Salivary Glucose Levels Research Articles

Correlation of Blood Glucose Levels, Salivary Glucose Levels and Oral Colony Forming Units of Candida albicans in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

The study aims to correlate salivary glucose, blood glucose levels and oral colony forming units of Candida albicans and to evaluate whether saliva can be used as noninvasive means to measure glycemic status in type II diabetics without the need for the invasive procedure. The study included 100 type II diabetic patients (group I) of both genders with age 40 years and above and100 healthy patients (group II), age and sex matched with the study group. Group I includes uncontrolled and controlled diabetics as groups IA and IB, respectively. Salivary glucose measurement was done using the enzymatic colorimetric method and blood glucose levels measured by doing venepuncture and centrifuged. The oral candidal carriage was calculated by incubation in Sabouraud's dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated aerobically for 48 hours. To compare the mean values Z test was applied. To determine the relationship between two variables Pearson's correlation coefficient was used. The salivary glucose levels showed a significant correlation with blood glucose levels. The salivary candida carriage was higher in uncontrolled as compared to controlled diabetics and healthy individuals. Positive correlation was obtained between salivary glucose and blood glucose in diabetics and candidal carriage has a positive correlation with blood glucose levels. This salivary glucose and blood glucose levels correlation confirms its use to find glycemic status in diabetic patients. The positive correlation of salivary glucose with blood glucose shows that it can be utilized as a noninvasive tool for monitoring glycemic status in diabetic patients.

Salivary glucose estimation: A noninvasive method

Background: There is an alarming rise in number of people with diabetes mellitus over these years. Oral physicians are more liable to come in contact with a significant number of patients with diabetes mellitus. Due to the lack of early diagnosis and treatment, diabetes is a major cause of death worldwide. While the early diagnosis of diabetes is essential to prevent its complication, the most commonly used diagnostic method is by the detection of glucose level in blood, but the sample collection is invasive and painful. Thus, there arises a need for a noninvasive and painless technique to detect glucose levels. The aim of this study is to estimate the glucose levels in saliva and correlate it with serum glucose. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Outpatient Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. Forty patients' serum and saliva were collected and the levels were estimated using the glucose oxidase-peroxidasemethod. Results: Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using t-test. Highly significant P value (P = 0.00) was obtained between the serum blood glucose and salivary glucose level. A distinct difference was observed in the salivary glucose between the control and diabetic group. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus is a globally widespread disease. As the salivary collection is easy and noninvasive, in this study, an attempt has been made to diagnose diabetes mellitus by estimating the salivary glucose level in comparison with serum blood glucose level.

Candidal Prevalence in Diabetics and its Species Identification.

Context:Candida species is a part of the normal mouth flora. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for the onset of oral candidiasis.Aim:The objective of this study was to estimate salivary glucose in patient with diabetes and healthy individuals, to determine total candidal counts as well as different candidal species in the saliva of patients with diabetes and nondiabetics.Settings and Design:A sample size of 80 patients was taken. Out of 80 patients, 30 patients were uncontrolled diabetes patients (Group I), 30 patients were controlled diabetes patients (Group II), and 20 patients were healthy individuals (Group III).Subjects and Methods:From all the salivary samples, salivary glucose estimation was done using the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Candidal colony-forming units (CFUs) were determined from all the salivary samples. CHROMagar Candida medium was used for the identification of various Candida species.Statistical Analysis Used:One-way ANOVA was used to test for differences between the means of the three groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate the relationships between the variables.Results:The mean salivary glucose levels were higher in Group I followed by Group II and Group III. The mean candidal CFU was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II and Group III.Conclusion:Candida glabrata was the predominant species found and more so in patients with diabetes and needs further study. Other common species isolated was C. albicans. Species identification can help in better treatment strategies and gain good control over the disease.

