stimulated flows, respectively). No oral manifestations were observed in EBS subjects. It is unclear whether individuals with EB are predisposed to manifest hyposalivation. Severe cases of EB show broad alterations in the oral mucosa, whereas the saliva needs to be better evaluated.

Study of Serial Exposures of an Astringent Green Tea Flavonoid Extract with Oral Cell-Based Models.

It is well known that repeated exposure to phenolic compounds (PCs) raises astringency perception. However, the link between this increase and the oral cavity's interactions with salivary proteins (SPs) and other oral constituents is unknown. To delve deeper into this connection, a flavonoid-rich green tea extract was tested in a series of exposures to two oral cell-based models using a tongue cell line (HSC3) and a buccal mucosa cell line (TR146). Serial exposures show cumulative PC binding to all oral models at all concentrations of the green tea extract; however, the contribution for the first and second exposures varies. The tongue mucosal pellicle (HSC3-Mu-SP) may contribute more to first-stage astringency (retaining 0.15 ± 0.01 mg mL-1 PCs at the first exposure), whereas the buccal mucosal pellicle (TR146-Mu-SP) retained significantly less (0.08 ± 0.02 mg mL-1). Additionally, increased salivary volume (SV+), which simulates the stimulation of salivary flow brought by a food stimulus, significantly enhances PC binding, particularly for TR146 cells: TR46-Mu-SP_SV+ bound significantly higher total PC concentration (0.17 ± 0.02 mg mL-1) than the model without increased salivary volume TR146-Mu-SP_SV- (0.09 ± 0.03 mg mL-1). This could be associated with a higher contribution of these oral cells for astringency perception during repeated exposures. Furthermore, PCs adsorbed in the first exposure to cell monolayer models (+TR146 and +HSC3) change the profile of PCs bound to these models in the second exposure. Regarding the structure binding activity, PCs with a total higher number of hydroxyl groups were more bound by the models containing SP. Regarding the SP, basic proline-rich proteins (bPRPs) may be involved in the increased perception of astringency upon repeated exposures. The extent of bPRP precipitation by PCs in mucosal pellicle models for both cell lines (HSC3 and TR146) in the second exposure (76 ± 13 and 83 ± 6%, respectively) was significantly higher than in the first one (25 ± 14 and 5 ± 6%, respectively).

INFLUENCE OF THE PATIENT’S SEX AND AGE, VOLUMES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND AND PLEOMORPHIC ADENOMA ON THE TUMOR HISTOLOGICAL VARIANTS

Aim: The purpose of the study was to identify the influence of the patient’s sex and age, the volumes of the salivary gland and pleomorphic adenoma on the histological variants of the tumor. Materials and Methods: The study included 21 women and 9 men with pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. In 15 cases, a mesenchymal variant of pleomorphic adenoma was identified, in 5 cases – an epithelial variant, in 10 cases – a mixed variant. The average age of the patients was 39.7±2.9 years. Patients with pleomorphic adenomas underwent magnetic resonance imaging using a Siemens MAGNETOM Aera 1.5T device (Germany), during which three projections of the tumor and salivary gland were measured (antero-posterior, lateral, vertical) with subsequent calculation of their volumes, and then the ratios of these volumes. Classification trees were used to determine whether patients belonged to one of three variants of pleomorphic adenoma. The CART (Classification And Regression Tree) algorithm was used as a branching option. Stopping branching was carried out using the FACT (Fact-style direct stopping) method until each terminal (final) node of the tree does not contain incorrectly classified observations or when their number becomes less than a given proportion of the total group size (less than 5%). Determination of the structure and relationships between the tumor variants and such indicators as gender, age and radiological indicators (volume of the tumor, volume of the salivary gland, ratio of tumor volume to salivary gland volume) was carried out using correspondence analysis. Results: Epithelial variant of pleomorphic adenoma is more typical for women, and the mixed and mesenchymal variant is more common for patients of both sexes. The epithelial variant can develop in patients of any age, while the mixed variant occurs mainly in patients older than 41 years, and the mesenchymal variant – mainly in patients younger than 41 years. The ratio of the volume of the tumor to the volume of the salivary gland will be predominantly &gt;0.17 in the epithelial variant of pleomorphic adenoma, predominantly ≤0.17 in the mesenchymal variant, and can take any value in the mixed variant. Conclusions: The authors conducted a study in order to identify the influence of sex, age of the patient, and the ratio of the volume of pleomorphic adenoma to the volume of the salivary gland on the histological variant of the tumor. The revealed data will be useful in the treatment and diagnostic process in patients with pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland.

