Salivary Factor Research Articles

Determination of Salivary Myeloperoxidase, Immunoglobulin E, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α after Complete Denture Insertion

Objective: To detect activities of salivary myeloperoxidase (MPO) and concentrations of salivary tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as indicators of inflammatory reaction and salivary immunoglobulin E as an indicator of allergic reaction after complete insertion of acrylic dentures. Subjects and Methods: Complete dentures were made for a uniform group of elderly patients, and saliva samples were taken immediately before they were given to the patients, as well as 2, 3, 7, and 30 days after insertion of the dentures, with simultaneous monitoring of changes in the oral mucosa. Results: After 7 and 30 days of wearing upper and lower complete dentures, nonsignificant increases in salivary MPO and TNF-α were proven to be indicators of inflammation. No changes were observed in the values of salivary immunoglobulin E during a 30-day observational period, which excluded the appearance of allergic reactions to acrylic materials in the tested group of patients. Conclusion: A nonsignificant increase in the levels of MPO was observed on day 7; it decreased after 30 days. TNF-α also tended to increase in a nonsignificant manner.

Reduction of salivary tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in response to magic mouthwash with Curcuma xanthorriza in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Reduction of salivary tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in response to magic mouthwash with Curcuma xanthorriza in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Salivary Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors 2 Levels in Patients With Different Stages of Breast Cancer: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Breast cancer in women is a major health burden across the globe, which accounts for 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Though studies have demonstrated a significant reduction in mortality and morbidity by periodic screening using mammography, its cost and exposure to radiation are prohibitive factors in subjecting the patients to a repetitive mammogram examination. Hence additional adjunct procedures which can overcome these disadvantages and enhance screening are advocated. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (c-erbB-2) is a biomarker that can be detected in saliva of breast cancer patients. An elevated level of this protein indicates the presence of an aggressive tumor with poor prognosis. Aim: The aim of our study was to determine the levels of salivary c-erbB-2 in patients diagnosed with different stages of breast cancer. Methods: 90 patients, histopathologically diagnosed with breast cancer were divided into three groups based on TNM staging (Stage I, II, and III) with 30 patients in each group. 3 ml of unstimulated saliva was collected from these patients and the protein was estimated using ELISA kit. Appropriate statistical tests were used to analyze the demographic details and mean salivary c-erbB-2 levels. Results: The mean salivary c-erbB-2 levels in groups I, II and III were 9.933(±5.105), 59.633(±17.14) and 146.695(±22.418) picograms/mL respectively. There was a significant increase in the levels of the protein with an increase in the TNM staging in patients with breast cancers. Conclusion: This study results throws light on the potential use of salivary c-erB-2 as an adjunct screening and prognostic tool for breast cancer. However further studies are recommended to assess the utility of this biomarker for the diagnosis and posttreatment monitoring of breast cancer.

Salivary tissue factor induces thrombin generation in a diurnal rhythm

BackgroundUpon tooth extraction, extravascular tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation to arrest bleeding. Additionally, saliva is in constant contact with the wound and contains extracellular vesicle‐derived procoagulant TF. Since the duration of postextraction bleeding is highly variable between patients, we hypothesized this may be caused by variation in saliva‐derived TF‐induced clotting activity. ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the variability of saliva‐induced thrombin generation (TG) in healthy individuals. MethodsTG was performed according to the calibrated automated thrombinography (CAT) method. Diluted saliva was added (instead of recombinant TF and phospholipids [PL]) to normal pooled plasma (NPP) in the absence/presence of anti‐TF antibodies. Saliva was collected from healthy individuals in the morning, afternoon and evening. ResultsAddition of saliva to NPP induced TG curves similar to those induced by r‐TF and PL. Moreover, addition of anti‐TF antibodies abolished saliva‐induced TG, indicating TF‐dependence. A large inter‐individual variability (peak CV 31%, range 73‐220 nmol/L thrombin) in saliva‐induced TG was observed. Interestingly, within subjects, saliva‐induced TG was significantly (P=0.009) increased in the morning (167 ± 40 nmol/L thrombin) compared to the afternoon (124 ± 39 nmol/L thrombin) and evening (123 ± 38 nmol/L thrombin). This diurnal variation was not attributable to gingival stimulation or damage induced by tooth brushing. ConclusionsWe identified a diurnal rhythm in salivary TF activity that may have implications for tooth extraction and dental surgery, as performing invasive procedures in the morning may be beneficial for rapid coagulation. Future studies should correlate salivary TF to clinical outcome (ie, postextraction bleeding) and assess a possible relation with bacterial status in the oral cavity.

