Salivary IL-1β Research Articles

Abstract 4067: Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva

Abstract There is controversy on the effects of the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. Conflicting results were reported on the association between cell phone use and parotid tumor development. Chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk for cancer, such as seen in ulcerative colitis. To evaluate the effect that cell phone use has on the parotid gland, cytokine expression profile was determined in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self-reported cell phone use and laterality. The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α by ELISA. After multiple testing correction, decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1β salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (p<0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL-10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids (p = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes. We conclude that exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL-10 and IL-1β levels. These findings suggest a pro-inflammatory profile on parotid naturally exposed to cell phones, which can be associated not only to the radiation emitted by the device but with the warming caused by radiation and the battery of the cell during use. Supported by: FAPEMIG (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), Brazil Citation Format: Ricardo S. Gomez, Elisa C. Siqueira, Fabrício Tinôco A. Souza, Efigênia F. Ferreira, Renan P. Souza, Eitan Friedman, Marcus V. Gomez, Carolina C. Gomes. Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4067.

Aloin Inhibits Interleukin (IL)-1β-Stimulated IL-8 Production in KB Cells.

Interleukin (IL)-1β, which is elevated in oral diseases including gingivitis, stimulates epithelial cells to produce IL-8 and perpetuate inflammatory responses. This study investigates stimulatory effects of salivary IL-1β in IL-8 production and determines if aloin inhibits IL-1β-stimulated IL-8 production in epithelial cells. Saliva was collected from volunteers to determine IL-1β and IL-8 levels. Samples from volunteers were divided into two groups: those with low and those with high IL-1β levels. KB cells were stimulated with IL-1β or saliva with or without IL-1 receptor agonist or specific mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. IL-8 production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MAPK protein expression involved in IL-1β-induced IL-8 secretion was detected by Western blot. KB cells were pretreated with aloin, and its effect on IL-1β-induced IL-8 production was examined by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Saliva with high IL-1β strongly stimulated IL-8 production in KB cells, and IL-1 receptor agonist significantly inhibited IL-8 production. Low IL-1β-containing saliva did not increase IL-8 production. IL-1β treatment of KB cells induced activation of MAPK signaling molecules as well as nuclear factor-kappa B. IL-1β-induced IL-8 production was decreased by p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor treatment. Aloin pretreatment inhibited IL-1β-induced IL-8 production in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited activation of the p38 and ERK signaling pathway. Finally, aloin pretreatment also inhibited saliva-induced IL-8 production. Results indicated that IL-1β in saliva stimulates epithelial cells to produce IL-8 and that aloin effectively inhibits salivary IL-1β-induced IL-8 production by mitigating the p38 and ERK pathway. Therefore, aloin may be a good candidate for modulating oral inflammatory diseases.

Biobehavioral Examination of Religious Coping, Psychosocial Factors, and Executive Function in Homebound Older Adults

Introduction: Although many homebound older adults cope well using various resources, including religious coping strategies, some experience prolonged and unresolved psychosocial distress resulting in biological disruptions, such as hypercortisolism and increased inflammation, which are suggested mechanisms of decreased executive function. Purpose: To examine relationships of religious coping, psychosocial factors (stress, depression, loneliness), salivary biomarkers (cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β), and executive function. Methods: Data were collected cross-sectionally from 88 older adults (mean age 75.3). Religious coping, stress, depression, loneliness, and cognitive function were measured with standardized instruments, and saliva samples were collected for salivary cortisol, CRP, and IL-1β. Results: Negative religious coping significantly and positively correlated with stress, depression, and loneliness (r = 0.46, r = 0.21, r = 0.47, all p < 0.05); positive religious coping significantly and negatively correlated with depression and loneliness (r = −0.29, r = −0.23, both p < 0.05); and greater loneliness significantly predicted greater CRP (p < 0.05). For executive function, IL-1β showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.23, p = < 0.05). Discussion: Our findings fill gaps related to biobehavioral interactions of religious coping and cognitive health in the aging population. Future research should include additional psychosocial and biobehavioral variables in larger samples of diverse and vulnerable populations. Collective findings may be able to identify particularly vulnerable subgroups of population, ultimately with tailored interventions to prevent cognitive decline.

Effect of scaling and root planing with and without adjunct use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash on whole salivary interleukin-1β levels in patients with periodontal disease: A short-term follow-up study.

