Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers Research Articles

Salivary Oxidative-Antioxidant Profile Following Adjunctive Gaseous Ozone Administration in Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Periodontitis is associated with increased oxidative stress, which may impair treatment outcomes. Ozone therapy has shown promise in reducing oxidative stress and improving periodontal health. This study examined the impact of adjunctive gaseous ozone administration on salivary oxidative stress markers in patients with periodontitis stages II-IV and grades A-C undergoing non-surgical periodontal treatment (NSPT). Methods: Ninety patients with periodontitis were randomly allocated to either the test group (NSPT with gaseous ozone administration) or the control group (NSPT alone) using computer-generated randomization. The OzoneDTA system was used to deliver ozone at 2100 ppm for 60 s per site once weekly for 4 weeks. Clinical periodontal parameters (probing depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI]) and salivary oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA], total antioxidant capacity [TAC], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) were assessed by blinded examiners at baseline, 3, and 6 months post-treatment. Results: Mixed ANOVA revealed significant three-way interactions between time, treatment, and stage or grade for clinical and biochemical measures (p < 0.001). The test group exhibited significant improvements in TAC (mean difference: 0.45 ± 0.12 mmol/L, p = 0.002), MDA (-0.38 ± 0.09 nmol/mL, p = 0.001), and SOD (65 ± 18 U/mL, p < 0.001) compared with the control group, with more pronounced effects in stages III and IV. Large effect sizes (Cohen's d > 0.8) were observed for the test group between baseline and 6 months for all markers. Conclusions: Gaseous ozone administration as an adjunct to NSPT can effectively improve clinical periodontal parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers, particularly in stages III and IV periodontitis. The enhanced outcomes may be attributed to ozone's antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, which synergistically reduce oxidative stress and promote periodontal healing.

Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Clear Aligners versus Self-Ligating Brackets: A Non-Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of this work was to determine advanced the oxidative protein products (AOPPs), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the saliva of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear removable aligners in comparison with another group in treatment with fixed passive self-ligating brackets applying light forces, before treatment, after 30 days, and after 90 days of treatment. This non-randomized clinical trial recruited patients consecutively, all of which were over 18 years of age and due to undergo orthodontic treatment. They were divided into two groups according to treatment type: Group A, 48 patients treated with clear aligners (Invisalign®); and Group B, 19 patients treated with Damon System® 0.22″ self-ligating brackets applying light forces. Saliva samples were collected by a single clinician following the same protocol and underwent three analyses—AOPPs, TAC, and MPO levels–at baseline before placing the apparatus, after 30 days, and after 90 days treatment. Orthodontic treatment, whether with clear aligners or fixed self-ligating brackets and light forces, increased AOPPs after the first 30 days of treatment. During the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, neither clear aligners nor fixed self-ligating brackets applying light forces showed changes in TAC and MPO. Orthodontic treatment with both clear aligners and fixed apparatus self-ligating brackets applying light forces increases oxidative stress (AOPPs) after the first 30 days of treatment. There are no differences in AOPP levels between treatment with clear aligners and self-ligating brackets during the first 90 days of treatment. The antioxidative capacity of saliva during the initial phases of orthodontic treatment, whether with self-ligating brackets or clear aligners, does not undergo significant changes. With either orthodontic technique, the patients’ salivary antioxidant capacity is similar.

Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases for which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. The saliva contains protective antioxidants which statutorily curtail these destructive oxygen molecules. A functional compromise of the antioxidants may precipitate oxidative stress leading to the increased oral disease susceptibility. However, salivary markers of oxidative stress have not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. Methods: A total of 166 adults were recruited for this study. They comprised of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and processed, levels of salivary H2O2, NO and MDA were measured using spectrophotometry method and compared between the two groups. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Higher levels of oxidative stress markers including salivary H2O2 and NO in the diabetic groups could be a pointer to the characteristic high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus, given that oxidative stress predisposes to disease vulnerability. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management to minimise co-morbidity.

