Abstract
Abstract Introduction Salivary components can be used as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring oral diseases. There is evidence that one potential biomarker, arginase, is associated with the inflammatory processes of periodontal disease, and its enzymatic activity is reduced according to the improvement in the clinical parameters after treatment. Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the salivary arginase activity in gingivitis and periodontitis patients treated with full-mouth mechanical procedures combined with the adjunctive use of essential oils or chlorhexidine mouthwash, respectively. Material and method Twenty-six gingivitis and 16 periodontitis patients received complete periodontal examinations at the baseline and 3 months after therapy, in which the periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and gingival index measurements were taken. At these same appointments, the salivary total protein level and salivary arginase activity were also established via spectrophotometry. Result There were improvements in all of the clinical parameters (p < 0.05) evaluated from the baseline to 3 months in both groups. In addition, the salivary arginase activity and total protein levels were reduced after the gingivitis treatment. Conclusion Similar to the clinical results, both therapeutic protocols positively affected the salivary arginase activity; however, further studies are necessary to clarify its potential as a salivary biomarker for periodontal monitoring.
Highlights
Salivary components can be used as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring oral diseases
Arginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea, and it can be found in mammalian tissues in two isoforms: type-I arginase (Arg-I), which is present in the cytosol and a critical hepatic metabolism enzyme, and type-II arginase (Arg-II), which is located in the mitochondria of extrahepatic tissues and modulates the L-arginine levels for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), polyamines, and proteins[7]
M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory that do not modulate the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene, but they are up-regulated by Arg-I, which is induced by the cytokines released from type 2 helper T (Th-2) cells
Summary
Salivary components can be used as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring oral diseases. Material and method: Twenty-six gingivitis and 16 periodontitis patients received complete periodontal examinations at the baseline and 3 months after therapy, in which the periodontal probing depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index, and gingival index measurements were taken At these same appointments, the salivary total protein level and salivary arginase activity were established via spectrophotometry. The increased salivary arginase levels[5] observed in the course of periodontal disease and their subsequent reduction after treatment[6] suggest the involvement of arginase in the inflammatory process. High Arg-1 levels accelerate the hydrolysis of L-arginine, releasing L-ornithine for the synthesis of polyamines and proline, which are essential for cell growth and collagen synthesis, respectively[8,9]
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