The aim of the present short-term follow-up study was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct use of an essential-oil-based mouthwash (EOBM) on whole salivary interleukin (IL)-1beta (β) levels in patients with periodontal disease. Ninety individuals with periodontal disease were divided into two groups. Patients in group 1 underwent SRP and were instructed to rinse with 10 mL of an EOBM twice daily for 30 days. Patients in group 2 underwent SRP and were instructed to rinse with 10 mL of water twice daily for 30 days. Whole saliva samples were collected, and IL-1β levels were measured at baseline and after 60 days of treatment. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. At baseline, whole salivary IL-1β levels were comparable among patients in groups 1 (135.6 ± 13.5 μg/mL) and 2 (141.2 ± 5.4 μg/mL). After 60 days of follow-up, there is a significant decrease in whole salivary IL-1β levels among patients in group 1 (10.2 ± 6.4 μg/mL) as compared to those in group 2 (56.6 ± 10.2 μg/mL) (P < 0.01). SRP, when performed with adjunct use of an EOBM, is more effective in reducing whole salivary IL-1β levels as compared to when SRP is performed without the use of an EOBM.

Cell phone use is associated with an inflammatory cytokine profile of parotid gland saliva.

There is controversy on the effects of the non-ionizing radiation emitted by cell phones on cellular processes and the impact of such radiation exposure on health. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cell phone use alters cytokine expression in the saliva produced by the parotid glands. Cytokine expression profile was determined by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in the saliva produced by the parotid glands in healthy volunteers, and correlated with self-reported cell phone use and laterality. The following parameters were determined, in 83 Brazilian individuals in saliva produced by the parotid glands comparing the saliva from the gland exposed to cell phone radiation (ipsilateral) to that from the contralateral parotid: salivary flow, total protein concentration, interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interferon γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) salivary levels by ELISA. After multiple testing correction, decreased IL-10 and increased IL-1β salivary levels in the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side (P < 0.05) were detected. Subjects who used cell phones for more than 10 years presented higher differences between IL-10 levels in ipsilateral versus contralateral parotids (P = 0.0012). No difference was observed in any of the tested parameters in correlation with cell phone monthly usage in minutes. The exposure of parotid glands to cell phones can alter salivary IL-10 and IL-1β levels, consistent with a pro-inflammatory microenvironment that may be related to heat production.

Salivary IL-1β and red complex bacteria as predictors of the inflammatory status in sub-peri-implant niches of subjects with peri-implant mucositis.

Salivary biomarkers may enhance diagnostic sensitivity for peri-implant disease assessment. This study aimed to investigate the association of salivary periodontopathogen count and salivary interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) level with the peri-implant crevicular fluid IL-1β response at peri-implant mucositis (PM) sites among subjects with differing periodontal disease susceptibility. Eighty-seven partially edentulous subjects having at least one implant with peri-implant mucositis were included: 40 with history of chronic periodontitis (P) and 47 with no history of periodontitis (NP). Salivary IL-1β, peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) IL-1β, and salivary red complex pathogen counts were recorded. Subjects were scored according to a threshold salivary pathogen level of more than 5log (10) counts and assigned a "red complex score." Quartiles of salivary and PICF IL-1β levels were also scored. Area under receiver operating curve (AUC) was computed to predict the highest PICF IL-1β score using salivary biomarker as predictors and age-adjusted logistic regression performed for the significant predictors. In the NP group, red complex score (AUC=0.758 P=0.010) (odds ratio=1.377) and salivary IL-1β (AUC=0.708 P=0.038) (odds ratio=2.506) were significant predictors of highest PICF IL-1β quartile score. In the P group, no significant associations were noted. Salivary biomarkers could distinguish the "high" pro-inflammatory responders at PM sites only in subjects without inherent periodontal disease susceptibility. Periodontal susceptibility may impact the immuno-inflammatory response in sub-peri-implant niches of those with peri-implant mucositis.