Estimation of salivary and serum basic fibroblast growth factor in treated and untreated patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate salivary and serum basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) level in OSCC patients to provide a reliable biomarker for the early detection, monitoring, and prognosis of OSCC patients. Materials and methodsThe study enrolled 90 subjects, equally grouped as recently diagnosed & untreated OSCC patients (Group I), treated OSCC without any recurrence (Group II) & as control (Group III). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure bFGF concentrations in saliva and serum samples of all three groups. The results were tabulated and analyzed statistically. ResultsGroup I showed high-level of bFGF expression profile in saliva (8.80 ± 1.26 pg/ml) whereas the levels of bFGF in group II (2.69 ± 0.17 pg/ml) and Group III (3.17 ± 0.43 pg/ml) are significantly lower than group I. Serum bFGF levels were also high in group I (6.33 ± 0.81 pg/ml) and decreased significantly in group II (3.52 ± 0.45 pg/ml) however, the control group showed elevated range of levels (7.63 ± 0.88 pg/ml). ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the reliability of salivary bFGF marker as diagnostic as well as prognostic marker. Serum bFGF could also be used as prognostic marker only in Oral Squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Implementing a structured exercise program for persistent concussion symptoms: a pilot study on the effects on salivary brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cognition, static balance, and symptom scores

ABSTRACTPrimary objective: Persistent concussion symptoms (PCS) affect 10–30% of individuals after sports-related concussion. This study evaluated the effect of exercise-based rehabilitation on symptom scores, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cognitive functions and static balance in a sample of participants with PCS.Research design: One group pre-test post-test pilot study.Methods and procedure: Nine participants with PCS received a structured exercise-based rehabilitation program. Changes in symptom scores, BDNF, cognitive functions and measures of static balance were used to evaluate the utility of the exercise program.Main outcome and results: The results of this pilot study indicate a significant improvement in symptom scores following treatment, as well as some associated benefits in regards to cognitive function and static balance. BDNF levels in the participants with PCS within this study are notably lower than in a previous study on healthy controls.Conclusions: The preliminary evidence reported in the current pilot study is clinically relevant as our findings suggest exercise-based treatments may improve PCS outcomes in a more favourable manner than rest-based treatment.

Children being Reared by their Grandparents in Rural Appalachia: A Pilot Study of Relations Between Psychosocial Stress and Changes in Salivary Markers of Inflammation Over Time.

Grandparents in rural Appalachia with primary caregiving responsibilities for their grandchildren often struggle with high levels of stress, inadequate resources, and poor physical and mental health. However, implications for children of being raised by grandparents rarely have been examined, particularly in terms of stress biomarkers. The present study investigated salivary C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in a small sample of children (N = 20) aged 5 to 18years being reared by grandparents in two rural counties in Kentucky, a region well known for its resource scarcity. Saliva samples were collected from children 30min after waking at two time points spaced one year apart. Grandparents and children completed a series of questionnaires via interview. Children's internalizing symptoms were related to greater markers of inflammation over time. Grandparent stress and poor mental health were also related to greater inflammation, while grandparent positive parenting and religiosity were associated with lower inflammation.

Salivary factor LTRIN from Aedes aegypti facilitates the transmission of Zika virus by interfering with the lymphotoxin-β receptor.

Pathogens have co-evolved with mosquitoes to optimize transmission to hosts. Mosquito salivary-gland extract is known to modulate host immune responses and facilitate pathogen transmission, but the underlying molecular mechanisms of this have remained unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized a prominent 15-kilodalton protein, LTRIN, obtained from the salivary glands of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. LTRIN expression was upregulated in blood-fed mosquitoes, and LTRIN facilitated the transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) and exacerbated its pathogenicity by interfering with signaling through the lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). Mechanically, LTRIN bound to LTβR and 'preferentially' inhibited signaling via the transcription factor NF-κB and the production of inflammatory cytokines by interfering with the dimerization of LTβR during infection with ZIKV. Furthermore, treatment with antibody to LTRIN inhibited mosquito-mediated infection with ZIKV, and abolishing LTβR potentiated the infectivity of ZIKV both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides deeper insight into the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases in nature and supports the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the action of LTRIN to disrupt ZIKV transmission.

Salivary Epidermal Growth Factor in Mice Modulates the Differentiation of CD4CELLS in Thymus.

Salivary Epidermal Growth Factor in Mice Modulates the Differentiation of CD4CELLS in Thymus.

Effect of Initial Periodontal Therapy on Salivary Trefoil Factor (TFF3) in otherwise Healthy Patients with Gingivitis and Chronic Periodontitis.

Background:The search for an ideal biomarker which can determine the current disease status that predicts the sites and individuals with increased susceptibility to periodontal disease has been going on since a long time. One such group of molecules which have been investigated recently are the trefoil factors, and the present study aims to determine the role of salivary trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in periodontitis and gingivitis patients.Materials and Methods:A total of fifty participants, of which 25 were diagnosed with moderate-to-severe periodontitis and 25 with chronic gingivitis were included in the study. The routine periodontal parameters were recorded at baseline and at 6 weeks which included plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. The saliva samples were collected from both the groups at baseline and 6 weeks after nonsurgical periodontal therapy and analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to estimate the concentration of trefoil factor 3.Results:All the periodontal parameters improved at 6-week reevaluation in both the groups. There was a significant change in the TFF3 levels in the periodontitis group from baseline to 6 weeks, and the concentrations were found to be higher following nonsurgical therapy, whereas the quantum of change in the gingivitis group was negligible. The levels of TFF3 remained unchanged in those periodontitis participants who required surgical intervention at the 6th-week reevaluation.Conclusion:The estimation of TFF3 levels may aid in decision-making in the treatment strategy of patients with moderate-to-severe periodontitis.

