Salivary Total Protein Levels Research Articles

Variability of salivary analytes under daily conditions and their implications for periodontitis biomarkers

IntroductionRecent studies have identified inflammatory mediators as potential biomarkers for monitoring or diagnosing periodontitis. However, the brief half-life of these mediators, coupled with their variability among different individuals and across different stages of periodontal disease, may limit their reliability as biomarkers.MethodsIn this study, we assessed the concentration profile of salivary biomarkers (IL-6, IL-8, and total protein) through repeated measurements within the same day and across different days in 79 patients exhibiting various states of periodontal health: intact periodontium, stable periodontitis, and active periodontitis. Additionally, we explored how daily variations, such as the interval between toothbrushing and eating, impact the levels of these salivary biomarkers and their diagnostic efficacy for periodontitis activity.ResultsOur results showed high salivary levels of IL-6 and total proteins in periodontitis patients (p < 0.001), with detection ability reflected by an Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC-ROC) ranging between 0.709 and 0.852. Conversely, IL-8 levels were higher in patients with intact periodontium (p < 0.001), with an AUC-ROC for periodontitis detection between 0.671 and 0.815. Daily activities such as toothbrushing and eating influenced the levels of specific analytes, particularly total proteins (p < 0.001), but this did not affect their ability to detect periodontal disease activity. The highest measurement agreement, assessed by Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC), was found for IL-6, with no significant differences in agreement between same-day and different-day measurements.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated consistency in the repeated measurements of salivary analytes, both within the same day and across different days, except for salivary total protein levels. These analytes exhibited variability within a range that did not undermine their effectiveness as biomarkers for periodontal disease.

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes.

The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Background: The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods: In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results: We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions: These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes

Background: The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods: In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results: We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions: These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.

Salivary total protein levels among healthy controls, chronic gingivitis patients and chronic periodontitis patients

Background: Periodontal diseases are one of the most common chronic infectious and inflammatory diseases in the world that can be diagnosed by clinical, radiographic signs and some biomarkers. Saliva contains locally and systemically derived markers that can aid in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The aim of the present study was designed to evaluate salivary total protein levels in patients with chronic gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Five milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva samples was collected from a total of 113 individuals; each of the healthy and chronic gingivitis groups was included 39 participants and 35 patients in the chronic periodontitis group. Salivary total protein levels, gingival index (GI), papillary bleeding index (PBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level were recorded in the respective groups. Salivary protein estimation was done by direct ultraviolet absorption method, and determination was based on biuret method. Results: The mean salivary total protein levels in the healthy, chronic gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis groups were 1.52, 2.58, and 6.30 g/dl, respectively. The salivary total protein levels of gingivitis and periodontitis patients were 1.6 and 4.2 times higher than healthy controls, which were statistically significant (P < 0.001). In addition, GI (r = 0.476) and PBI (r = 0.490) were significantly correlated with protein levels in gingivitis patients. However, PPD was significantly correlated with protein contents in only periodontitis patients (r = 0.387). Conclusions: Increased total protein levels are related to the severity of periodontal diseases, and it may serve as a biomarker in inflammation of the periodontium.

Salivary arginase activity after mechanical-chemical therapy

Abstract Introduction Salivary components can be used as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring oral diseases. There is evidence that one potential biomarker, arginase, is associated with the inflammatory processes of periodontal disease, and its enzymatic activity is reduced according to the improvement in the clinical parameters after treatment. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the salivary arginase activity in gingivitis and periodontitis patients treated with full-mouth mechanical procedures combined with the adjunctive use of essential oils or chlorhexidine mouthwash, respectively. Material and method Twenty-six gingivitis and 16 periodontitis patients received complete periodontal examinations at the baseline and 3 months after therapy, in which the periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and gingival index measurements were taken. At these same appointments, the salivary total protein level and salivary arginase activity were also established via spectrophotometry. Result There were improvements in all of the clinical parameters (p < 0.05) evaluated from the baseline to 3 months in both groups. In addition, the salivary arginase activity and total protein levels were reduced after the gingivitis treatment. Conclusion Similar to the clinical results, both therapeutic protocols positively affected the salivary arginase activity; however, further studies are necessary to clarify its potential as a salivary biomarker for periodontal monitoring.

Salivary and Serum Biochemical Alterations in Patients with Acute Viral Hepatitis

Viral hepatitis represents a major health problem worldwide. Approximately 1.4 million people are infected with hepatitis A virus every year, although given that most of the cases evolve asymptomatically the real number could be even higher. At the same time, hepatitis B virus affects up to 30% of the world population and represents one of the main causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, it is very important to understand the physiopathology of viral hepatitis A and B not only for the diagnosis, but also for the therapeutic protocol. The present research aimed to determine if HAV and HBV can alter serum and salivary levels of total protein and of 2 important electrolytes: calcium and potassium.