Adversity in preschool-aged children: Effects on salivary interleukin-1β

Exposure to early life adversity is linked to impaired affective, cognitive, and behavioral functioning and increases risk for various psychiatric and medical conditions. Stress-induced increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a biological mechanism of these effects. Few studies have examined cytokine levels in children experiencing early life adversity, and very little research has investigated cytokines or other markers of inflammation in saliva. In the present study, we examined salivary interleukin (IL)-1β and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in relation to stress exposure in 40 children aged 3 to 5 years who were enrolled in a larger study of early life adversity. Childhood maltreatment status was assessed via review of child welfare records. Contextual stress exposure, traumatic life event history, and symptoms of psychopathology were assessed via caregiver interviews at a home visit. In a subsequent visit, salivary IL-1β and CRP were obtained before and after participation in four emotion-eliciting tasks. The number of past-month contextual stressors, lifetime contextual stressors, and traumatic life events each demonstrated a significant main effect on IL-1β. Baseline IL-1β was positively associated with each of the significant main-effect adversities. Postchallenge IL-1β displayed positive associations with each adversity variable, but these were not significant. CRP was not significantly associated with any of the adversity variables. Given the evidence suggesting the involvement of IL-1β in the neuropathology of psychiatric conditions, these results may have important implications for developmental outcomes.

Proteolytic activity and cytokine up-regulation by non-albicans Candida albicans.

Mouth is an important source of infections and oral infections such as Candida infections increase the risk of mortality. Our purpose was to investigate differences in proteolytic activity of non-albicans Candida albicans (non-albicans Candida) between clinical isolates and laboratory samples. The second aim was to assess the concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α in saliva of patients with the non-albicans Candida and Candida-negative saliva samples. Clinical yeast samples from our laboratory were used for analyses. Candida strains were grown in YPG at 37°C for 24h in water bath with shaking. The activity of Candida proteinases of cell and cell-free fractions were analyzed by MDPF-gelatin zymography. The levels of IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α were measured from saliva with ELISA. The study showed differences in the proteolytic activity among the non-albicans Candida strains. C. tropicalis had higher proteolytic activity when compared to the other strains. Significant difference was found in salivary IL-1β levels between the non-albicans Candida and control strains (P<0.002). The present findings showed differences in proteolytic activity among the non-albicans Candida strains. The increased IL-1β concentration may be one of the host response components associated with non-albicans Candida infection.

The Effect of AcceleDent® Device on Both Gingival Health Condition and Levels of Salivary Interleukin-1-βEta and Tumor Necrosis Factors-Alpha in Patients under Fixed Orthodontic Treatment

Traditional orthodontic treatment takes a long time and this may lead to several disadvantages like higher predisposition to periodontal diseases and dental caries. Recently, many researchers focus on shorter orthodontic treatment time through different methods like the use of: vibration, surgical approach, adjunctive medicine, laser and others. This study aimed to determine the effect of Acceledent vibration device on the gingival health condition and the changes in levels of salivary IL-1β and TNF- α among patients under fixed orthodontic appliance during orthodontic treatment. Material and Methods: A total of 32 adult patients with an age ranged between 19-23 years were participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: 14 patients under fixed orthodontic appliance with the use of Acceledent vibration device as study group and 18 patients under fixed orthodontic appliance only as control group. All patients were with Class I and /or Class II malocclusion cases requiring bilateral extraction of their maxillary first premolar teeth, underwent a session of professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions before and during the period of study. The collection of the unstimulated salivary samples from the individuals was performed at different times after placement of the fixed orthodontic appliance; base line (T0), after 1 hour (T1), after one week (T2), after two week (T3). The levels of salivary IL-1β and TNF-α were estimated by using commercially available ELISA kits. Oral cleanliness were determined by using of gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI). Results: For both study and control groups, results reported that the mean value of salivary IL-1-β (pg/ml) and TNF-α (pg/ml) were highest at T1, followed by T2, then T3 and lowest T0 with highly statistically significant difference (P<0.01).The mean value of both salivary IL-1-β (pg/ml) and TNF-α (pg/ml) among study group were higher than control group at T1, followed by T2, then T3 with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Among study group only, results of this study recorded a negative direction correlation between both IL-1-β (pg/ml) and TNF-α (pg/ml) and gingivitis at the (T2 and T3) and (T3) with statistically highly significant and significant respectively. Conclusion: The application of Acceledent device play important role in improving the gingival health condition and increasing the levels of salivary IL-1β and TNF-α secretion among patients under fixed orthodontic appliance in comparison to other under fixed orthodontic appliance.

AB0515 Salivary Alpha-Amylase and Antichromatin Antibody Are Elevated and Associated with Disease Activity in Sle

BackgroundPsychological stress has been known as one of triggering factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Saliva can be obtained easily without any invasive or painful procedure. Previously it has not...

