Salivary sIgA Research Articles

Nasal double DNA adjuvant induces salivary FimA-specific secretory IgA antibodies in young and aging mice and blocks Porphyromonas gingivalis binding to a salivary protein

BackgroundWe previously showed that nasal administration of a combination of dendritic cell (DC) targeted DNA plasmid expressing Flt3 ligand and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides 1826 as a mucosal adjuvant (double adjuvant, DA) provoked protective immunity in the upper respiratory tract of young adult and aging mice. Here, we investigated whether the nasal DA system induces secretory (S)IgA antibodies (Abs) toward recombinant fimbrillin (rFimA) of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in the saliva of young adult and aging mice. Further, we examined the functional applicability of rFimA-specific salivary SIgA Abs.MethodsBALB/c mice (8- or 48-week-old) were nasally immunized with rFimA plus DA three times at weekly intervals. Control mice were nasally administered rFimA alone. Saliva samples were collected 1 week after the final immunization, and were subjected to rFimA-specific ELISA. To examine the functional applicability of rFimA-specific SIgA Abs, IgA-enriched saliva samples were subjected to an inhibition assay in order to assess the numbers of P. gingivalis cells bound to the salivary protein statherin.ResultsThe 8- and 48-week-old mice administered nasal rFimA plus DA showed significantly increased levels of rFimA-specific SIgA Abs in saliva and elevated numbers of CD11c+ DCs in sublingual glands (SLGs), periglandular lymph nodes (PGLNs) and submandibular glands (SMGs) as well as nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT) compared to mice administered rFimA alone. Further, rFimA-specific SIgA Abs-containing saliva, in which IgG Abs of 8- and 48-week-old mice administered nasal rFimA plus DA were removed, significantly inhibited binding of P. gingivalis to the salivary protein.ConclusionsThese findings show that this DA system could be an effective nasal vaccine strategy for the enhancement of P. gingivalis-specific protective immunity in the oral cavity of adolescents and older individuals.

Evaluating the effect of aromatherapy on a stress marker in healthy subjects

Background/purposeChemotherapy is important for cancer treatment, but patients’ physical and mental stress may lead to unfavorable pain control, an increase in the risk of relapse, and a reduction in the quality of life (QOL). Recently, aromatherapy has been performed in addition to palliative care in many countries, such as Japan and the United States, but scientific evidence remains insufficient. To investigate the usefulness of aromatherapy as complementary and alternative medicine, we evaluated its influence on the immune and autonomic nervous systems.MethodsWe instructed healthy volunteers to inhale aroma oil at bedtime for 6 weeks, and measured changes in the salivary level of secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA). Furthermore, blood was collected in addition to saliva in some healthy volunteers, and the blood level of noradrenaline (NA) was measured to examine its relationship to changes in the salivary s-IgA level.ResultsAromatherapy with lavender and grapefruit oils significantly increased the salivary s-IgA level: lavender oil increased 3.5-fold (p = 0.03), and grapefruit oil increased 2.55-fold (p = 0.04). On lavender oil inhalation, there was a weak, positive correlation between changes in the salivary s-IgA level and those in the blood NA level (R2 = 0.24).ConclusionThe results showed that aromatherapy with lavender and grapefruit oils reduced stress by acting on the immune and autonomic nervous systems in healthy volunteers. In the future, its clinical usefulness must be investigated through similar examination in patients in whom the stress level may be high.

The TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB Pathway Is Involved in sIgA-Mediated IgA Nephropathy