Sağlıklı Popülasyonda Submandibular Bez Büyüklüğü ile Ağız Sağlığı Durumu, Cinsiyet, Yaş, Beden Kitle İndeksi Arasındaki İlişki: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma

Objective: One of the indexes that best shows the oral health status is the decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index. 65% of the saliva secreted in the body is produced by the submandibular gland. One of the best imaging methods of the submandibular gland is ultrasound. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between the volume of the submandibular gland, the gland in which saliva is produced the most, and the DMFT index. In addition, changes in the size and volume of the submandibular salivary gland depending on age, gender and body mass index (BMI) were investigated using ultrasonography (USG). Material and Methods: In this study, 240 submandibular glands (right and left) of 120 patients were examined by USG. Results: Submandibular gland volume in males; was found to be higher than that of females (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between salivary gland volume and BMI, DMFT index (p˃0.05). While the DMFT index increased with age, it did not change depending on gender. We found the mean volume of the right submandibular gland to be 4.21±0.839 cm3 and the volume of the left submandibular gland to average 4.23±0.825 cm3. The mean DMFT index was found to be 11.29±9.025. Conclusion: There is no relationship between submandibular gland size and DMFT index. There is no relationship between submandibular gland size and BMI index. In addition, males have a larger volume of submandibular glands than females.

Response of salivary flow rate to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in haemodialysis patients

IntroductionHyposalivation is one of the common oral complications in end-stage renal disease. This study aimed to assess the immediate and 3-week effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on hyposalivation in end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance haemodialysis.MethodsOverall, 80 haemodialysis patients with hyposalivation complaints (40 diabetics and 40 nondiabetics with a mean age of 59.35 ± 9.59 and 59.45 ± 9.66 years, respectively) were treated with 20-minute extraoral TENS (50 Hz and 250 µs pulse duration) applied bilaterally to parotid glands for 3 successive weeks (3 sessions per week). Besides the baseline measurement, the whole resting saliva was collected immediately after the first and last TENS sessions in a graduated test tube via the 5-minute low forced spitting method. The whole resting salivary flow rate (WRSFR) (ml/min) was calculated by dividing the collected salivary volume by the 5-minute collection period.ResultsWhen the baseline WRSFR mean was compared with its value after the first or last TENS session, WRSFR showed a highly significant increase in diabetic and nondiabetic haemodialysis patients.ConclusionsExtraoral electrostimulation via TENS is an effective therapeutic modality for hyposalivation in end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance haemodialysis.

Antisialogogue Effect of Atropine Sulfate at Dosages of 0.25 Mg and 0.5 Mg Under General Anesthesia with Ketamin

