Salivary Fluoride Concentration Research Articles

Residual Analysis of Salivary Fluoride Concentration after Rinsing with Fluoride-containing Mouthwash Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Residual Analysis of Salivary Fluoride Concentration after Rinsing with Fluoride-containing Mouthwash Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Salivary fluoride concentrations following toothbrushing with experimental toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler.

Single-blind 9 case comparative studies were conducted to evaluate salivary fluoride concentrations following toothbrushing using experimental toothpaste containing surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer (S-PRG) fillers. Preliminary tests were conducted in order to determine the volume of usage as well as the concentrations (wt %) of S-PRG filler. Based on the results given these experiments, we compared the salivary fluoride concentrations following toothbrushing with 0.5g of 4 different types of toothpastes: 5 wt % S-PRG filler, 1400ppm F AmF (amine fluoride), 1500ppm F NaF (sodium fluoride), and MFP (monofluorophosphate) containing toothpaste. Of the 12 participants, 7 participated in the preliminary study and 8 in the main study. All participants brushed their teeth using the scrubbing method for 2min. At first, 1.0 and 0.5g of 20 wt % S-PRG filler toothpastes were used to compare, then followed by 0.5g of 0 (control), 1, and 5 wt % S-PRG toothpastes, respectively. The participants spat out once and rinsed with 15mL of distilled water for 5s. Saliva was collected for 3min each at different time intervals of 0 (baseline), 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180min after the rinsing. Fluoride concentrations were determined using a fluoride electrode, and the area under the salivary clearance - time curve (AUC: ppm‧min) of each toothpaste was calculated as the salivary fluoride retention. The main study was then conducted to evaluate the salivary fluoride concentrations as well as the AUC value using 0.5g of 5 wt % S-PRG filler toothpaste, followed by NaF, MFP, and AmF toothpastes. Since there were no statistical differences between using 1.0 and 0.5g of 20 wt % S-PRG toothpastes in salivary fluoride concentrations as well as the AUC value throughout the 180min measurement, the volume was set as 0.5g for the following studies. Concentrations of 5 and 20 wt % S-PRG toothpastes retained 0.09ppm F or more in saliva even after 180min. No statistical differences were seen in the salivary fluoride concentrations at any time intervals as well as the AUC value between 5 and 20 wt % S-PRG toothpastes. Based on these results, the concentration of 5 wt % S-PRG toothpaste was used for the main comparative study. MFP toothpaste resulted in by far the lowest salivary fluoride concentrations (0.06ppm F at 180min) and the AUC value (24.6ppm‧min), whereas 5 wt % S-PRG toothpaste (0.15ppm F at 180min, 92.3ppm‧min) displayed retention on par with AmF toothpaste which appeared to result in higher values (0.17ppm F at 180min, 103ppm‧min), compared to NaF toothpaste (0.12ppm F at 180min, 49.3ppm‧min). The salivary fluoride concentrations following toothbrushing with 0.5g of 5 wt % S-PRG filler containing toothpaste showed retention similar to the best performing 1400ppm F AmF toothpaste even 180min after toothbrushing.

Fluoride Intake and Salivary Fluoride Retention after Using High-Fluoride Toothpaste Followed by Post-Brushing Water Rinsing and Conventional (1400-1450 ppm) Fluoride Toothpastes Used without Rinsing.

This study aimed to compare the fluoride intake and salivary fluoride levels after brushing with conventional (1400–1450 ppm) fluoride toothpaste containing different fluoride agents: amine fluoride (AmF), sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP), potassium fluoride (KF), and a high-fluoride (5000 ppm) toothpaste containing NaF. Fourteen volunteers took part in the study. They were instructed to brush and spit without rinsing after using conventional toothpaste or brush and rinse with water after using a high-fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride concentrations were determined using ion-selective fluoride (09-37 type) in the saliva samples before and after procedures. Fluoride intake was estimated based on fluoride recovered after brushing. Additionally, the amount of fluoride present in the oral fluids and lost during the rapid clearance phase after toothbrushing was calculated based on salivary fluoride levels and saliva flow immediately after brushing. Salivary fluoride after using high-fluoride toothpaste was significantly higher than those observed after conventional products. Two hours after brushing, salivary fluoride concentrations did not differ significantly from baseline values (p > 0.05) unless a high-fluoride product was used. Results indicate that by refraining from rinsing after brushing with conventional toothpaste, we cannot obtain fluoride retention in saliva as with high-fluoride toothpaste. Fluoride ingestion was higher after using a high-fluoride product.

Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Fluoride Concentration after Topical Application of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundThe topical fluoride acts on the tooth in many ways and their most important action is inhibition of demineralization and enhancement of enamel remineralization.AimThe purpose of this clinical trial was to assess the fluoride concentration in saliva before and after 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) application on enamel and duration of its availability at different time intervals.MethodologyA randomized clinical trial was conducted among 40 healthy children aged between 6 and 12 years. The participants were then randomly allocated into two different groups in which the first group (group I) was given 30% SDF and the second group (group II) were topically applied with 5% NaF solution. The fluoride concentration was measured in the salivary samples, which were collected at three time intervals, that is, at baseline (S1), 2 hours (S2), and 24 hours (S3) after application. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used for evaluation and independent paired t-test was conducted for comparison between groups.ResultsWhen using an ANOVA with repeated measures with a Greenhouse–Geisser correction, the mean scores of fluoride concentration were statistically significantly different at different time intervals for both NaF (F = 20.854, p < 0.0005) and SDF (F = 22.746, p < 0.0005).ConclusionThe present trial concluded that topical fluoride application increases fluoride bioavailability in saliva thereby increasing tooth remineralization. A steep rise in fluoride concentration was observed shortly post-SDF application at 2 hours and 24 hours time interval emerging a need for further research into the field of fluoridation with SDF.How to cite this articleJabin Z, Nasim I, Priya V V, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Fluoride Concentration after Topical Application of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(3):371-375.

Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Status, Salivary Fluoride Concentration and Microbial Level in Thalassemic and Hemophilic Patients

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate oral hygiene status, salivary fluoride concentration, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus levels in saliva of thalassemic, hemophilic and individuals without any other systemic disorders.Materials and Methods: A total 162 individuals (44 healthy individuals, 86 thalassemic and 32 hemophilic patients) were selected, and randomly (n=30 in each group), the patients were allocated to Group A: individuals without any systemic condition, Group B: thalassemic patients, and Group C: hemophilic patients. Detailed case history, DMFT/DMFS, and OHI-S index were recorded. An aliquot of 5 ml of saliva was collected from each patient to determine the salivary fluoride concentration and predominant microbial colony in saliva. The data were analyzed by chi-square test of independence and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H test.Results: The mean debris and calculus index among groups A, B, and C was 0.55 ± 0.43, 0.61 ± 0.46, 0.46 ± 0.47 and 0.33 ± 0.48, 0.18 ± 0.34, and 0.15 ± 0.34, respectively. The DMFT score for group A was high (1.93 ± 1.86, 1.67 ± 1.92) compared to groups B (0.40 ± 0.77, 0.67 ± 1.37) and C (0.47 ± 0.68, 0.30 ± 0.54). The fluoride concentrations among three groups (A, B, and C) were 0.06 ± 0.07, 0.12 ± 0.13, and 0.12 ± 0.13 ppm respectively. The number of colony-forming units was highest in the healthy individual&gt;hemophilic&gt;thalassemic and presence of predominant microorganisms showed insignificant association among the groups (p=0.323).Conclusion: Compared to healthy individuals, thalassemic and hemophilic patients had better oral hygiene.