A concise assessment of salivary modifications in patients with chronic hepatitis

Background. Saliva is a complex biological fluid that has great potential as a diagnosis fluid for both oral and systemic diseases. At the same time, chronic hepatitis affects millions of people worldwide and can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this context, our research group aimed to evaluate the modifications produced in the saliva of patients with chronic hepatitis compared to healthy subjects. Material and method. The present work included 88 subjects that were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 22 people. Saliva samples were collected for each participant to the study. Salivary levels of total protein (TP), IgA, IgG and aminotransferases AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase) were determined. Results. Our results showed significantly increased salivary levels of TP, IgA, AST and ALT for patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CHV) and chronic alcoholic hepatitis (CAH) compared to controls. IgG salivary levels were also higher in patients with hepatitis versus controls, however while statistical significance could be found for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and CAH, this was not the case for the patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Conclusions. The results of our study showed significantly increased salivary levels of the determined parameters in hepatitis patients compared to the healthy subjects, hence promoting the use of saliva as a diagnosis and monitoring fluid for chronic hepatitis.

Investigation of the N-terminal coding region of MUC7 alterations in dentistry students with and without caries.

ABSTRACTHuman low-molecular weight salivary mucin (MUC7) is a small, secreted glycoprotein coded by MUC7. In the oral cavity, they inhibit the colonization of oral bacteria, including cariogenic ones, by masking their surface adhesions, thus helping saliva to avoid dental caries. The N-terminal domain is important for low-molecular weight (MG2) mucins to contact with oral microorganisms. In this study, we aimed to identify the N-terminal coding region of the MUC7 gene between individuals with and without caries. Forty-four healthy dental students were enrolled in this study; 24 of them were classified to have caries [decayed, missing, filled-teeth (DMFT) = 5.6] according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and 20 of them were caries-free (DMFT = 0). Simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) and gingival index (GI) were used to determine the oral hygiene and gingival conditions. Total protein levels and salivary total protein levels and salivary buffer capacity (SBC) were determined by Lowry and Ericsson methods. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood cells of all the participants and genotyping was carried out by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing method. No statistical differences were found between two groups in the terms of salivary parameters, oral hygiene and gingival conditions. We detected one common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that leads to a change of asparagine to lysine at codon 80. This substitution was found in 29.0 and 40.0%, respectively, of the groups with and without caries. No other sequence variations were detected. The SNP found in this study may be a specific polymorphism affecting the Turkish population. Further studies with extended numbers are necessary in order to clarify this finding.

Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Therapeutic Approach Involving Mechanical Salivary Stimulation

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of salivary stimulation therapy on the salivary flow, quality of saliva, and symptoms in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). BMS is a chronic disorder characterized by a burning sensation. Some reports have proposed a role for saliva in the pathogenesis of BMS. Twenty-six BMS patients underwent treatment with salivary mechanical stimulation. Resting and stimulated saliva were collected before and after therapy. Salivary levels of total protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and nerve growth factor were assessed before and 90 days after therapy by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant reduction in the burning sensation and number of burning sites as well as an improvement of taste disturbances and xerostomia were observed after therapy. The salivary flow was not significantly modified. However, the therapy resulted in a significant decrease in salivary levels of total protein and an increase of tumor necrosis factor-α. Salivary mechanical stimulation therapy is effective in reducing clinical symptoms of BMS.

Comparative Assessment of Levels of Total Proteins in Saliva on Control and Diabetic Patients

Abstract Diabetic Patients frequently report for Dental prob-lems; however assessment of their diabetic status thou-gh empirical is quiet challenging. Either patients do not know about their diabetic status or are not willing to get it done due to financial constraints or chances of cross infection. Some of them get it checked but do not report at proper time. Though serum analysis has alwa-ys been a gold standard for diagnosis of various dise-ases, but serum assessment at dental clinic is not pos-sible because of non-existence of such culture. In the recent past assessment of other body fluids such as Saliva as diagnostic tool has gained importance. Aim of this study was thus to assess level of Total Proteins in saliva of control and diabetics and correlate between Total Protein levels and incidence of caries and gin-gival health. Study was conducted on 90 subjects; 30 control and 60 diabetics. Sample was selected on the basis of history, HbA1c levels, serum sugar levels and salivary sugar levels. Un-stimulated whole saliva from diabetics and control group was then collected, stored and freezed at -20°C. Saliva samples were then defros-ted centrifuged and its supernatant portion was analy-zed by Dimension Clinical Chemistry System for Total Proteins. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results showed that salivary Total protein levels were higher for the diseased group when compared with control group and were correlated statistically signifi-cantly with caries and poor gingival health. Key Words: Serum Glucose Level, Salivary Total Protein Level, Diabetes Mellitus, Caries, Gingival Health.