Introduction: Excessive saliva production can becomes an airway problem in conditions of decreased consciousness where there is impaired swallowing function. It increases the risk of aspiration of saliva into the airways that can result in choking. The use of premedication drugs to reduce the incidence of drug-induced hypersalivation can be done as a prevention. The anticholinergic drug class is the drug of choice for the management of hypersalivation in general anesthesia patients who have been given ketamine and ether. Ketamine as a sedating agent will provide a side effect of hypersalivation, where hypersalivation can cause laryngospasm or aspiration, as a form of prevention, anticholinergic drugs such as atropine can be given. The aim of this research was to compare the effect of antisialagogue on the administration of atropine sulfate at a dose of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg in intravenous general anesthesia patients without ETT with ketamine at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan and Putri Hijau Hospital Medan. Method: This study used a double blind RCT design. A total of 60 patients with intravenous general anesthesia without ETT with ketamine (1-2 mg/kg BW) were divided into 2 groups of Atropine Sulfas doses (0.25 and 0.5 mg) then the total salivary volume of each patient was measured and analyzed. Results: There was a significant difference between the treatment groups of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg in the volume of saliva that had been collected (P-value = 0.008). Conclusion: There was a significant comparison between the use of 0.25 mg and 0.5 mg atropine in patients at Haji Adam Malik Hospital and Putri Hijau Hospital Medan.

Salivary Calcium Level and Its Correlation with Salivary pH, Salivary Volume, and Calcium Intake in Hypertensive Female Patients with Different Blood Sugar Levels.

This study aimed to evaluate the salivary calcium level and its correlation with salivary pH, salivary volume, and calcium intake in hypertensive female patients with different blood sugar levels. This cross-sectional study included 49 female subjects with hypertension. Subjects were divided into three groups based on the HbA1c test: normal, prediabetes, and diabetes. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected using the spitting method. Salivary calcium levels were evaluated using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Salivary pH was obtained using a universal indicator pH paper test. Calcium intake was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare salivary parameters and total calcium intake within study groups. Spearman rank correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate the correlation between salivary calcium levels and all variables in the study. No significant difference in salivary calcium, volume, pH, and total calcium intake was observed within the study groups. However, a significant correlation was found between salivary calcium levels and salivary pH in hypertensive females with normal blood glucose levels. Moreover, salivary calcium levels have a significant correlation with systolic blood pressure in prediabetes and diabetes groups. This study found a decrease in all salivary parameters (calcium, pH, and volume) as well as a low calcium intake in hypertensive females, despite no significant difference found in groups with different blood glucose levels. Blood glucose levels appeared to be a confounder in the relationship between salivary calcium with salivary pH and systolic blood pressure.

Antioxidant Effectiveness of Guava Leaf Extract Mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) to Increase pH, Flow Rate, and Salivary Volume in Young Adults and Elderly Subjects

The purpose of the research is to dissect about antioxidant effectiveness of guava leaf extract mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) to increase pH, flow rate, and salivary volume in young adult and elderly subjects. This type of research is true experimental research. The place and time of the research is carried out from June to August 2021. The sample is the subject who will do the treatment totaling 40 people. Statistical analysis is performed using repeated measure ANOVA test, unpaired t test, and paired t test. The results show that clinical trials of young adults and elderly subjects who gargled using guava leaf extract mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) extracted using the maceration method and compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate showed significant results on salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and salivary volume which are carried out for 14 days. The results of ANOVA repeated measure test of guava leaf extract mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) 3.5% and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% in young adult and elderly subjects with salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and salivary volume type show that there are an average difference. Unpaired t test of guava leaf extract mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) 3.5% and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% in young adult and elderly subjects with salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and salivary volume type show that there are some an average difference. For paired t test of guava leaf extract mouthwash (Psidium guajava L) 3.5% and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% in young adult and elderly subjects with salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and salivary volume type show that there are an average difference. The mean significant increase in the measurement time interval of 14 days is because the value of sig &lt; 0.05. Keywords: Antioxidant, Effectiveness, Guava Leaf Extract, Mouthwash