Salivary fluoride concentration following toothbrushing with and without rinsing: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundCaries prevalence has declined significantly since the introduction of fluoridated toothpaste. There have been several developments regarding specific active fluoride ingredients but not enough evidence to support one over the other. The purpose of this double-blind randomized controlled trial was to compare salivary fluoride concentrations of different fluoride formulations in the form of toothpaste with and without post-brushing water rinsing in adults.MethodsThe study included 120 participants who were randomly assigned to one of 12 groups (10 participants/group). The toothpaste formulas investigated included (1) fluoride-free (0 ppmF); (2) sodium fluoride (1450 ppmF); (3) sodium monofluorophosphate (1450 ppmF); (4) sodium fluoride and monofluorophosphate combined (1450 ppmF); (5) stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride combined (1450 ppmF); and (6) amine fluoride (1400 ppmF). Block randomisation was used to assign each participant to one of the 12 groups. Participants brushed with 1.0 g of one of the six different toothpaste formulations either with or without post-brushing water rinsing. Saliva was collected at six different times (baseline and at 1, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min/s post-brushing). Samples were analysed using a fluoride ion-specific sensitive electrode connected to an ion analyser.ResultsThe demographic characteristics of the participants were not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05). Time, toothpaste formulation, and post-brushing rinsing routines had significant effects on saliva fluoride retention (P < 0.05). Amine fluoride-containing toothpaste was the only formula that showed statistically significantly higher concentrations of salivary fluoride at 90 min in both the rinsing and non-rinsing groups. Sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste did not result in a significant difference compared to the control group at any time point, in both rinsing and non-rinsing groups.ConclusionsBased on the results from this study, no rinsing after toothbrushing in adults can be recommended when sodium monofluorophosphate containing toothpaste formula is used. It also concludes that amine fluoride resulted in a significantly higher saliva fluoride concentration at 90 min in both the rinsing and non-rinsing groups compared to other fluoride toothpaste formulations.Registry: Protocol Registration and Results System (ClinicalTrials.gov).Clinical trial registration number: NCT02740803 (15/04/2016).

Salivary Fluoride Bioavailability after Brushing with Brazilian Red Propolis Dentifrice: A Clinical Study.

Introduction Fluoride plays an important role in the control of dental caries, and currently new dentifrices are being associated with natural products. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the availability of fluoride in saliva samples after using a dentifrice incorporated with Brazilian red propolis (BRP, INPI Patent no. BR1020170110974) and to compare it to a conventional fluoridated dentifrice in healthy participants. Methods This study was conducted implementing a double-blind, randomized, controlled, and crossover design. Saliva samples of participants were collected at the following time points: 0 at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after brushing with each dentifrice. Salivary fluoride concentrations showed no statistically significant difference when comparing the two treatments (p > 0.05). All available fluoride concentrations in saliva decreased after one hour, with no significant difference between BRP and conventional fluoridated dentifrice treatment samples (p > 0.05). Results The results showed that there was no difference between the analyzed fluoride concentrations 1 hour after brushing with the different dentifrices. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the propolis incorporated in the dentifrice did not interfere with the kinetics and bioavailability of the fluoride ion in saliva samples, enabling its integration with the pharmaceutical formula and thereby promoting its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits without compromising the anticaries activity of the formulation.

Randomised study of intra-oral kinetics of fluoride-containing toothpastes

ObjectivesThis randomised, controlled, analyst blind, crossover study aimed to evaluate and compare salivary fluoride and calcium ion concentration over 60 min following brushing with an assigned treatment and following an orange juice (OJ) or deionised (DI) water rinse 60 min post-brushing. MethodsStudy treatments, both containing 1150 ppm fluoride as NaF and 5% w/w KNO3, were the Test (including 1.2 % w/w cocamidopropyl betaine) and Comparator (including tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium lauryl sulphate) toothpastes. Twenty nine participants were randomised to treatment. ResultsA sharp increase in salivary fluoride ion concentration immediately post-brushing with either toothpaste decreased over time. Fluoride concentration following Test toothpaste use was numerically higher than the Comparator at all timepoints, with a significant difference from 10 min post-brushing (p < .05). Following the 60 min rinse, there were no significant differences between the Test or Comparator + OJ groups in salivary fluoride concentration but the Test + DI water group was significantly lower than Test (p < .001) or Comparator (p < .001) + OJ groups. A reduction in salivary calcium ion concentration was seen immediately post-brushing and after the OJ rinse with both toothpastes. Significant differences were observed in favour of the Test toothpaste at all timepoints (p < .05) and for Test and Comparator + OJ group (p < .001) compared with Test + DI water rinse. Both treatments were generally well-tolerated. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that toothpaste formulations with identical declared fluoride concentrations and the same fluoride source give rise to differing intraoral fluoride concentrations over time, which are potentially related to different formulation excipient effects. Clinical significanceBy understanding the interaction of toothpaste formulation excipients in the oral environment, formulations can be developed that maximise retention of fluoride in the oral environment.