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Previous studies have shown that secretory IgA (sIgA; an important antibody in mucosal immunity) was critically involved in IgAN immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4 which participates in mucosal immunity, may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. However, it remains unclear whether sIgA and TLRs interact to mediate the pathogenesis of IgAN. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sIgA and TLR4 interact to mediate kidney damage in IgAN patients. Methods: IgAN patients with positive sIgA deposition in renal tissues were screened by immunofluorescence assay. Patient salivary sIgA (P-sIgA) was collected and purified by jacalin affinity chromatography. Salivary sIgA from healthy volunteers was used as a control (NsIgA). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in renal tissues of IgAN patients. Human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs) were cultured in vitro and binding of sIgA to HRMCs was assessed by flow cytometry. HRMCs were cultured in the presence of sIgA (400 μg/mL) for 24 h. Transcript and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and cytokines in HRMCs were determined by qPCR, western blotting and ELISA, respectively. Finally, shRNA lentiviral particles were used to silence TLR4 expression and a small-molecule inhibitor (BAY 11-7082) was used to block NF-κB signalling in HRMCs and changes in cytokine production were observed. Results: Flow cytometry showed that P-sIgA bound HRMCs (85% positive) significantly better than N-sIgA (P< 0.05). Expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were detected in the mesangial area of IgAN patients. Expression levels in renal tissue in patients with positive sIgA deposition were higher than that in patients with negative sIgA deposition. Compared with cells cultured with N-sIgA, HRMCs cultured in vitro with P-sIgA showed enhanced expression of TLR4, increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, and increased expression of MyD88/NF-κB (P<0.05). TLR4 shRNA silencing and NF-κB inhibition both reduced the ability of HRMCs to synthesize TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1. Conclusions: Our results indicate that sIgA may induce high expression of TLR4 in HRMCs and further activate downstream signalling pathways, prompting HRMCs to secrete multiple cytokines and thereby mediating kidney damage in IgAN patients. Funding Statement: This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81570645/H0509), the Innovation Scientists and Technicians Troop Construction Projects of Henan Province (2018JR0014), the Sponsored by Program for Science & Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province (18HASTIT043), and the Major Project of Henan Medical Science and Technology Research Program (201501018). Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflicts or financial interests to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, and was carried out according to the principles laid out in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki.

The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly.

Intestinal barrier function is suggested to decrease with aging and may be improved by pectin intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of four weeks pectin supplementation on gastrointestinal barrier function in vivo and ex vivo in different age groups. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study, 52 healthy young adults (18–40 years) and 48 healthy elderly (65–75 years) received 15 g/day pectin or placebo for four weeks. Pre- and post-intervention, in vivo gastrointestinal permeability by a multisugar test, and defense capacity in mucosal samples were assessed. Sigmoid biopsies were collected post-intervention from subgroups for Ussing chamber experiments and gene transcription of barrier-related genes. Pectin intervention did not affect in vivo gastroduodenal, small intestinal, colonic, and whole gut permeability in young adults nor in elderly (p ≥ 0.130). Salivary and fecal sIgA and serum IgA were not significantly different between pectin versus placebo in both age groups (p ≥ 0.128). In both young adults and elderly, no differences in transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein flux (p ≥ 0.164) and relative expression of genes analyzed (p ≥ 0.222) were found between pectin versus placebo. In conclusion, intestinal barrier function was not affected by four weeks pectin supplementation neither in healthy young adults nor in healthy elderly.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on salivary immune responses during Marine Corps basic training.

Vitamin D's role in regulating immune responses may increase during periods of elevated psychological and physiological stress. Due to the high demands placed on US Marine Corps recruits undergoing 12weeks of basic military training, we hypothesized that vitamin Dstatus would be related to markers of innate mucosal immunity, and daily vitamin D supplementation would augment immune responses during training. Males (n=75) and females (n=74) entering recruit basic training during the summer and winter volunteered to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects received either 1000IU vitamin D3 +2000mg calcium/d (n=73) or placebo (n=76) for 12weeks. Saliva samples were collected pre-training, during (weeks 4 and 8), and post-training (week 12) in order to determine salivary SIgA and cathelicidin (indices of mucosal immunity) and α-amylase (indicator of stress). Initial (baseline) and post-training serum 25(OH)D levels were measured. Results were as follows: serum 25(OH)D levels were 37% higher in recruits entering training in summer compared with winter. A positive relationship was observed between baseline 25(OH)D levels and SIgA secretion rates (-SR). When stress levels were high during summer training, baseline 25(OH)D levels contributed to an increase in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A secretion rates (SIgA-SR) and cathelicidin-SR, the latter only in males. Vitamin D supplementation contributed to the changes in SIgA-SR and cathelicidin-SR, specifically SIgA-SR was higher in the treatment group. These data highlight the importance of vitamin D and mucosal immune responses during arduous basic military training when stress levels are increased.