The Influence of Hyaluronic Acid Adjunctive Therapy of Periodontitis on Salivary Markers of Oxidative Stress: Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.

Periodontitis is a common oral disease affecting the tooth-supporting tissues. Bacteria have been long viewed as the main causative factor in its development; however, many investigations have proved that aberrant immune and inflammatory response and the resulting misbalance between the damage caused by reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant capacity of tissues may be an underlying factor in disease progression that reduces healing potential. The objective of the current trial is to assess the outcomes of the addition of hyaluronic acid (HA) to standard non-surgical periodontal therapy (NST) on some major oxidative stress markers in saliva. HA-based gel designed for dental application was used and the measurements were taken after 3 months. HA adjunctive therapy had a significantly greater increase in markers with antioxidant properties as well as total antioxidant capacity compared to standard NST alone. Furthermore, clinically measured levels of gingival inflammation (bleeding on probing-BOP) and periodontal destruction (clinical attachment loss-CAL) were significantly correlated with these markers, and the correlation was negative. This investigation demonstrates that HA may indeed express antioxidant properties and improve the antioxidant capacity of periodontal tissues, thus improving the prognosis for the teeth and the results of periodontal therapy. Further investigations will be necessary to determine the duration of these effects over time.

Effects of combined exercise on salivary oxidative stress in hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women

Aim: This study evaluated the effects of 10 weeks of combined exercise training on the salivary oxidative profile of hypertensive and normotensive postmenopausal women. Methods: Twenty-six non-obese postmenopausal women were divided into two groups: the hypertensive group (HT; n = 13; 58.9 ± 3.9 years; and BMI of 27.7 ± 4.6 kg/m2) or the normotensive group (NT; n = 13; 52.7 ± 5.2 years; and BMI of 26.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2). They performed 30 sessions of combined exercises over 10 weeks: 45 min per session, three times a week. Resting saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast to evaluate salivary nitrite levels and oxidative stress markers before and after training. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed that there was no difference in the responses over time between the hypertensive and normotensive groups in catalase, superoxide dismutase salivary activity, total antioxidant capacity, or lipid peroxidation. However, superoxide dismutase activity (δHT -0.87 ± 14.53 SOD/mg protein; δNT: 7.13 ± 9.39 SOD/mg protein; p < 0.01) and nitrite levels (δHT 10.32 ± 60.83 mM; δNT 101.92 ± 149.57 mM; p = 0.03) were higher overall in the hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group. Moreover, salivary nitrite levels increased over time (p = 0.04) in both groups. Conclusion: 10 weeks of combined exercise training did not change salivary oxidative stress markers in either normotensive or hypertensive postmenopausal women, although, after exercise training, nitrite levels increased in both groups, even with higher baseline salivary nitrite levels in hypertensive women. Thus, recurrent exercise seems to be a safe strategy after menopause from the standpoint of oxidative stress, regardless of the presence of hypertension.

Salivary Oxidative Stress Markers' Relation to Oral Diseases in Children and Adolescents.

Current evidence suggests that salivary markers of oxidative stress are indicative of clinical disease indices such as the papillary bleeding index (PBI) and the caries index (CI). The aim of this study was to assess the relation of oxidative stress markers with oral dental caries and periodontal problems in a pediatric population. In our case-control study, unstimulated whole saliva was collected from individuals aged 3–18 years (n = 177); 14 individuals were excluded. Study subjects were divided into those with caries (CI = 2, n = 78) and those who were caries-free (n = 85). These groups were then divided into another subset consisting of children (mean age 7.3 years, n = 121) and adolescents (mean age 16.1 years, n = 42). The PBI was determined in all groups. We then assessed salivary levels of oxidative stress markers. Our results showed that, the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level increased in patients with more gingival bleeding (p < 0.05) in the study group aged 3–18 years. In addition, TAC showed a significant decrease in samples with caries when compared to the caries-free group in adolescents (p = 0.008). In conclusion, TAC levels may be a marker of both gingival bleeding and dental caries in young adult populations. We hope that in the near future, prophylaxis, control, follow up and even possible therapeutic use of oxidative stress markers in a chairside way will become possible as antioxidants have been shown to be effective against oral diseases.