Hijama (wet cupping therapy) enhances oral and dental health by improving salivary secretion volume and pH in adult patients at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, KSA: A controlled trial study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the potential effect of Hijama in promoting oral health by analyzing its effects in modulating saliva flow and pH. MethodAn open-label, non-randomized controlled trial design was conducted at the Hijama clinic of Y.A. Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medical Applications at King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, KSA. Forty-one healthy volunteers were divided into two groups: Hijama (intervention, N = 21) and control (N = 20). Saliva volume and pH were measured in salivary samples collected in a standardized fashion, 1 h before admission to the Hijama room (pre-Hijama) and 30 min after the procedure (post-Hijama) in both groups. The Hijama group underwent an additional salivary collection 7 days after Hijama. ResultEarly post-Hijama assessment showed an increase in saliva volume by an average of 1 mL in the Hijama group, whereas that in the control group decreased by 0.6 mL (p < 0.001; large effect size, Cohen's d = 1.24). Saliva pH also increased in the Hijama group by an average 0.22 but decreased by 0.08 in controls (p < 0.001; large effect size, Cohen's d = 1.22). The multivariate model demonstrated that Hijama explained 48.8% of the variability of both pH and volume together (group × time effect, eta squared = 0.488, p < 0.001), whereas time and sex had no effect. At 7 days post-Hijama, both the volume and pH of saliva had increased in the Hijama group with respect to the early post-Hijama time point; however, only the volume increase was statistically significant. ConclusionHijama enhanced salivary function and induced a significant increase in saliva volume and pH, which was maintained 7 days after the intervention. Further studies are warranted to identify other effects of Hijama on salivary glands and explore its long-term efficacy and clinical applications.

Saliva Changes in Pediatric Patients with Eating Disorders.

ObjectivesTo determine the differences between pediatric patients with eating disorders (ED) and the control group in the amount of saliva and the concentration of total amylase and electrolytes in saliva, and to evaluate the correlation between the saliva changes and nutritional status.Material and methodsThe study included 101 participants (14.34 ±1.99 years), out of which 50 participants with ED subgroups and 51 participants in the control group. Data were statistically analyzed (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square, Spearman rank correlation test, α=0.05).ResultsNo significant differences in salivary volume between the groups were found. A significant difference in the volume of saliva secreted in the 5th and 15th minute was found between the anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa subgroups. The examined anthropometric parameters were marginally or significantly positively associated with saliva volume at 5 and 15 minutes, noting a more significant correlation of the same at 15 than at 5 minutes. The patients with ED had a significantly higher concentration of inorganic phosphates in saliva while the concentrations of other electrolytes and total amylase in saliva did not differ significantly.ConclusionsNutritional status affects salivation. There is a difference in saliva volume in pediatric patients with different ED disorders. Variations in saliva electrolytes in pediatric patients with ED are possible.

The correlation of zinc serum levels and zinc intake with taste disorders in elderly patients at Babatan Public Health Center Bandung

Taste disorders, which can be caused by various factors, including deficiency of zinc levels in the body and lack of zinc, generally occur in the elderly. The aim of the study was to analyze the correlation between zinc serum levels and zinc intake, as well as the correlation between salivary volume, hypertension, and smoking with taste disorders in the elderly. This was analytical observational research with a cross-sectional method, which was conducted on 100 elderly patients, at Babatan Health Community Center, Bandung, Indonesia. The sampling was conducted through the following: interview about systemic disease history, drugs taken, and smoking habits; examination of oral cavity conditions; nutrition intake interviews; taste tests tests; and zinc serum measurement using the atomic absorption spectrometry. The data were obtained statistically. Among these one hundred elderly patients, 79 had low zinc serum levels and 94 had inadequate zinc intake. The average zinc serum in the elderly patients with taste disorders was 40.1 μg/dl, whereas those without taste disorders was 72.4 μg/dl, with a p value of &lt;0.001. The average zinc intake in the elderly patients with taste disorders was 3.4, whereas in those without taste disorders was 6.0, with a p value of &lt;0.027. Smoking correlated with taste disorders, while salivary volume and hypertension had no a correlation with taste disorders. There was correlation between zinc serum levels and zinc intake on taste disorders in the elderly patients. Smoking had a relationship with taste disorders in the elderly patients, whereas salivary volume and hypertension had no correlation with taste disorders in the elderly patients.