Salivary Stress Biomarkers During the Lake Placid Ironman® Ultraendurance Event

Biomarkers such as salivary IgA (sIgA) have been established as valid, reliable, and non-invasive stress markers. sIgA concentrations have been reported to decrease following periods of high physiological stress, such as that experienced during ultra-endurance events. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a molecular chaperone, has been assessed primarily as a plasma/serum stress biomarker. The role of HSP70 in saliva, how it responds to extremely stressful exercise events and its correlation to changes in sIgA remain unclear. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that salivary HSP70 can be used as a salivary stress biomarker correlated to sIgA during an ultraendurance event. METHODS: Thirty-three subjects competing in the Lake Placid Ironman triathlon participated (all data, mean±SD: 38±8 yrs, 178.4±8.9 cm, 76.3±10.4 kg, 10.8±3.8% body fat, finish time 708±90 min). Environmental symptoms questionnaires (ESQ) were administered before (PRE) and 1 hour after the race (POST). Hydration status was assessed via urine specific gravity (USG). Saliva samples were collected PRE, POST, and 1 day post-race (AMPOST) and analyzed for IgA (Salimetrics) and HSP70 (Enzo Life Sciences) by ELISA according to manufacturer instructions. Significant differences among time points were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and LSD post hoc tests. RESULTS: Subjects experienced significant stress with completion of the race (708±90 min finish time, ESQ 1hPOST (20±8) vs. PRE (5±3, p<0.05), POST RPE 18±2). sIgA was decreased POST (41.71 ±20.46 μg·ml-1) vs. PRE (48.88 ±17.20 μg·ml-1, p=0.05) and vs. AMPOST (37.76 ±27.02 μg·ml-1, p=0.006). Salivary HSP70 was increased POST (3.91±3.29 ng·ml-1) vs. PRE (1.68±1.93 ng·ml-1 p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Salivary HSP70 was detectable using a commercially available ultrasensitive HSP70 ELISA. Extracellular HSP70 in the oral cavity may be a non-invasive marker of stress during an ultraendurance event and is correlated with more common salivary stress marker sIgA.

A novel role of probiotics in improving host defence of elite rugby union athlete: A double blind randomised controlled trial

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of a probiotic protocol on the incidence and severity of respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in elite rugby union athletes across an international competition season. Associations were also investigated between salivary biomarkers of stress (cortisol, alpha-amylase) and mucosal immunity (secretory(s)-IgA). DesignA double-blind RCT was conducted over 27-weeks, divided into three stages: (1) control period; (2) domestic competition; and (3) international competition. MethodsAthletes were assigned a probiotic (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) supplement. Ultrabiotic 60™ or placebo was taken with food twice daily for 17 weeks and SB Floractiv™ 250 mg added twice daily during stage three. ResultsFive infections were diagnosed by the team sports physician across the 27-weeks, three within the intervention period in athletes randomised to the placebo group. No significant group x time interaction effects for salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase or s-IgA were identified over the 27-week time period, although a significant main effect for group and time was identified for salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and s-IgA (p < 0.05 for all). When considering stage, significant differences were identified in stage one with s-IgA lower in the probiotic group (p = 0.015). In stage two and three, salivary cortisol was higher in the probiotic group (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001 respectively), and salivary alpha-amylase was higher in the probiotic group in stage three (p = 0.007). ConclusionThe probiotic protocol used in this study was associated with an increase in salivary alpha-amylase supporting its possible role as a host defence peptide.

The Dental Caries Experience in Relation to Salivary Flow Rate, SIgA and Mutans Streptococci Bacteria in Smoker and Non-Smoker Patients

Background: Dental caries is a localized, progressive destructive, largely irreversible microbial based disease of multifactorial nature; these factors include (host, microbes and food) they influence differently on the initiation and progression of dental caries. The aims of the study: was to evaluate the effect of smoking on salivary flow rate, secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) level and viable count of mutans streptococci (M.S) bacteria in oral cavity and their relation to dental caries experience. Material and method: The samples were collected from 80 male students ranging in ages from 18-22 years old. Where they divided in to two groups, 40 non-smokers (control group) and 40 smokers (study group). Unstimulated salivary samples were collected. Salivary flow rate was estimated and viable count (CFU/ml) of mutans streptococci was determined. The diagnosis and recording of dental caries were done according to WHO, 1987 criteria and the level of SIgA was determined by ELISA. Result: the result revealed that the salivary flow rate and SIgA level were lower in smoker group than non-smoker, while the means value of dental caries experience Decay, Missing and Filling tooth (DMFT) and (CFU/ml)of M.S were higher in oral cavity of smoker group than non-smoker group. Conclusion: the smoking has negative effect on salivary flow rate, SIgA and increase the viable bacterial count of M.S and dental caries in smoker patients