Markers of Oxidative Stress in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased prevalence of oral diseases for which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. The saliva contains protective antioxidants which statutorily curtail these destructive oxygen molecules. A functional compromise of the antioxidants may precipitate oxidative stress leading to the increased oral disease susceptibility. However, salivary markers of oxidative stress have not been sufficiently studied in the diabetics. Methods: A total of 166 adults were recruited for this study. They comprised of 95 Type 2 diabetic patients and 71 healthy non-diabetic controls. About 3 ml of unstimulated saliva samples were collected from participants and processed, levels of salivary H2O2, NO and MDA were measured using spectrophotometry method and compared between the two groups. Data was analysed using t-test, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with statistical significance set at p&lt;0.05. Results: Salivary H2O2 (p=0.024) and NO (p=0.002) were significantly higher in the diabetic patients when compared to the healthy non-diabetic control group. Binary logistic regression showed that patients with Type 2 diabetic mellitus are more likely to have elevated salivary H2O2 (OR= 1.013; p=0.025) and NO (OR=1.016; p=0.003) levels. ROC analysis showed statistically significant performance of salivary NO levels in distinguishing between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Conclusions: Higher levels of oxidative stress markers including salivary H2O2 and NO in the diabetic groups could be a pointer to the characteristic high prevalence of oral diseases in diabetes mellitus, given that oxidative stress predisposes to disease vulnerability. This calls for increased attention to oral health in diabetes management to minimise co-morbidity.

The significance of blood and salivary oxidative stress markers and chemerin in gestational diabetes mellitus

ObjectiveGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a medical complication of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlations between the salivary and blood levels of oxidative stress markers and an adipokine chemerin, which play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM. Materials and methodsStudy groups (Control (n = 29), GDM (n = 22)) had been assessed clinically healthy oral hygiene, according to the age range between 25 and 40 years, BMI<30 kg/m2, who were non-smokers and who were not having systemic diseases. GDM was diagnosed using a 100 g OGTT. Saliva samples were collected without stimulation between 08.30 and 10.00 a.m.. Chemerin and TrxR levels were measured by ELISA. Malondialdehyde, sulfhydryl and NO levels were determined by spectrophotometric analysis. Statistical analysis were performed by Shapiro Wilk, Mann Whitney U, Student's t test. ResultsBlood pressure, BMI, and plasma chemerin, salivary chemerin, fasting glucose, LDL, triglyceride, CRP levels in GDM were not different when compared to Control. There were significant differences between Plasma TrxR and HDL levels. Also, significant differences between salivary TrxR and Malondialdehyde levels were observed in GDM. ConclusionIt was concluded that the optimal cut-off points for oxidative stress parameters and chemerin level can be used to distinguish between healthy pregnant and GDM.

Selenium: a sole treatment for erosive oral lichen planus (randomized controlled clinical trial)