Salivary markers of hepato-metabolic comorbidities in pediatric obesity

BackgroundThe pediatric obesity epidemic calls for the noninvasive detection of individuals at higher risk of complications. AimsTo investigate the diagnostic role of combined salivary uric acid (UA), glucose and insulin levels to screen noninvasively for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. MethodsMedical history, clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory data including serum triglyceride, glucose, insulin, HOMA, HDL-cholesterol, and UA levels of 23 obese children (15 with [St+] and 8 without [St−] ultrasonographic hepatic steatosis) and 18 normal weight controls were considered. ResultsSerum and salivary UA (p < 0.05; R2 = 0.51), insulin (p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.79), and HOMA (p < 0.0001; R2 = 0.79) levels were significantly correlated; however their values tended to be only slightly higher in the obese patients, predominately in [St+], than in the controls. Notably, UA and insulin levels in both fluids increased in parallel to the number of MetS components. After conversion of the z-logit function including salivary/anthropometric parameters in a stepwise logistic regression analysis, a factor of 0.5 allowed for predicting hepatic steatosis with high sensitivity, specificity, and total accuracy. ConclusionsSalivary testing together with selected anthropometric parameters helps to identify noninvasively obese children with hepatic steatosis and/or having MetS components.

Synthesis and Application of PHT‐TiO2 Nanohybrid for Amperometric Glucose Detection in Human Saliva Sample

AbstractNanoparticles and their composites are considered to play a significant role in the development of electrochemical biosensors. In the present work, we have synthesized titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles comprising poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (PHT) nanohybrid for the fabrication of glucose biosensor. The thin film of hybrid PHT/TiO2 nano‐composite was deposited onto indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) glass substrate followed by immobilization of glucose oxidase (GOx). The developed sensor was characterized using X‐Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, UV‐visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical response of the nanocomposite coated electrode was studied which shows a quasi‐reversible electrochemical behavior. The experimental conditions for glucose detection were optimized in terms of GOx immobilization time, GOx concentrations, temperature, and pH, in order to obtain maximum sensitivity. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the ITO/TiO2/PHT/GOx sensor probe displays excellent catalytic activity towards glucose with the response time of &lt;10.0 sec, showing its robustness for direct clinical analysis. Chronoamperometry was performed for the quantitative detection of glucose which displays the linear dynamic range between 1–310 mg/dL with the detection limit of 0.62±0.02 mg/dL. The developed biosensor was successfully applied to detect glucose in human saliva samples without any pre‐treatment step. Importantly, the detection range of the designed biosensor was in range of normal and clinical salivary glucose levels. Interferences due to nontarget biochemicals was investigated and long term stability of the sensor probe was evaluated.

A Comparative Study on Salivary Glucose Level in Diabetic Patients and Healthy Individuals

A Comparative Study on Salivary Glucose Level in Diabetic Patients and Healthy Individuals

Potential risk factors for dental caries in Type 2 diabetic patients.

Diabetic patients are known to be at higher risk for dental caries. However, the role of potential risk factors such as blood glucose, salivary glucose and glycaemic control in the occurrence of dental caries in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not clearly understood so far, and therefore, it was evaluated in this study. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 T2D patients from Saudi Arabia. The caries risk assessment was evaluated using the guidelines of Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA). Cariogenic bacteria load in saliva was determined by a chair-side test kit. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), salivary glucose and HbA1c were analysed. Majority of the patients had dental caries (84%), exposed root surfaces (92%) and heavy plaque (73%), whereas 66% of patients suffered from xerostomia. The frequency of patients with high counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli (LB) were 78% and 42%, respectively. There were significant associations between dental caries risk and FBG, HbA1c and salivary glucose. After categorizing the patients into 3 categories of glycaemic control, we observed a significant association between glycaemic control and dental caries risk. Type 2 diabetes patients are at high risk for dental caries, which is directly associated with FBG, HbA1c and salivary glucose. This is the first study measuring dental caries and its risk factors in T2D patients from Saudi Arabia.

Effect of diabetes mellitus type 2 on salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A, total protein, and amylase levels in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies.