Effects of a polysaccharide-based multi-ingredient supplement on salivary immunity in non-elite marathon runners

BackgroundExtreme exercise may alter the innate immune system. Glycans are involved in several biological processes including immune system regulation. However, limited data regarding the impact of glycan supplementation on immunological parameters after strenuous exercise are available. We aimed to determine the impact of a standardized polysaccharide-based multi-ingredient supplement, Advanced Ambrotose© complex powder (AA) on salivary secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and pro- and anti-inflammatory protein levels before and after a marathon in non-elite runners.MethodsForty-one male marathon runners who completed the 42.195 km of the 2016 Barcelona marathon were randomly assigned to two study groups. Of them, n = 20 (48%) received the AA supplement for 15 days prior the race (AA group) and n = 21 (52%) did not receive any AA supplement (non-AA group). Saliva and blood samples were collected the day before the marathon and two days after the end of the race. Salivary IgA, pro-inflammatory chemokines (Gro-alpha, Gro-beta, MCP-1) and anti-inflammatory proteins (Angiogenin, ACRP, Siglec 5) were determined using commercially ELISA kits in saliva supernatant. Biochemical parameters, including C-reactive protein, cardiac biomarkers, and blood hemogram were also evaluated.ResultsMarathon runners who did not receive the AA supplement experienced a decrease of salivary sIgA and pro-inflammatory chemokines (Gro-alpha and Gro-beta) after the race, while runners with AA supplementation showed lower levels of anti-inflammatory chemokines (Angiogenin). Gro-alpha and Gro-beta salivary levels were lower before the race in the AA group and correlated with blood leukocytes and platelets.ConclusionsChanges in salivary sIgA and inflammatory chemokines, especially Gro-alfa and Gro-beta, were observed in marathon runners supplemented with AA prior to the race. These findings suggested that AA may have a positive effect on immune response after a strenuous exercise.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Salivary Iga-S in Children with Early Childhood Caries Before and After Restorative Treatment.

Background: Our aim was to compare salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) in children with early childhood caries (ECCG) and those who are caries-free (CFG) and verify these levels in a follow-up period after restorative treatment. Materials and methods: We selected 46 systemically healthy children in the complete primary dentition period, who were allocated into two groups: CFG (n = 23) and ECCG (dmf-s > 0; n = 23). Unstimulated whole saliva was obtained at baseline from both groups and during the follow-up period (7 days, 1, 2 and 3 months) in the ECCG group. The s-IgA was measured using an ELISA assay, and total protein was assessed using the Bradford method. We also evaluated the flow rate (mL/min), Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. counting using selective media plaques. The data were submitted to statistical analysis using the software SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc, IL, USA) with a confidence interval set at 95%. Results: Salivary s-IgA levels were higher in baseline of ECCG than in CFG (p<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between s-IgA salivary levels at baseline and the evaluations after dental treatment in ECCG (p>0.05). However, we observed two different changes in s-IgA levels among participants: one group presented s-IgA reduction, and the other group demonstrated its maintenance. It was shown that patients from the ECCG group who presented a reduction in s-IgA levels during follow-up also showed a decrease in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. count (p<0.05), in contrast to patients who did not present this reduction. The flow rate and total protein were similar between groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: The present data support the idea that children with early childhood caries present higher levels of s-IgA in saliva than caries-free children. The restorative dental treatment does not have a significant influence on salivary levels of this immunoglobulin during the follow-up period.