Objectives Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease with immune-mediated pathogenesis. Selenium (Se), an antioxidant, plays a role in modulating immunity. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate 2 Se forms (novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules), solely, in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers. To date, to our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the role of Se solely in treating erosive lesions associated with erosive OLP. This clinical trial has been registered in the Cochrane Database under registry number PACTR201901531815403. Methods Patients were allocated into 1 of 3 groups: group I, topical corticosteroids and topical antifungal as an adjunctive therapy; group II, novel topical Se hydrogel; or group III, systemic Se. Treatment lasted for 6 weeks. Patients were clinically evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks for reduction in pain scores and clinical lesion size. Biochemical analysis was performed for salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels at baseline and 6 weeks. Correlation between clinical signs and symptoms and salivary oxidative stress markers was measured at 6 weeks. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Tukey test was performed to assess for significant differences in mean pain scores, clinical lesion size, and salivary MDA and TAC levels at 6 weeks. One-way ANOVA was used to test for significant variations in clinical parameters at 12-week follow-up. Principal component analysis and nonmetric dimensional scaling were performed to test for correlation and possible relationships between clinical parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers. Results There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatment modalities. However, there was no significant difference among the 3 groups at 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, group II had significantly lower pain scores than group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients in group I and group III. TAC levels showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Conclusions Se can be proposed as a treatment for OLP. Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease with immune-mediated pathogenesis. Selenium (Se), an antioxidant, plays a role in modulating immunity. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate 2 Se forms (novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules), solely, in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers. To date, to our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the role of Se solely in treating erosive lesions associated with erosive OLP. This clinical trial has been registered in the Cochrane Database under registry number PACTR201901531815403. Patients were allocated into 1 of 3 groups: group I, topical corticosteroids and topical antifungal as an adjunctive therapy; group II, novel topical Se hydrogel; or group III, systemic Se. Treatment lasted for 6 weeks. Patients were clinically evaluated at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks for reduction in pain scores and clinical lesion size. Biochemical analysis was performed for salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels at baseline and 6 weeks. Correlation between clinical signs and symptoms and salivary oxidative stress markers was measured at 6 weeks. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Tukey test was performed to assess for significant differences in mean pain scores, clinical lesion size, and salivary MDA and TAC levels at 6 weeks. One-way ANOVA was used to test for significant variations in clinical parameters at 12-week follow-up. Principal component analysis and nonmetric dimensional scaling were performed to test for correlation and possible relationships between clinical parameters and salivary oxidative stress markers. There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatment modalities. However, there was no significant difference among the 3 groups at 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, group II had significantly lower pain scores than group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients in group I and group III. TAC levels showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Se can be proposed as a treatment for OLP. Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity.

The Evaluation of Saliva Oxidative and Antioxidative Markers’ Levels in Adolescents with Gingival Inflammation

Abstract Periodontal disease is highly prevalent and affects 10%–15% of the world population. Salivary markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status represent promising tool for research of oral diseases. Given the importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, the aim of this study was to determine the association between oxidative stress parameters and periodontal disease gingivitis in adolescents. The study included a consecutive sample of 80 male and female participants referred to the Institute of Dentistry, Kragujevac, Serbia, as a result of periodontal problems or for routine control, aged 18 to 21, with definitive dentition as an inclusion criterion. Patients were divided into three groups depending on their gingival inflammation status. The first group was control group (n=20) with no gingival inflammation, the second group was with mild gingival inflammation (n=19), the third group was with moderate gingival inflammation (n=21) and the fourth group was with severe gingival inflammation (n=20). Oxidative stress parameters were measured in unstimulated whole saliva samples (superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, index of lipid peroxidation, reduced gluthatione, catalase and superoxide dismutase). We have found increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and reduced glutathione in the saliva of patients with moderate levels of gingival inflammation, while the other markers were not significantly affected. In conclusion, oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis and the determination of oxidative and antioxidative levels could be a potent tool in controlling the development of gingivitis.

The Effect of Melatonin on Periodontitis.

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic disease with a complex etiology that includes bacterial colonization, excessive inflammation, and oxidative stress. The hormone melatonin has antioxidant properties and might contribute to alleviating chronic conditions by reducing oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of exogenous melatonin on periodontitis in an animal model of the disease as well as in patients with periodontitis. Methods: In rats with ligature-induced periodontitis, melatonin was administered in drinking water for two weeks. In the human study, patients with treatment-resistant periodontitis were asked to rinse their mouths with a solution containing melatonin or placebo every evening for two weeks. Periodontal status as well as salivary markers of oxidative stress were assessed at the end of the study. Results: Neither radiography nor μCT revealed any significant effects of melatonin on alveolar bone loss. Gum recession was the only improved macroscopic measure in rats (p < 0.05). Analysis of salivary markers of oxidative stress revealed no effects of treatment in rats or humans despite clearly elevated melatonin concentrations in melatonin treated groups. Conclusion: Our results do not support the use of melatonin for the treatment of periodontitis. However, the negative outcome is limited by the short duration of the study and the chosen route of application as well as the dose of melatonin.