Evaluation of Salivary Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) Level in Relation to the Periodontal Status in Smoker and Non-smoker Individuals

Background: Smoking is the major risk factor in the periodontal diseases. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), have been associated with the immunopathology of periodontitis. IL-1β has been particularly studied as a critical determinant of tissue destruction in periodontitis. Patients and Methods: The sample comprised 80 male volunteers (40 smokers and 40 non-smokers); aged 25-40 year old. Personal information was obtained from all subjects. Periodontal condition was measured including plaque index, bleeding index and clinical attachment level and bone loss. The assay of IL-1β was performed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Chi square test, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results: The reported mean value of plaque index was significantly higher among non smoker, and smoker periodontitis (1.72, and 1.87, respectively) than non-smoker, and smoker healthy groups (0.44, and 0.64 respectively) (P=0.000). The mean value of bleeding on probing was significantly higher among non-smoker and smoker periodontitis (0.22, and 0.06 respectively) than nonsmoker and smoker healthy groups (0.04, and 0.01 respectively) (P=0.000). The mean value of IL-1β was significantly higher among smoker and non-smoker periodontitis (525.8 pg/ml, 357 pg/ml, respectively) than group of smoker and non-smoker healthy persons (124 pg/ml, 81.5 pg/ml, respectively) (P=0.000). Smokers with periodontitis reported significantly higher CAL than non-smokers with periodontitis (3.02 and 2.5, respectively) (p value ≤ 0.05). The bone loss was significantly higher among smokers with periodontitis than non-smoker with periodontitis (2.6, 2.14, respectively) (P value=0.04). The correlation between salivary IL-1β and PI, BOP, CAL, bone loss was significant (r=0.773, 0.335, 0.941, 0.939 respectively) (correlation <0.001) (for all clinical parameters). Conclusions: Positive association was observed between periodontal diseases and smoking, salivary IL-1β were positively associated with clinical signs of periodontal disease and it appears to serve as biomarker of periodontitis.

Salivary IL‐1β and PGE2 as biomarkers of periodontal status, before and after periodontal treatment

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) are key inflammatory mediators involved in periodontitis. The purpose was to compare their salivary concentrations in relation to periodontal status and their changes after periodontal treatment, to determine their use as non-invasive diagnostic tools. In this study, 74 subjects grouped in periodontally healthy, mild, moderate and severe periodontitis, according to clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing pocket depth (PPD) served as participants. IL-1β and PGE2 were determined in unstimulated whole saliva by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Interleukin -1β increased with the severity of periodontitis with a large effect size in prediction of CAL (η(2) =0.35, p=0.0001). PGE2 showed an increment in mild periodontitis and another in moderate. A significant effect size was also found between PGE2 and PPD (η(2) =0.12, p=0.003). Both mediators decreased after periodontal treatment. With a selected threshold of 212pg/ml, salivary IL1-β predicted periodontitis with 78% sensitivity and 100% specificity. With a selected threshold of 121pg/ml, salivary PGE2 predicted periodontitis with 78% sensitivity and 91% specificity. The high sensitivity and specificity of salivary IL-1β and PGE2 in identifying periodontitis suggest a potential use as biomarkers for diagnosis of periodontitis presence and severity.

Levels of potential oral cancer salivary mRNA biomarkers in oral cancer patients in remission and oral lichen planus patients

To gather preliminary data concerning the feasibility of using seven salivary mRNAs-IL-8; IL-1β; dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1); H3 histone family 3A (H3F3A); ornithin decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1); S100 calcium-binding protein P (S100P); and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1)-for detecting development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in oral lichen planus (OLP) patients and OSCC patients whose disease was in remission. Saliva samples were collected from five study groups (25 subjects/group): newly diagnosed OSCC, OSCC-in-remission, disease-active OLP, disease-inactive OLP, and normal controls. The salivary mRNA levels were determined by a pre-amplification RT-qPCR approach with nested gene-specific primers. Mean fold changes between each pair of study groups were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Salivary levels of OAZ1, S100P, and DUSP1 mRNAs were significantly higher in newly diagnosed OSCC patients, compared to: (1) normal controls (p = 0.003; p = 0.003; and p < 0.001, respectively); (2) OSCC-in-remission (p < 0.001; p = 0.001; and p < 0.001, respectively); (3) disease-active OLP (p < 0.001; p = 0.016; and p < 0.001, respectively); and (4) disease-inactive OLP (p = 0.043; p < 0.001; and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant differences were found in the levels of salivary IL-8, IL-1β, H3F3A, and SAT1 mRNAs between newly diagnosed OSCC patients and the normal controls (p = 0.093, 0.327, 0.764, and 0.560, respectively). Salivary OAZ1, S100P, and DUSP1 mRNAs are candidate biomarkers for detecting OSCC development in OSCC patients in remission and in OLP patients. The results of this study serve as the basis for a further large-scale study which may lead to a non-invasive screening method for early detection of OSCC.