Background:Saliva is a fluid with the complex compound which can be used as diagnostic markers for type 2 diabetes (T2D). This meta-analysis evaluated salivary glucose, immunoglobulin A (IgA), total protein, and amylase levels in adult T2D compared with the controls as well as the correlation of salivary glucose levels with serum glucose and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels in both groups.Materials and Methods:Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2017. A random-effects analysis was performed using the mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals. The search terms were “T2D, IgA, amylase, total protein, or glucose” combination with “saliva.” The studied variables were the sample size, the percentage of male, the mean age, the condition of saliva sampling, and the salivary levels of mentioned factors.Results:A total of 25 studies were included in this meta-analysis with 1432 and 900 diabetic patients and healthy controls, respectively. MD of salivary glucose level in patients with T2D, compared with the healthy controls, in fasting and nonfasting conditions were 6.23 mg/dL (P = 0.0002) and 6.70 mg/dL (P < 0.00001), respectively. Furthermore, the fasting salivary total protein in the patients was significantly higher than the controls (MD = 167.96 mg/dL; P = 0.03). Non-fasting salivary amylase and secretory IgA levels were significantly lower in the patients (MD = −48.61 IU/mL; P < 0.00001) than in the controls (MD = −9.42 IU/mL; P = 0.0006), respectively. The pooled estimate showed a significant correlation between salivary and serum glucose in the patients (r = 0.765; P < 0.001) and the controls (r = 0.646; P < 0.001) and between salivary glucose and serum glycated hemoglobin in the patients (r = 0.721; P < 0.001).Conclusion:Measurement of these salivary factors can be helpful for diagnostic and monitoring purposes of T2D. In addition, salivary glucose as a diagnostic tool can evaluate serum glucose and HbA1c levels in the diabetic patients.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study.

IntroductionSaliva is vital for oral health and helps to maintain oral homeostasis. It may show qualitative and quantitative variations owing to any changes in the systemic health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease and the individuals may be at higher risk for oral health problems.ObjectiveThe study was aimed to estimate the levels of various salivary components among diabetic and nondiabetic children with similar caries status and also to analyze possible association between caries status and possible caries determinants in the saliva of diabetic children.Materials and methodsA total of 70 children in the age group of 6 to 13 years with minimal dental caries (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT/dmft >1 and <5)) were selected. Group I comprised of type I diabetic children and on medication for diabetes and group II included healthy nondiabetic children. Salivary samples were collected from the participants by passive drool method and estimation of all salivary parameters was done using autoanalyzer.ResultsStatistical analyses were done using Student’s t-test and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). There was a highly significant difference in mean glucose value between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) did not show any significant difference between the two groups. There was also a statistically significant difference in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, which was found to be higher in diabetics.ConclusionAn elevation in the levels of salivary glucose and AP was evident in diabetic children, which can be a risk marker for dental caries. There was no correlation in the levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and s-IgA levels among diabetic and healthy children.Clinical significanceThe salivary factors evaluated in the study may prove to be useful measures of caries experience in diabetic children.How to cite this article: Uppu K, Sahana S, Madu GP, Vasa AAK, Nalluri S, Raghavendra KJ. Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):71-78.

Salivary Glucose Level Increases Severity ff Periodontal Condition in Patients with Type 2 DM

Saliva can be used for early detection of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between salivary glucose level of patients with type 2 DM on periodontal tissue and to compare it with non DM condition. Observational analysis with cross sectional study was the design used with 40 patients in each group as samples. Periodontal conditions were examined using a dental probe and salivary glucose levels with Eppendorf Ecom 6125 Photometer. The data was analysed statistically with Spearman test to find the relationship between salivary glucose level and periodontal condition and Mann Whitney U Test to compare DM and non DM groups. Cofficient value of Spearman was 0.86, there was a strong correlatiom between salivary glucose level and periodontal condition. Salivary glucose level of DM patients was 8.55 and the control groups was 1.85 (p=0.02). Higher salivary glucose level would increase severity of periodontal tissue status.