What do we learn from the clinical and biological evaluation of the oral cavity in centenarians?

The number of centenarians is rapidly increasing worldwide and so are the studies on this segment of the population. A general consensus in the literature is that healthy longevity is an outcome of multiple factors, but the interrelationship between good oral health and healthy aging remains not fully understood. As part of the “CaT: Centenari a Trieste” study, a population-based cohort study set in Trieste, Italy, we report here the results of subjective self-reported oral health parameters and objective clinical and biological oral variables and their association with cognitive impairment in 25 centenarians enrolled in the study from September 2017 to May 2019. Oral health-related variables were recorded by means of a self-evaluation questionnaire and a comprehensive oral examination of teeth, prostheses and mucosae conducted by a trained dentist. In addition, 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) taste perception and salivary oxidative stress markers, specifically the Total Oxidative Status and Ferric Reducing Ability of Saliva, were measured. Finally, the oral data obtained were compared with the presence or absence of dementia in the enrolled subjects. The centenarians included in our study were generally satisfied with their oral health. Among the causes of discomfort, the most prevalent were difficulties in chewing and biting, with few subjects describing a correlation between their oral health and psycho-social issues. We evaluated possible relations of clinical and biological variables to the likelihood of being demented and did not find significant associations. We found a higher though not statistically significant mean salivary flow and antioxidant capacity of saliva in non-demented subjects. When evaluating the PROP taste perception profile, we found a higher proportion of supertasters compared with previous studies and different taste perception profiles according to dementia. Despite the relatively small number of participants, we believe that our study contributes to a better understanding of the clinical and biological profile of the oral cavity in subjects aged over 100 years, encouraging the inclusion of a comprehensive evaluation of the oral cavity in centenarian studies performed worldwide.

Antioxidant Responses in Hypertensive Postmenopausal Women after Acute Beetroot Juice Ingestion and Aerobic Exercise: Double Blind and Placebo‐Controlled Crossover Trial

This study is aimed to analyze the effect of different nitrate concentrations [NO3-] present in beetroot juice (BJ) on salivary oxidative stress markers after acute exercise performance in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Thirteen hypertensive postmenopausal women participated in three experimental sessions, taking different beverages: noncaloric orange flavored drink (OFD), low nitrate (low‐NO3-) BJ, and high nitrate (high‐NO3-) BJ. The participants performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill, at 65–70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), for 40 min. Saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast, 10 minutes before BJ ingestion at 7 : 20 am (0 ′), 120 minutes after beverages ingestion (130 ′), immediately after exercise (170 ′), and 90 min after exercise (260 ′). Salivary total protein (TP), catalase activity (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity by ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) concentrations were analyzed. No interaction (session∗time) was found among three sessions over time. Catalase area under the curve (AUC) was lower after both low‐NO3- and high‐NO3- consumption (p &lt; 0.001), and GSH AUC was lower after high‐NO3- (p &lt; 0.001) compared with OFD. So, the acute intake of BJ with aerobic exercise seems to decrease catalase (in high‐NO3- and low‐NO3-) and GSH (in high‐NO3-), besides not interfering with FRAP in hypertensive postmenopausal women.