Salivary cytokines in healthy adolescent girls: Intercorrelations, stability, and associations with serum cytokines, age, and pubertal stage

Theoretically, the measurement of cytokines in saliva may have utility for studies of brain, behavior, and immunity in youth. Cytokines in saliva and serum were analyzed across three annual assessments in healthy adolescent girls (N = 114, 11-17 years at enrollment). Samples were assayed for GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNFα, adiponectin, and cotinine. Results revealed: (1) cytokine levels, except IFNγ and IL-10, were detectable in saliva, and salivary levels, except IL-8 and IL-1β, were lower than serum levels; (2) salivary cytokine levels were lower in older girls and positively associated with adiponectin; (3) compared to serum levels, the correlations between salivary cytokines were higher, but salivary cytokines were less stable across years; and (4) except for IL-1β, there were no significant serum-saliva associations. Variation in basal salivary cytokine levels in healthy adolescent girls reflect compartmentalized activity of the oral mucosal immune system, rather than systemic cytokine activity.

Utility of multiple sampling in reducing variation of salivary interleukin-8 and interleukin-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults

Salivary mRNA biomarkers can exhibit significant variation over time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern and magnitude of variation of salivary mRNA biomarkers and to explore the effect of performing replicate assays and multiple sampling on the dispersion of salivary biomarkers. Salivary interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs, developed as biomarkers for oral cancer detection, were selected and measured from 15 healthy subjects at 4 different time points on the same day. Salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels fluctuated randomly over time without predictable rhythm and showed higher within-subject biological variation than analytical variation. The dispersion of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNAs was more effectively reduced by taking multiple saliva sample measurements than by performing replicative assays. Taking multiple saliva samples can effectively reduce variation of salivary IL-8 and IL-1β mRNA levels in healthy adults.

Proinflammatory cytokines in the saliva of patients with active and non-active Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease (CD) involves the entire gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth. Numerous cytokines play a role in the regulation of inflammatory process in CD. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of oral lesions in adult patients with CD and to investigate whether salivary concentrations of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are associated with the activity and oral manifestations of CD. A prospective study included 95 adult patients: 52 with active CD and 43 with inactive CD. The control group involved 45 subjects without CD. We performed blood tests, careful oral examination, and measurement of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in unstimulated whole saliva by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly elevated in patients with active CD. IL-1β levels were 289.8 ±52.7 in patients with active CD vs. 196.7 ±42.9 pg/ml in patients with inactive CD (P <0.039), and 196.7 ±42.9 pg/ml (P <0.01) in controls. IL-6 levels were 13.8 ±4.2 vs. 7.2 ±3.1 pg/ml (P <0.041), respectively, and 6.3 ±1.4 pg/ml (P <0.001) in controls. TNF-α levels were 32.5 ±8.7 vs. 10.2 ±6.3 pg/ml (P <0.002), respectively, and 6.8 ±2.8 pg/ml (P <0.001) in controls. We observed CD-specific oral lesions: diffuse asymptomatic buccal swelling in 12 patients (23%) and cobblestoning in 5 patients (11.3%). CD-nonspecific lesions were observed in 17 patients (32.7%) with active CD, in 11 patients (25.6%) with inactive CD, and in 6 controls (13.3%). In active CD, higher salivary IL-6 and TNF-α and serum C-reactive protein levels correlated with specific oral lesions. In patients with active CD, salivary IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels are higher than in patients with inactive disease and controls. Elevated salivary IL-6 and TNF-α levels correlate with specific oral lesions. These cytokines may be used as markers of active CD, but the finding should be confirmed in a larger group of patients.