Stimulated and Unstimulated Saliva Glucose Levels in Children Suffer Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Objectives: Occurrence insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or Type 1 DM is growing worldwide. Checking serum glucose is necessary for management of DM. Serum glucose assessment involves needle puncture or venipuncture. The aim of this study was to assess the salivary glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in children with IDDM. Methods: Serum as well as stimulated and unstimulated saliva were collected from 34 IDDM and 34 non-diabetic subjects. Serum and saliva glucose levels were measured by GOD-POP. For the statistical analysis of student’s t-test, Pearson correlation test and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used. Results: Stimulated and unstimulated salivary levels of glucose were significantly higher in children with IDDM compared to control subjects. Serum glucose concentration correlates with stimulated (r = 0.407; P = 0.005), but not with unstimulated salivary concentration of glucose (r = 0.189; P = 0.145). Serum HbA1c correlates with unstimulated (r = 0.404; P = 0.001), but not with stimulated salivary concentration of HbA1c (r = 0.0.95; P = 0.526). The cut-off value of stimulated and unstimulated salivary glucose for the diagnosis of IDDM were 2.15 mg/dL and 1.05 mg/dL, respectively. Conclusions: It seems that saliva glucose is higher in Type 1 diabetic mellitus subjects and checking of glucose in saliva may be applied as an index of DM.

Effect of late bedtime on salivary glucose and abdominal obesity in children

Inadequate sleep has negative effect on health including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Current evidence showed that delayed night sleep may impair endocrine function, disrupt glucose metabolism and promote abnormal weight gain, irrespective of caloric intake. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the longitudinal relation between bedtime, salivary glucose levels, and waist circumference among Kuwaiti children. Repeated measures data were collected from 6316 children 8–14 years old at two time points: 2012 and 2014. Children were approximately equally distributed among 138 elementary schools representing the six governorates of Kuwait. Trained examiners conducted body weight measurements, sleep evaluation interviews, and collected saliva samples. Mixed-effect multivariate linear regression model was conducted to determine the longitudinal relationship between bedtime and the rate of change in abdominal obesity. Other explanatory variables, mediator, or potential confounders assessed were glucose level (>1.13 mg/dL), systolic blood pressure, fitness, ethnicity, and gender. There was a significant increase of waist circumference with later bedtime over time (P < 0.05). A higher salivary glucose level (higher than 1.13 mg/dL) was a positive partial mediator in the relation between bedtime and waist circumference. There were statistically significant variations between schools across time (P < 0.05). Longitudinal analysis of Kuwaiti children revealed that going to bed late increases salivary glucose (and presumably plasma glucose) and predicts abdominal obesity in Kuwaiti children with strong clustering effect within schools over time.

Salivary Glucose and Oral Mucosal Alterations in Type II Diabetic Mellitus Patients

Aim: The study was undertaken: 1) To assess salivary glucose (SaG) levels in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects and to determine if saliva could be used as a noninvasive tool to diagnose and monitor Type II diabetes mellitus. 2) Correlation of SaG levels with serum glucose (SeG) levels in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. 3) To correlate the oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus with serum and SaG levels. Material and Methods: Both fasting and postprandial serum and SaG levels were analyzed from 70 Type II diabetic and 70 nondiabetic subjects. The detailed examination of oral cavity in relation to periodontal and dental status and subjective oral complaints were recorded. The obtained values were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The mean fasting salivary glucose (FSaG) was 5.469 + 2.347 mg/dL and 7.634 + 4.468 mg/dL in nondiabetic and diabetics, respectively (P = 0.000) and postprandial salivary glucose (PSaG) was 6.434 + 2.111 mg/dL and 8.736 + 4.962 mg/dL in nondiabetic and diabetics, respectively (P = 0.000). The positive correlation was found between SeG levels and SaG in diabetics (P = 0.000). Strong positive correlation was observed between SeG and SaG with oral manifestations in Type II diabetic patients (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Saliva can be a useful tool in regular monitoring of “already diagnosed Type II diabetics” (by their SeG levels) rather than diagnosing subjects with “unknown status of diabetes mellitus.” Strong positive correlation exists between SeG level and SaG level with oral manifestations in Type II diabetic patients.