Myogenous temporomandibular disorders and salivary markers of oxidative stress-A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe clinical care of chronic pain requires personalised understanding of the mechanisms involved. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are the most common chronic orofacial pain conditions, and oxidative stress has been proposed to be implicated in their pathophysiology, especially in arthrogenous TMD. However, few studies have explored oxidative stress in myogenous TMD (TMDM).ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to compare the salivary oxidative stress profiles between individuals with TMDM and healthy controls, and to explore associations of these markers with clinical characteristics.MethodologySaliva samples were collected from 39 individuals with TMDM and 37 age and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Psychological stress levels and clinical characteristics were assessed in all participants. The samples were analysed for total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidative capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase activity (SODa). Comparisons between groups were performed using parametric and non‐parametric tests depending on data distribution.ResultsPsychological stress was higher in TMDM compared to controls (P < .001). TAC levels were significantly higher (P < .05) whereas TOS levels were significantly lower (P < .05) in TMDM compared to controls. There were no differences in SODa levels between groups and no correlations were found between clinical characteristics and oxidative stress markers.ConclusionIndividuals with TMDM showed higher levels of antioxidative markers, but lower levels of oxidative markers. These results can be explained in part by chronicity and adaptation to the disease and other factors, such as psychological stress. Longitudinal studies must be conducted to clarify the role of oxidative stress in TMDM.

Salivary biomarkers of cellular damage and oxidative stress following of lower third molar surgical removal

Salivary biomarkers of cellular damage and oxidative stress following of lower third molar surgical removal

Saliva profiles in children with congenital heart disease.

The low salivary pH and buffering capacity are caused by using heart failure medications. For this reason oral health should be supported in cardiac patients, it is necessary that they attend dental clinics for regular follow up. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the salivary oxidative stress markers and salivary pH, salivary buffering capacity, salivary flow rate and dental caries of children with congenital heart disease (CHD). This cross sectional study was carried out with 42 CHD and 42 healthy children. The participants' gender, age, general health and medications, and caries scores (dfs/ DMFS) were written down, then their unstimulated saliva samples were collected. These specimens were evaluated in terms of the salivary secretion rate, salivary buffering capacity, pH, protein levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl, protein thiols, total sialic acid. Both groups showed caries at similar levels. The salivary pH and buffering capacity were significantly less in the children with CHD than in the controls. The levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl were significantly higher in the children with CHD than in the controls. There was not any significant difference relating to the mean salivary secretion rate, protein levels, SOD, FRAP, protein thiols and total sialic acid. The elevated TBARS and protein carbonyl levels in the patients with CHD were observed as an indicator of the free radical damage leading to oxidative stress.

Salivary markers of oxidative stress and periodontal pathogens in patients with periodontitis from Santander, Colombia.

Introduction: Periodontitis affects more than 20% of the Latin American population. Oxidative markers are associated with greater progression of periodontitis; therefore, its role in pathogenesis should be studied.Objective: To determine the prevalence of the main oral bacteria and viruses associated with periodontitis and estimate the total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in saliva from patients with periodontitis.Materials and methods: We conducted systemically a cross-sectional study in 101 healthy subjects, 87 of whom had been diagnosed with periodontitis (P), according to the criteria of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology, and 14 without periodontal pockets as controls (C). In subgingival samples, major viruses and dental pathogenic bacteria were identified using PCR techniques. The levels of total antioxidant capacity and malon-di-aldehyde (MDA) were determined by spectrophotometry in samples of unstimulated saliva.Results: The mean of periodontal depth pocket and clinical attachment loss in patients with periodontitis was 5.6 ± 1.7 and 6.1 ± 3.1 mm, respectively. The most prevalent microorganisms were Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (32.5%) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (18.6%). The patients from rural areas showed a higher percentage of A. actinomycetemcomitans (urban: 17.9% vs. rural: 48.9%, p=0.0018). In patients with periodontitis, the frequency of EBV, HSV1 & 2, and HCMV genes was 2.3%. Periodontitis patients had higher levels of MDA (P: 2.1 ± 1.5; C: 0.46 ± 0.3 µmol/g protein; p=0.0001) and total antioxidant capacity (P: 0.32 ± 0.2; C: 0.15 ± 0.1 mM; p< 0.0036). Oxidative markers showed no modifications due to the presence of periodontopathic bacteria.Conclusions: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was the most prevalent bacteria; its presence did not modify the levels of oxidative markers in the saliva of patients with periodontitis.

Selenium: A sole treatment for erosive oral lichen planus (Randomized controlled clinical trial).