Salivary fluoride concentration and retention after rinsing with 0.05 and 0.2% sodium fluoride (NaF) compared with a new high F rinse containing 0.32% NaF

Objective To compare salivary fluoride (F) concentration and F retention after rinsing with a new 0.32% sodium fluoride (NaF) rinse and conventional 0.05 and 0.2% NaF rinses. Methods Seventeen subjects (aged 22–26 years), with normal salivary secretion rates, participated in a double blind, cross-over study. In three separate sessions with a minimum washout period of 48 h, they rinsed for 1 min with 10 ml of 0.05, 0.2 or 0.32% NaF mouthrinse. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected before (baseline: 0 min) and after 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min. The F concentration was plotted against time, and the area under the curve (AUC) calculated. Salivary F concentration and F retention for the three mouthrinses were compared by a randomized block test, followed by Tukey’s test and a paired 2-tailed test. Results There was a clear dose–response for AUC 3–60 min; 0.32% > 0.2% > 0.05% (p < .05). The mean F retention was 0.25 mg for 0.05% NaF, 0.86 mg F for 0.2% Na and 1.31 mg F for 0.32% NaF, (p < .05). Conclusions The higher salivary F concentration over time and the higher F retention after rinsing with an 0.32% NaF solution suggests a potential application in prevention of caries and dental erosion.

Amount of Dentifrice and Fluoride Concentration Influence Salivary Fluoride Concentrations and Fluoride Intake by Toddlers

The present study evaluated fluoride (F) concentrations in saliva of toddlers after brushing with dentifrices containing different F concentrations, applied in different quantities, and estimated F intake from toothbrushing. The study comprised a double-blind, crossover protocol, in which toddlers (n = 18, 2–3 years old) were randomly assigned into six groups, according to possible combinations of dentifrices (0/550/1,100 ppm F, as NaF) and amounts (rice grain, pea size, and transverse technique). Volunteers used a F-free dentifrice during 1 week. On the 7th day, saliva samples were collected before (baseline), and at 5/15/30/60 min after toothbrushing. All dentifrice expectorated after brushing was collected. F concentrations (saliva and expectorate) were determined with an ion-specific electrode. Data were submitted to ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Fisher’s LSD or Student-Newman-Keuls’ tests (p <0.05). Brushing with 550 ppm F dentifrice (pea size or transversal technique) increased the area under the curve (AUC) at similar levels compared to 1,100 ppm F (rice grain). The highest AUC and salivary F at 5 min after brushing were achieved by 1,100 ppm F (pea size), followed by 550 ppm F (transversal technique). Regarding F intake, the highest values were observed for 550 ppm F (transversal technique), followed by 1,100 ppm F (pea size). It is possible to conclude that the amount of dentifrice and F concentration in the product significantly affected both salivary F concentrations and F intake during toothbrushing.