Evaluation of Parotid Salivary Glucose Level for Clinical Diagnosis and Monitoring Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

Background. To investigate the relationships among blood glucose, mixed saliva glucose, and parotid glucose in type 2 diabetes patients and to evaluate the diagnostic and monitoring value of salivary gland glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes (type 2DM). Material and Methods. Thirty patients with type 2DM and 30 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals were included in this study. Glucose levels in unstimulated mixed saliva and in unstimulated parotid saliva were measured by the glucose oxidase peroxidase method. Results. The blood glucose and parotid salivary glucose levels in type 2DM patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (P < 0.05). The blood glucose, parotid salivary glucose, and mixed salivary glucose were 7.46 ± 1.44 mmol/L, 0.18 ± 0.19 mmol/L, and 3.17 × 10−2 ± 2.84 × 10−2 mmol/L, respectively, in the type 2DM group; the corresponding glucose levels in the control group were 5.56 ± 0.71 mmol/L, 7.70 × 10−2 ± 6.02 × 10−2 mmol/L, and 3.47 × 10−2 ± 2.79 × 10−2 mmol/L. The parotid salivary and blood glucose levels in type 2DM patients were strongly correlated; the linear regression equation for blood glucose and parotid salivary glucose was Y = 6.267X + 6.360, with r = 0.810. However, mixed salivary glucose levels were not significantly different in the type 2 diabetes group compared with the control group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that parotid salivary glucose has potential as a biomarker to monitor type 2DM and as a painless, noninvasive method for the management of type 2DM.

Correlation of salivary glucose level with blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus.

Background:Saliva is a unique fluid, which is important for normal functioning of the oral cavity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of absolute or relative insulin deficiency characterized by insufficient secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta-cells. The diagnosis of diabetes through blood is difficult in children, older adults, debilitated and chronically ill patients, so diagnosis by analysis of saliva can be potentially valuable as collection of saliva is noninvasive, easier and technically insensitive, unlike blood. The aim of the study was to correlate blood glucose level (BGL) and salivary glucose level (SGL) in DM patients.Methodology:A cross-sectional study was conducted in 120 patients, who were categorized as 40 controlled diabetics, 40 uncontrolled diabetics and 40 healthy, age- and sex-matched individuals constituted the controls. The blood and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from the patients at the different intervals for fasting, random and postprandial levels. These samples were then subjected for analysis of glucose in blood and saliva using glucose oxidase/peroxidase reagent in HITACHI 902(R) Automatic analyzer, and the results were recorded.Results:The mean SGLs were higher in uncontrolled and controlled diabetic groups than in nondiabetic group. A highly statistically significant correlation was found between fasting saliva glucose and fasting blood glucose in all the groups.Conclusion:With increase in BGL, increase in SGL was observed in patients with diabetes suggesting that SGL can be used for monitoring glycemic level in DM.

Effect of Sugar-Free and Regular Toothpaste on Salivary Glucose and pH among Type 2 Diabetes- A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind having general as well as oral health manifestations. Also, there is an increase of salivary glucose level in diabetic, inducing saccharolytic bacteria in saliva which can have adverse effects on oral tissue. To assess and compare the effect of sugar-free toothpaste on salivary glucose and pH among Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. A randomized controlled-crossover study was carried out on 30 Type 2 diabetic (Group A) and 45 non-diabetic (Group B) subjects. In first half of study, subjects in Group A and Group B were intervened with sugar-free and regular toothpaste respectively. Salivary glucose and pH was assessed before and after brushing at interval of one week for a period of four weeks. In second half, toothpastes were switched over between the groups, after sufficient washout period. Salivary glucose and pH were assessed again in the same manner for both the groups. The data was subjected to paired t-test and unpaired t-test for intragroup and intergroup comparison respectively. Salivary glucose level was significantly reduced and salivary pH was increased significantly (p<0.001) in both groups with sugar free toothpaste when compared to regular toothpaste. Sugar free toothpaste showed beneficial effect on salivary glucose level and salivary pH level on diabetes and non-diabetes population.