Stress‐Related Temporary Hearing Loss—Evaluation of Bio‐Humoral Parameters: Forensic and Criminological Applications

The body-alarm reaction results from the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can lead to physio-psychological phenomena such as an exclusion/occlusion of the sense of hearing. One hypothesis to explain this alteration consists in a hydromechanical dysfunction of the internal ear attributable to antidiuretic hormone. In this study, we evaluated the perception of acoustic stimuli administered in stressful conditions in 14 phobic patients and in 20 healthy subjects, in order to assess the influence of stress on perceiving capabilities. We also measured the concentration of salivary cortisol and IL-1β and neurovegetative parameters to objectivise and quantify the physiological reactions. Our results show a worse perception of the frequencies of the human voice under stress; these findings could have a dual value: in the legal field, concerning criminal liability, and on the operative context, regarding the efficiency of verbal communication among law enforcement officers in situations inducing intense emotional stress.

Comparing the Effect of One Stage Full Mouth Disinfection Versus Quadrant-Wise Scaling and Root Planing on Clinical Parameters and Salivary Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Periodontitis Patients

Background: We aimed to compare the efficacy of one stage full mouth disinfection versus the quadrant-wise scaling and root planing in terms of clinical parameters and inflammatory biomarkers screening. Methods: Forty patients, with generalized moderate to severe chronic periodontitis, participated in the study. The test group received one stage full mouth disinfection (FMD). Quadrant wise scaling and root planing (Q-SRP) was performed for the control group. At baseline, 2 months and 4 months, Clinical parameters and salivary IL-1β and MMP-8 were measured. Results: Both procedures resulted in statistically significant improvement in all of the measured parameters between the baseline and the 2 and 4 months (p<0.05%). No meaningful improvement was seen between the 2 and 4 months (p<0.05%) in both of the FMD and Q-SRP groups. There was no significantly difference between the study groups except for the MGI (P<0.05). Conclusion: No statistically significant differences were found between FMD and Q-SRP.

Salivary Interleukin‐1β Levels in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis Before and After Periodontal Phase I Therapy and Healthy Controls: A Case‐Control Study

The role of interleukin (IL)-1β in periodontal disease pathogenesis is well researched. This study aimed to assess and compare the salivary IL-1β levels in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal phase I therapy and periodontally healthy controls. Further, relationships between IL-1β levels and various clinical parameters were explored. Twenty-eight patients with moderate-to-severe generalized chronic periodontitis and 24 age-, race-, and ethnicity-matched controls participated in this study. Saliva samples were obtained from all patients. The clinical parameters recorded were clinical attachment loss (AL), probing depth, bleeding on probing, periodontal index, and gingival index. Clinical evaluation and sample collection were repeated 1 month after periodontal phase I therapy in patients with periodontitis. IL-1β levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mean IL-1β levels in patients with periodontitis at baseline (1,312.75 pg/mL) were significantly higher (P <0.0001; eight-fold) than in controls (161.51 pg/mL). Although treatment in patients with periodontitis resulted in significant reduction in IL-1β levels (mean: 674.34 pg/mL; P = 0.001), they remained significantly higher (P <0.0001; four-fold) than control levels. There were significant correlations between IL-1β levels and all clinical parameters (P <0.01) except percentage sites with clinical AL >2 mm (P >0.05). The data indicate that IL-1β levels are raised in the saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis, which are reduced after phase I therapy, suggesting a close association between salivary IL-1β and periodontitis. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to validate salivary IL-1β as a marker for periodontal disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis and salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease

To test the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) influenced levels of salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease. Medical assessments, periodontal examinations and pain ratings were obtained from 35 RA, 35 chronic periodontitis and 35 age- and gender-matched healthy controls in a cross-sectional, case-controlled study. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were analysed for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations. The arthritis and healthy groups had significantly less oral disease than the periodontitis group (P<0.0001), with the arthritis group having significantly more sites bleeding on probing (BOP) than matched controls (P=0.012). Salivary levels of MMP-8 and IL-1β were significantly elevated in the periodontal disease group (P<0.002), and IL-1β was the only biomarker with significantly higher levels in the arthritis group compared with controls (P=0.002). Arthritis patients receiving anti-TNF-α antibody therapy had significantly lower IL-1β and TNF-α levels compared with arthritis patients not on anti-TNF-α therapy (P=0.016, 0.024) and healthy controls (P<0.001, P=0.011), respectively. RA patients have higher levels of periodontal inflammation than healthy controls, i.e., an increased BOP. Systemic inflammation appears to influence levels of select salivary biomarkers of periodontal disease, and anti-TNF-α antibody-based disease-modifying therapy significantly lowers salivary IL-1β and TNF-α levels in RA.