Positive or negative emotion induced by feeding success or failure can affect behaviors, heart rate and immunity of suckling calves

This study investigated behavioral and physiological responses of suckling calves to either positive or negative situations. Twelve healthy female suckling Holstein calves at approximately 30 days of age were randomly selected and allocated to two groups: a) a positive situation (POS) group that received a feed reward and b) a negative situation (NEG) group that experienced food frustration. Behavior, heart rate (HR), and immune parameters were measured during the emotion-inducing periods and analyzed via ANOVA. The results indicated that the POS calves showed significantly increased locomotive play but decreased self-grooming, head shaking, and tongue-rolling behaviors as compared to the NEG counterparts (p < .05). The NEG calves had the highest HR (p < .01) after negative emotion induction. Salivary cortisol (S-CORT) level significantly increased following both positive and negative emotional induction (p < .05). In humoral immunity, serum concentrations of IgA were not significantly affected by either the positive or negative situation (p > .05), but the salivary SIgA level of the POS calves was higher than that of the NEG group (p < .01). Serum IL-2 and IL-3 levels in the POS calves were significantly higher than those of the NEG group (p < .01). However, the serum TNF-α level in the POS group was significantly lower than in the NEG group (p < .05). The results suggest that hunger satiation or food frustration may induce different behavioral and physiological responses in suckling calves, presenting an interesting set of reactions appropriate in response to the emotional situations elicited by this short-term stimulus

The effects of collection and storage conditions in the field on salivary testosterone, cortisol, and sIgA values

Aim: To determine if field-typical storage and collection conditions are related to salivary testosterone (T), cortisol (cort) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as measured using commercially available kits.Subjects and methods: This study assessed whether storage time (∼6 months to 1.5 years) at −35 °C impacted levels of the measured biomarkers (n = 10,247 samples). For a sub-set of T samples (n = 2954), we also evaluated the impact of collection conditions, such as time spent at room temperature in participants’ homes (0–39 hours) and time spent in coolers (0.3–10 hours) in transit.Results: T was unrelated to storage and collection variables and there was no evidence of reduced sample fidelity at longer storage times. Cort samples stored at −35 °C for longer had significantly lower values, but the effect was small (β = −0.003 nmol/L/day, SE <0.001, p = 0.005). sIgA trended higher with longer storage at −35 °C (β = 0.84 µg/mL/day, SE = 0.45, p = 0.063). Collection and storage time variables did not improve the fit of any of the models except the one that evaluated cortisol.Conclusions: Salivary T was unaffected by extended storage at −35 °C and only a weak relationship was found between storage time and salivary cort or sIgA. Findings underscore the robustness of these biomarkers under field-typical freezer storage conditions.

SALIVARY SECRETORY IMMUNOGLOBULIN A LEVEL OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN MAINTENANCE PHASE

Objective: The objective of this research is to investigate the differences in salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels between children with gingivitis who have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and are in the maintenance phase of chemotherapy and the levels in healthy children with gingivitis.Methods: This study used cross-sectional and laboratory observation methods with 19 ALL children and 19 healthy children who all had mild gingivitis. Two mL of saliva were collected and stored at −200°C. Then, salivary sIgA levels were measured using the ELISA method.Results: The results indicate an insignificant difference (p&gt;0.05) in salivary sIgA levels between the ALL children in the maintenance phase with the level of 21.38 (7.23–107.26) and 37.26 (11.24–135.63) for the healthy children.Conclusion: There is no significant difference in salivary sIgA levels between the ALL children in the maintenance phase and the healthy children.

Psychological effects of exercise on community-dwelling older adults.

BackgroundIn recent years, there have been an increasing number of older adults who suffer from mental disorders globally.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of an intervention that consisted of an exercise program to improve the mental health of community-dwelling older adults.Participants and methodsThe recruited participants of this study were community-dwelling older adults aged ≥60 years who participated in a comprehensive health promotion program in Kakogawa, Japan. Participants in the intervention group received an exercise program that was developed for older adults using Thera-Band. To measure participants’ mental health status, a Japanese version of the short form of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF) was used. Stress markers were measured, such as salivary cortisol, alpha-amylase, and sIgA levels. All participants provided salivary samples and completed psychological questionnaires at baseline and 6-month follow-up.ResultsNo significant differences were observed between the intervention and control groups with respect to POMS-SF score and salivary biomarker profile at baseline. After the intervention, the intervention group showed a significant decrease in the POMS-SF “fatigue” score and cortisol level. No significant changes were observed in the control group.ConclusionSimultaneous changes in feelings of fatigue and cortisol levels were observed among subjects who had received the intervention of regular exercise. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of exercise intervention in improving mental health among older adults.