Efficacy of herbal toothpastes on salivary pH and salivary glucose – A preliminary study

Due to dearth of literature on the effect of herbal toothpaste on saliva and salivary constituents, the present study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effect of three different herbal toothpastes with the focus on on salivary pH and salivary glucose. Forty five subjects in the age group of 19–21 years were randomly divided into 3 groups (15 in each group) and were randomly intervened with three different herbal toothpastes (Dant Kanti, Himalaya Complete Care and Vicco Vajradanti). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected before and after brushing and salivary glucose and pH levels were assessed at an interval of one week each for a period of 4 weeks starting from day 1. All the three toothpastes were effective in reducing the overall (p < 0.05) levels as well as levels of salivary glucose from pre-brushing to post-brushing at each interval (p < 0.05) and in increasing the overall levels as well as levels of salivary pH (p < 0.05) from pre-brushing to post-brushing at each interval. Herbal toothpastes were effective in reducing salivary levels of glucose and improving pH of the saliva.

Salivary proteome and glucose levels are related with sweet taste sensitivity in young adults

ABSTRACTSweet taste plays a critical role in determining food preferences and choices. Similar to what happens for other oral sensations, individuals differ in their sensitivity for sweet taste and these inter-individual differences may be responsible for variations in food acceptance. Despite evidence that saliva plays a role in taste perception, this fluid has been mainly studied in the context of bitterness or astringency. We investigated the possible relationship between sweet taste sensitivity and salivary composition in subjects with different sucrose detection thresholds. Saliva collected from 159 young adults was evaluated for pH, total protein concentration and glucose. One- and bi-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) were performed and protein profiles compared between sweet sensitivity groups, with proteins that were differently expressed being identified by MALDI-FTICR-MS. Moreover, Western blotting was performed for salivary carbonic anhydrase VI (CA-VI) and cystatins and salivary amylase enzymatic activity was assessed in order to compare groups. Females with low sensitivity to sweet taste had higher salivary concentrations of glucose compared to those with sensitivity. For protein profiles, some differences were sex-dependent, with higher levels of α-amylase and CA-VI in low-sensitivity individuals and higher levels of cystatins in sensitive ones for both sexes. Body mass index was not observed to affect the association between salivary proteome and taste sensitivity. To our knowledge, these are the first data showing an association between sweet taste and saliva proteome.

Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in Type 2 diabetics

BackgroundTo assess the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in diabetics and non diabetics and to study the association between salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methodThe study sample was divided into two groups, control and study group. The study group was again divided into two separate groups controlled diabetics and uncontrolled diabetics. Blood and saliva samples (for fasting and postprandial) were taken from each individual. ResultsThe salivary glucose levels, highly correlated with blood glucose levels in both diabetic as well as non diabetics subjects. Salivary candidal carriage was more in oral cavity of Type 2 diabetic subjects than control subjects. ConclusionSaliva has the potential to be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic status of diabetic patients.

Association between insulin resistance and serum and salivary irisin levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

Abstract Background/Objectives Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease, which is associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Irisin is an adipokine and myokine that regulates the metabolic status during times of increased insulin sensitivity. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the serum level of irisin in psoriasis patients in comparison with participants who did not have any disease (control group). We hope the results of our study would also aid in establishing a protocol aimed at understanding the etiopathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis. Materials and methods The study included 30 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, who presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic and were not receiving systemic treatment. The control group included voluntary participants who did not have any disease ( n = 30). In addition to venous and salivary irisin levels, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels, and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance scores were measured in both control and patient groups. Results Serum irisin and salivary irisin levels were significantly lower in the patient group compared with the control group ( p r = 418; p = 0.022) and a negative correlation with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index ( r = −437, p = 0.016) and Dermatological Life Quality Index ( r = −424; p = 0.02) scores. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating irisin levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris in the literature. The results of our study show that serum and salivary irisin levels were significantly lower in the patient group when compared with the control group. Irisin levels in patients with severe psoriasis were low, suggesting that irisin may have a role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and may be a marker showing the severity of psoriasis, which could warn us against the development of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.