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic disease with immune-mediated pathogenesis. Selenium (Se), an antioxidant, plays a role in modulating immunity. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate two Se forms (novel topical hydrogel and oral capsules), solely, in treating erosive OLP based on clinical evaluation and salivary oxidative stress markers. Patients were allocated into one of three groups: group I, topical corticosteroids; group II, topical Se; and group III, systemic Se. Treatment lasted for 6weeks; patients were clinically evaluated at baseline, 6, and 12weeks. Biochemical analysis for salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels at baseline and 6weeks was performed. There was a significant reduction in signs and symptoms in response to all treatment modalities. However, there was no significant difference among the three groups at 6weeks. At 12weeks, group II had significantly lower pain scores compared with group I. Salivary MDA levels showed a significant decrease in patients of group I and group III. TAC levels showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Selenium can be proposed as a treatment for OLP. Salivary MDA levels can be a biomarker for OLP disease severity.

The effects of isoflavone supplementation plus combined exercise on salivary markers of oxidative stress in postmenopausal women.

This study tested the effect of isoflavone supplementation in addition to combined exercise training in salivary oxidative stress markers in non-obese postmenopausal women. Thirty-two postmenopausal women without hormone therapy were randomly assigned to exercise + placebo (n = 15) or exercise + isoflavone supplementation (n = 17) groups. They performed 30 sessions of combined exercises (aerobic plus resistance) over ten weeks and consumed 100 mg of isoflavone supplementation or placebo. Saliva samples were collected after an overnight fast. Superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, catalase, total protein and nitrite were determined before and after ten weeks of the intervention. The ANOVA two-way analysis of variance was applied with α of 5%. Both groups increase (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and decrease catalase levels. There was interaction (time × group) in both nitrite and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances results, with increase (p<0.05) in placebo group and decrease (p<0.05) in isoflavone group. No difference was found for total antioxidant capacity or total protein. The combination of isoflavone supplementation and exercise training can promote an antioxidant effect through reduction of lipid peroxidation and concentrations of salivary nitrite.

Changes in salivary oxidative status, salivary cortisol, and clinical symptoms in female patients with temporomandibular disorders during occlusal splint therapy: a 3-month follow up

BackgroundDifferences in the expression of oxidative stress (OS) markers between female patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and healthy individuals indicate that OS plays a role in the pathogenesis of TMD. Because chronic exposure to stress generates oxidative damage during continuous stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, we expected that higher levels of cortisol might be associated with higher oxidative damage. Our aim was to test the association between OS markers, stress perception, and salivary cortisol (SC) in chronic, female TMD patients. We tracked changes in OS markers and SC during occlusal splint therapy in order to evaluate the influence of treatment on oxidative status. We hypothesized that the effects of TMD therapy would differ among individuals depending on the source and intensity of pain.MethodsSixteen female patients were recruited, and 12 finished the study. Clinical assessment and saliva sampling were performed at the baseline and follow-up appointments. Repeated measures analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation were used for analyzing the data.ResultsAfter 3 months, a significant reduction in afternoon total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was observed (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in afternoon malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.021) and a decrease in afternoon MDA to superoxide dismutase ratios (p = 0.017) were present in high-intensity pain patients. At baseline, higher levels of perceived stress were significantly associated with higher morning cortisol (ρ = 0.67). At the end of the therapy, reduced perceived stress was positively correlated with morning SC changes when considering all TMD patients, but the association between perceived stress with OS markers was present only in myofascial pain (MP) group. The effect of treatment on the self-perceived quality of life was more pronounced in female MP patients while the reduction of spontaneous pain was significantly greater in high-intensity pain patients.ConclusionOur data indicate that occlusal splint therapy in female TMD patients contributes to increasing their capacity to remove free radicals. The question remains whether or not TAC decreases in this process as a result of avoiding unnecessary processes, once the increase in antioxidants effectively compensates for OS. The intensity and the source of pain should be considered important factors in future investigations evaluating salivary OS markers and their association with perceived stress and SC in TMD patients.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03029494. Registered on 2017-01-19.