Breastfeeding pattern and its' association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A level in 3-to 6-month-old infants

Introduction: Breastfeeding pattern is a form of mother's behavior in giving breast milk to her baby. Breast milk supports the growth and development of the baby. The most common immunoglobulin in breast milk is secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). SIgA levels can be evaluated, one of the ways, from saliva samples examination. The purpose of the research were to determine the breastfeeding pattern and its association with nutritional status and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A level in 3-to 6-month-old infants.Methods: The research with cross sectional design was conducted in Kiara Social Pediatric-Growth and Developmental Polyclinic, Cipto Mangunkusomo Hospital Jakarta. A total of 54 healthy infants subjects aged 3–6 months old were taken using consecutive sampling method. Descriptive analysis, Chi Square, and Mann-Whitney test were used. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.Results: Our results showed that subjects with normal nutritional status were 85.2%. The median of subjects’ salivary sIgA level was 56.2 (2.5–536.4) µg/ml. There was no significant differences regarding to subjects’ nutritional status between good breastfeeding pattern group and poor breastfeeding pattern group (P&gt; 0.145), and no significant differences regarding to salivary sIgA level between good breastfeeding pattern group and poor breastfeeding pattern group (P&gt; 0.34).Conclusion: Despite its un-significant results, this study showed that normal nutritional status tended to be more prevalent in group with good breastfeeding pattern than in poor breastfeeding pattern. Re-encouragement, socialization, and education to the breastfeeding mothers is needed to improve the good breastfeeding pattern.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study.

IntroductionSaliva is vital for oral health and helps to maintain oral homeostasis. It may show qualitative and quantitative variations owing to any changes in the systemic health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease and the individuals may be at higher risk for oral health problems.ObjectiveThe study was aimed to estimate the levels of various salivary components among diabetic and nondiabetic children with similar caries status and also to analyze possible association between caries status and possible caries determinants in the saliva of diabetic children.Materials and methodsA total of 70 children in the age group of 6 to 13 years with minimal dental caries (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT/dmft >1 and <5)) were selected. Group I comprised of type I diabetic children and on medication for diabetes and group II included healthy nondiabetic children. Salivary samples were collected from the participants by passive drool method and estimation of all salivary parameters was done using autoanalyzer.ResultsStatistical analyses were done using Student’s t-test and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). There was a highly significant difference in mean glucose value between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) did not show any significant difference between the two groups. There was also a statistically significant difference in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, which was found to be higher in diabetics.ConclusionAn elevation in the levels of salivary glucose and AP was evident in diabetic children, which can be a risk marker for dental caries. There was no correlation in the levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and s-IgA levels among diabetic and healthy children.Clinical significanceThe salivary factors evaluated in the study may prove to be useful measures of caries experience in diabetic children.How to cite this article: Uppu K, Sahana S, Madu GP, Vasa AAK, Nalluri S, Raghavendra KJ. Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):71-78.

Saliva and Oral Health in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Purpose: It’s estimated that 9% of children in the United States have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and many take medications to control their disease. Since the results of clinical studies on the oral health of ADHD patients have been inconclusive, we compared salivary function and oral health in medicated and non-medicated ADHD and healthy subjects. Methods: Fifty (50) children (6-17 y; female/ male: 1:1.8) were recruited. Group 1 subjects were diagnosed with ADHD and medicated (n=16), Group 2 had ADHD and not medicated (n=17), and Group 3 were healthy (n=17). Whole saliva was collected and flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and level of secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), cortisol and total protein determined. Nonparametric statistics were used. Results: ADHD children taking medication did not show any significant change in salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and level of salivary total protein, sIgA, and cortisol compared to non-medicated ADHD and healthy subjects (P>0.5). Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) has been correlated with caries risk, but in these subjects there was no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that medicated and non-medicated ADHD patients (6-17 y) have no additional risk for oral diseases or salivary dysfunction compared to healthy controls.