Salivary Fluoride Retention: A Comparative Analysis between Fluoride Containing Chewing Sticks and a Non Herbal Fluoridated Toothpaste

To determine and compare salivary fluoride retention after the use of different fluoride-containing chewing sticks and a non-herbal fluoridated toothpaste. This double-blind cross-over experimental study was undertaken among twenty randomly selected senior secondary students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Saliva samples were collected to establish baseline fluoride concentration before the use of chewing sticks and non-herbal fluoridated toothpaste. Four commonly used chewing sticks and one non-herbal fluoridated toothpaste were each used at two days interval, and saliva samples were collected at 0, 10, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after each use. These samples were stored and transported in Gio'Style coolers to the laboratory, where they were analyzed for fluoride concentration using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 620 nm. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at p < 0.05. At baseline mean (± SD) salivary fluoride concentration of participants was 25.95 (± 4.58) ppm. The mean (± SD) salivary fluoride concentration at 0 minutes was 228.0 (± 032.80) ppm, 427.65 (± 122.85) ppm, 413.45 (± 78.08) ppm, 329.05 (± 83.12) ppm and 323.80 (± 66.41) ppm corresponding to Alchornea laxiflora, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, Anogeissus leocarpus, Masularia acuminate and non-herbal toothpaste respectively. At 60 minutes Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides had the highest mean (± SD) fluoride concentration of 44.75 (± 13.32) ppm. The differences in mean (± SD) salivary fluoride concentrations amongst these tooth cleaning aids at 60 minutes were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides had the highest mean (± SD) salivary fluoride retention followed by the non-herbal fluoridated toothpaste. The use of chewing sticks can be a cost-effective and efficient means of caries prevention if used properly at regular interval.

Change in the Salivary Fluoride Concentration through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Fluoride application has an excellent effect for the prevention of dental caries, and 1.23 % acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel is the most commonly used fluoride formulation for professional fluoride application. There has been a problem, however: its excessive intake may cause toxicity in the human body. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount of residual fluoride present in the saliva in the mouth over time by measuring it with SUP19/SUPF NMR spectroscopy after the topical application of 1.23 % APF gel. After 30-minute application, a very small amount of fluoride (0.000482 %) remained in the saliva in the mouth, indicating that there was no effect on the human body. Therefore, this study demonstrated that clinical fluoride application using 1.23 % APF gel is safe.

The effects of toothpaste amounts and post-brushing rinsing methods on salivary fluoride retention

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the salivary fluoride retention as fluoride concentration, amount of soluble fluoride, half-life (t1/2) and salivary flow rate of different amounts of toothpaste and rinsing procedures. Design/methodology/approach A randomized crossover study of 21 healthy volunteers was designed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of 1 g (B1) and 0.3 g (B0.3) of toothpaste without rinsing and brushing with 1 g of toothpaste with expectoration followed by water rinsing (B1R). Unstimulated saliva was collected before brushing as a baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 30, 60 and 90 min after the completion of the tooth brushing procedure. Findings The salivary fluoride concentration and amount of soluble fluoride of the B1 group were significantly higher than the B0.3 and B1R groups. The B1 and B1R groups prolonged the remineralizing level up to 60 min while the B0.3 group retained their remineralizing levels for 30 min. The initial t1/2 (rapid phase) of B1 and B1R groups were significantly longer than the B0.3 group. The late t1/2 (slow phase) of the B0.3 group was significantly longer than the B1 group. This is called the two-compartment open pharmacokinetics model. There was no statistical difference of salivary flow rates between all groups. Originality/value Non-rinsing and the amount of fluoride toothpaste play an important role in raising salivary fluoride levels and prolonging the remineralizing level of the oral cavity.

Fluoride-Releasing Effect of a Modified Resin Denture Containing S-PRG Fillers on Salivary Fluoride Retention: A Randomized Clinical Study