Alteration in Salivary Components of Children with Allergic Asthma

ABSTRACTAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Salivary analysis of oral inflammatory and local humoral immune response should give additional information on the role of salivary components in asthmatic children.This study aimed to evaluate the oral inflammatory and humoral immune status in children with allergic asthma. Samples of unstimulated whole saliva from 32 children with allergic asthma (14 patients treated with corticosteroids and 18 patents treated only with antihistamines) and 20 control children were analyzed for salivary levels of total protein, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin, determinated by colorimetric, radial immunodiffusion and imunoturbidimetry methods.Salivary CRP and haptoglobin were significantly higher amoung children with allergic asthma compared to controls. Lower sIgA and elevated levels of CRP were found in allergic children treated with corticosteroid. Salivary level of IgG, haptoglobin and CRP were significantly higher in allergic patients treated with antihistamine compared to healthy children. Children under corticosteroid therapy showed lower level of sIgA compared to asthmatic children under antihistamine therapy. A significant correlation between total protein/haptoglobin and IgG/sIgA for children with allergic asthma was found.The results suggest that the higher salivary levels of CRP and haptoglobin may be an answer to allergic inflammation and severity of asthma.

Massage After Exercise-Responses of Immunologic and Endocrine Markers: A Randomized Single-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

The effectiveness of massage for postexercise recovery remains unclear, despite numerous studies on this issue. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of massage on endocrine and immune functions of healthy active volunteers after intense exercise. After repeated Wingate tests, the effects of whole-body massage and placebo on salivary cortisol, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and total protein levels were compared using a between-group design. Sixty healthy active subjects (23 women, 37 men) underwent 2 exercise protocol sessions at least 2 weeks apart and at the same time of day. The first session familiarized participants with the protocol. In the second session, after a baseline measurement, subjects performed a standardized warm-up followed by three 30-second Wingate tests. After active recovery, subjects were randomly allocated to massage (40-minute myofascial induction) or placebo (40-minute sham electrotherapy) group. Saliva samples were taken before and after the exercise protocols and after recovery. In both groups, the exercise protocol induced a significant increase in cortisol (p < 0.001), decrease in salivary IgA (sIgA) (p < 0.001), and increase in total proteins (p = 0.01) in saliva. Generalized estimating equations showed a significant effect of massage on sIgA rate (p = 0.05), a tendency toward significant effect on salivary total protein levels (p = 0.10), and no effect on salivary flow rate (p = 0.55) or salivary cortisol (p = 0.39). The sIgA secretion rate was higher after the recovery intervention than at baseline among women in the massage group (p = 0.03) but similar to baseline levels among women in the placebo group (p = 0.29). Massage may favor recovery from the transient immunosuppression state induced by exercise in healthy active women, of particular value between high-intensity training sessions or competitions on the same day.

Evaluation of salivary sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar in oral cancer: A preliminary report

Detection of cancer at the early stage is of utmost importance to decrease the morbidity and mortality of the disease. Apart from the conventional biopsy, noninvasive methods like analysis of saliva may provide a cost-effective approach for screening a large population. Thus, this study aimed to estimate salivary levels of sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar in the oral cancer patients and in healthy control group to evaluate their role in diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 30 healthy controls (Group I) and 30 squamous cell carcinoma patients (group II). Estimations of salivary levels of sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar were performed. This was correlated histopathologically with the grades of carcinoma. The Student's ' t ' test and multivariate regression analysis were performed. The results showed that salivary levels of total protein, total sugar, protein-bound sialic acid, and free sialic acid were significantly higher in oral cancer patients compared to those of normal healthy controls ( P values in all the results were less than 0.001). The salivary free sialic acid levels were found to be significantly higher in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma than in moderately differentiated carcinoma ( P < 0.001). However, protein-bound sialic acid, total proteins, and total sugars did not show any statistical significance between well and moderately differentiated carcinomas. Biochemical analysis of saliva can be used in early detection of cancer and is best correlated with histopathological degree of squamous cell carcinoma.

Salivary total protein and experimental Coriolis sickness.

Symptomatic reporting has been used in quantifying the severity of motion sickness including Coriolis sickness. This study was designed to objectively examine if the dynamic changes of salivary protein concentration relate to the severity of Coriolis sickness. Healthy adults with normal vestibular function underwent a modified Coriolis Sickness Susceptibility Index (CSSI) test, utilizing a staircase profile. Salivary samples were obtained prior to stimulation, 15, 30, and 45 min following stimulus onset, and/or upon reaching "nausea-II" endpoint. Total protein concentration tended to rise over the initial 30 min of stimulation, and then level off or decline. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-stimulation and 30 min samples. Although some variability existed among the subjects, the general pattern of changes along the time course was similar. An inverse correlation approaching statistical significance was found between control (non-stimulus) total protein levels, and minutes of Coriolis stimulation required to reach the "nausea-II" endpoint. Thus, baseline salivary total protein levels can be of use in predicting susceptibility of Coriolis sickness and other forms of motion sickness.