Salivary levels of SIgA and perceived stress among dental students

Background: Academic stress may impair mucosal immunity and expose dental students to an increased risk of infections. Objective: to assess stress scores in dental students and their relationship with variation in SIgA levels. Methods: All students (n = 289) were invited to take part of the study, and 207 (71.63%) effectively participated, being 152 (73.4%) females. At the day of data collection, the students answered The Dental Environmental Stress Questionnaire (DES) and unstimulated saliva samples were collected for determination of salivary flow rate and SIgA concentration and secretion rate. Results: Mean DES scores were higher in females (78.97 ± 16.42), but no correlations between the sum of DES scores and salivary parameters were observed (P=0.08). A moderate inverse relationship was observed between SIgA secretion rates and the subscales Academic Performance (P=0.01), Interpersonal relationships (P=0.02) and Difficulties and Insecurities about Professional Future (P=0.05). A weak correlation was found between SIgA concentration and the items Amount of assigned classwork (P=0.02), Lack of confidence in self to be a successful dentist (P=0.01), Lack of time for relaxation (P=0.01), Financial responsibilities (P=0.02) and Personal physical health (P=0.005). Weak correlations between SIgA secretion rates and DES items were also found for Lack of cooperation by patient in their home care (P=0.003), Patients being late or not showing up for their appointments (P=0.02), Lack of self confidence to be a successful dentist (P=0.008), Personal physical health (P=0.019), and others. Conclusion: Different sources of stress were observed among first to fifth year students and some of these stressors may negatively impact on salivary SIgA secretion.

Oral symptoms and salivary findings in oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions and stomatitis

BackgroundTo examine if patients with oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions and generalised stomatitis and concomitant contact allergy have more frequent and severe xerostomia, lower unstimulated and chewing-stimulated saliva and citric-acid-stimulated parotid saliva flow rates, and higher salivary concentration of total protein and sIgA than cases without contact allergy and healthy controls.MethodsForty-nine patients (42 women, aged 61.0 ± 10.3 years) and 29 healthy age- and gender-matched subjects underwent a standardised questionnaire on general and oral health, assessment of xerostomia, clinical examination, sialometry, mucosal biopsy and contact allergy testing.ResultsNineteen patients had oral lichen planus, 19 patients had oral lichenoid lesions and 11 patients had generalised stomatitis. 38.8% had contact allergy. Xerostomia was significantly more common and severe in patients (46.9%) than in healthy controls, whereas the saliva flow rates did not differ. The patients had higher sIgA levels in unstimulated and chewing-stimulated saliva than the healthy controls. The total protein concentration in saliva was lower in the unstimulated saliva samples whereas it was higher in the chewing stimulated saliva samples from patients when compared to healthy controls. The differences were not significant and they were irrespective of the presence of contact allergy.ConclusionXerostomia is prevalent in patients with oral lichen planus, lichenoid lesions and generalised stomatitis, but not associated with salivary gland hypofunction, numbers of systemic diseases or medications, contact allergy, age, or gender. Salivary sIgA levels were higher in patients than in healthy controls, but did not differ between patient groups. The total salivary protein concentration was lower in unstimulated saliva samples and higher in chewing-stimulated saliva samples in patients than in healthy controls, but did not differ between patient groups. Our findings do not aid in the discrimination between OLP and OLL and these conditions with or without contact allergic reactions.

Low-Level Laser Therapy After Wisdom Teeth Surgery: Evaluation of Immunologic Markers (Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Lysozyme Levels) and Thermographic Examination: Placebo Controlled Study.

The goal of this investigation is to analyze the effect of therapeutic low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to have a possibility to check pain and inflammation connected with surgical removal of impacted lower third molars in general anesthesia or even phobia [not accompanied by pain or fear of dental treatment, using immunologic markers-secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and lysozyme]. The healing process was also monitored by infrared thermography. LLLT can accelerate the proliferation phase of healing and decrease the inflammatory reaction, but the effect is not really clear. The treatment group comprised 213 impacted third molars (144 laser group and 74 placebo group). Laser radiation (diode laser 830 nm) was applied. The effectivity of laser therapy was evaluated based on immunological tests, that is, before and after treatment with sIgA and lysozyme in nonstimulated saliva. Thermographic examination was performed by infrared camera. After laser irradiation, the sIgA decreases from 546.91 mg/L (SD 354.58) to 304.91 mg/L (SD 191.96), and in the control group from 602.25 mg/L (SD 343.62) to 425.62 mg/L (SD 220.51); the differences were significant, the lysozyme value being lower. After laser therapy, the laser and placebo sides in the area of the third molars were differed in 0.2°C. The 830 nm wavelength penetrates to deep-seated tissues. A positive association was found between concentration of salivary sIgA and lysozyme in the saliva after LLLT application. The deep-seated wounds after wisdom teeth extraction had no effect on temperature rise in the face.