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of a resin denture base containing 20wt% surface prereacted glass ionomer (S-PRG) fillers on saliva fluoride concentrations as a surrogate evaluation of caries control. The study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial with a total of 110 participants aged 35–60 years who wore a removable partial resin denture for 1.5 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a partial resin denture fabricated either with or without 20wt% S-PRG fillers (n = 55 per group). After 14 days of wearing the dentures, 5,000 ppm fluoride gel was applied nightly on both sides of the denture before storing it in a denture box overnight every night for 1.5 years. The salivary fluoride concentration was measured at baseline, on days 1, 14, and 15, and at 3 months and 1.5 years of wearing the denture. A significant increase in salivary fluoride concentration in the S-PRG denture group was observed from baseline to day 1, followed by a significant decrease to an approximate baseline level. After recharge with 5,000 ppm fluoride gel, salivary fluoride increased markedly on day 15 and remained elevated at month 3 through to 1.5 years. The resin denture base containing 20wt% S-PRG fillers demonstrated an initial fluoride release that increased saliva fluoride concentrations, but the fluoride release from within the material was short lived. The long-term effect of sustained fluoride release from the denture when combined with a regular fluoride recharge regimen may be beneficial for caries prevention.

Fluoride Levels in Unstimulated Whole Saliva following Clinical Application of Different 5% NaF Varnishes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release from differently formulated 5% NaF varnishes into unstimulated whole saliva in vivo. The fluoride concentration in unstimulated whole saliva was determined after the application of 3 different 5% NaF varnishes (5% NaF, 5% NaF + tricalcium phosphate [TCP], and 5% NaF + amorphous calcium phosphate [ACP]) or a placebo. Fifteen subjects were recruited and enrolled following Institutional Review Board approval based upon the inclusion/exclusion criteria of this study. A cross-over study design was used for the application of either one of the 5% NaF varnishes or a placebo. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected at baseline and at 1, 4, 6, 26, and 50 h following application and analyzed for supernatant ionic fluoride and whole fluoride by microdiffusion. Linear mixed-effects models (5% significance level) were used to determine the effects of varnish and time on the salivary fluoride concentration. The highest amount of fluoride in saliva was found 1 h after application of the fluoride varnishes, with no significant differences among the treatment varnishes with respect to whole fluoride but with lower levels for 5% NaF + ACP in the saliva supernatant. Salivary fluoride levels at 4, 6, and 26 h decreased at each time point and were generally significantly higher for 5% NaF and 5% NaF + TCP. After 50 h, fluoride levels in saliva for all groups were at or below baseline levels. In conclusion, the formulation of other ingredients in fluoride varnishes can affect the fluoride concentration in saliva. The reasons for this phenomenon warrant further investigation since it might affect efficacy of the treatment. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01629290).

Effect of Fluoride Gel and Foam on Salivary Fluoride Concentration

Effect of Fluoride Gel and Foam on Salivary Fluoride Concentration

Green Tea in the Prevention of Dental Caries-A Systematic Review

To analyze the available scientific evidence on the effectiveness of green tea and its products in the prevention of dental caries. A broad literature search was performed using COCHRANECENTRAL, MEDLINE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, EBSCO, PROQUEST for online search and hand search was performed in the central library of the institute. Articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria with description of randomized clinical trials regarding green tea in the prevention of dental caries were included. Initial search resulted in 196 articles; Our final review included 5 studies. Of these 2 studies evaluated both streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus, 1 study evaluated streptococcus mutans separately, 1 study evaluated salivary fluoride concentration, 1 study evaluated caries increment of the green tea polyphenol. Among the five studies two studies showed a significant reduction in the levels of streptococcus mutans. One study showed significant reduction in the levels of lactobacillus. One study showed that there was significant increase in the fluoride level. One study showed that the green tea and its extracts has an inhibitory effect on dental caries. With the constraints of limited available literature green tea and its extracts had a inhibitory effect on dental caries. But still further studies are recommended.

Effective Fluoride Mouthwash Delivery Methods as an Alternative to Rinsing.

Special-needs patients with high caries risk cannot benefit from the proven caries-reducing effect of fluoride mouthrinse because of poor rinsing compliance and a lack of home-use fluoride application recommendations. This study aimed to evaluate whether two modified delivery methods-spray or swab application-could raise the salivary fluoride to levels similar to that of rinsing. Five healthy men and 16 healthy women, ages 18-22 years, participated in this crossover study. The subjects performed a standardized brushing routine twice a day with 1,000-ppm fluoride dentifrice 1 week before and during the experimental period. The three fluoride mouthwash (0.05% NaF; 226-ppm fluoride) administration methods consisted of rinsing, spray, and cotton swab application. Each application was separated by at least 1 week. Unstimulated whole saliva was sampled for 2 minutes at baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after each fluoride mouthwash application. Salivary fluoride level (ppm) was measured by a blinded investigator using an ion-specific electrode (ORION EA940). The differences in salivary fluoride concentration for each application method were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA at a nominal significance level of .05. The newly designed fluoride mouthwash delivery methods yielded a similar fluoride level in whole saliva compared to that of rinsing at all time points (p > .05). The t half-life of fluoride concentration ranged from 1.62 minutes (SD = 0.53) in the spray group to 2.08 minutes (SD = 0.87) in the cotton swab group; the values were not significantly different. Our results indicate that the spray and cotton swab fluoride delivery methods were effective alternatives to conventional mouth rinsing. Caregivers of individuals with acute and chronic illness, including developmental disabilities affecting cognitive or physical abilities, may consider using these alternative fluoride delivery methods to help promote dental hygiene.

Fluoride retention in saliva following toothbrushing using different types of fluoridated dentifrices containing 1500 ppm F of NaF and MFP

PurposeThis crossover study was carried out to evaluate the influence of two different types of fluoridated dentifrices containing sodium fluoride (NaF) and sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) on salivary fluoride levels after toothbrushing. MethodsEight consenting individuals (average age 36.4 years) brushed their teeth in the same manner using a paste type of dentifrices (0.5 g) containing 1500 ppm F. Following toothbrushing for 2 min, they spat out once and rinsed their mouths with 15 mL of distilled water for 5 s. Resting saliva samples were collected for 3 min each at different time intervals; 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min following the mouth rinsing. Fluoride concentrations in saliva samples were determined using a fluoride ion specific electrode. Then we compared those of dentifrices, in regard to salivary fluoride concentrations in each individual. The area under the curve (AUC) of fluoride was calculated using a graph on which the horizontal base line represents sampling time and the vertical scale represents fluoride concentration. ResultsStatistical differences (p < 0.05) were shown in the fluoride concentrations [ppm, mean ± standard deviation (SD)] between NaF and MFP dentifrices at 5 min, 10 min, 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min after the rinsing. The AUC (ppm･minute, mean ± SD) during the whole experimental period showed statistical differences (p < 0.05) between NaF (49.5 ± 26.4) and MFP (24.6 ± 8.5). ConclusionThe results indicated that the NaF type of dentifrice retains more fluoride in saliva than that of MFP.

On the Relationship between the Rate of Salivary Flow and Salivary Fluoride Clearance

The amount of fluoride retained in the mouth following the application of dentifrices, mouthwashes, etc. may be important in determining their anticaries efficacy. In this study we investigated the relationship between the salivary flow rate and salivary fluoride clearance. Ten adults tested six mouthrinses, consisting of aqueous sodium fluoride solutions (0.013, 0.026 mol/l) with and without added sodium chloride (1.28 mol/l) or sucrose (0.44 mol/l), in a randomised order. Prior to each test, subjects swallowed, rinsed for 2 min with 2 ml water and then expectorated into a preweighed container to obtain a measure of initial saliva flow rate. Next, the procedure was repeated using one of the test rinses. Finally, samples of unstimulated whole saliva were collected for up to 3 h after each mouthrinse application and analysed for fluoride. Salivary fluoride concentrations were significantly lower after application of mouthrinses that contained either sucrose or NaCl, both of which compounds markedly enhanced salivary flow, than after the use of corresponding mouthrinses without any additive. Area under the salivary fluoride clearance curve (AUC) values were inversely correlated with salivary flow rate on an individual basis (p < 0.01). The observed behaviour could not be completely attributed to treatment dilution by saliva at the time of application.