Initial Observations of Salivary Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Rett Syndrome

Initial Observations of Salivary Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Rett Syndrome

Working memory and salivary brain-derived neurotrophic factor as developmental predictors of cocaine seeking in male and female rats.

Poor working memory is linked to future risk-taking behaviors. Lifelong risk of habitual drug use is highest in individuals who initiate use in early adolescence. We sought to determine in rats whether juvenile traits, specifically poor working memory and low salivary brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), are related to elevated cocaine taking and relapse in adolescence and adulthood. On postnatal day (P) 20, working memory was assessed using the novel object recognition task in male and female rats. Saliva was assayed at P20 for BDNF before cocaine self-administration on P28 [0.75 or 0.25mg/kg/infusion for 30days under a fixed-ratio (FR) 1 to FR5 schedule] and on P94 before relapse after 30-day abstinence in adulthood. A separate cohort of P28 male rats was assayed for object discrimination and BDNF in saliva and the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsolateral striatum. Novel object discrimination correlated positively with salivary BDNF on P20 and dorsolateral striatum levels, but negatively with medial prefrontal cortex BDNF in male rats. In female rats, P20 salivary BDNF negatively correlated with object discrimination. Salivary BDNF positively correlated across age in male rats. Male rats earned more cocaine (0.75mg/kg) at FR5 and responded more at relapse than did female rats. These elevated relapse rates in male rats were significantly associated with P20 object discrimination and salivary BDNF. Relapse after 0.75 and 0.25mg/kg in female rats correlated only with object discrimination. In conclusion, poor working memory and low salivary BDNF in juvenile male rats may represent biomarkers for later cocaine use. Further research is needed to identify biomarkers for risk in male rats.

Salivary epidermal growth factor concentrations in patients with Sjögren syndrome and laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Sjögren syndrome was chosen as a clinical model to study acinar salivary deficiencies in the development of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). The objective of this prospective cohort study was to compare salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations of patients with Sjögren syndrome with and without LPR and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with normal controls. LPR was diagnosed with positive scores on the Reflux Symptom Index and Reflux and Reflux Finding Score, corroborated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or 24-hour pH-metry. Salivary EGF concentrations of both unstimulated and mechanically stimulated saliva were established using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the significance level was set at 95%. Twenty-one patients and 19 controls were studied. All patients had LPR and 60% also had GERD. The mean salivary EGF concentration of unstimulated and stimulated saliva in the control group was 1,751.37 pg/ml and 544.76 pg/ml, respectively. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary EGF concentrations in the study group were 2,534.65 pg/ml and 920.69 pg/ml, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Body mass index, presence of erosive esophagitis, or severity of hyposalivation did not significantly influence salivary EGF concentrations. LPR and GERD are highly prevalent in patients with Sjögren syndrome. Unlike previous studies in which significant EGF deficiencies were found in patients with reflux laryngitis and GERD, patients with Sjögren syndrome seem to have reflux caused by a decrease in clearance capacity and not in specific salivary components.

Salivary epidermal growth factor correlates with hospitalization length in rotavirus infection

BackgroundThe IFI27 interferon gene expression has been found to be largely increased in rotavirus (RV)-infected patients. IFI27 gene encodes for a protein of unknown function, very recently linked to epidermal proliferation and related to the epidermal growth factor (EGF) protein. The EGF is a low-molecular-weight polypeptide that is mainly produced by submandibular and parotid glands, and it plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oro-esophageal and gastric tissue integrity.Our aim was to determine salivary EGF levels in RV-infected patients in order to establish its potential relationship with IFI27 increased expression and EGF-mediated mucosal protection in RV infection.MethodsWe conducted a prospective comparative study using saliva samples from 27 infants infected with RV (sampled at recruitment during hospital admission and at convalescence, i.e. at least 3 months after recovery) and from 36 healthy control children.ResultsMedian (SD) EGF salivary concentration was 777 (529) pg/ml in RV-infected group at acute phase and 356 (242) pg/m at convalescence, while it was 337 (119) pg/ml in the healthy control group. A significant association was found between EGF levels and hospitalization length of stay (P-value = 0.022; r2 = −0.63).ConclusionsThe salivary levels of EGF are significantly increased during the acute phase of natural RV infection, and relate to length of hospitalization. Further assessment of this non-invasive biomarker in RV disease is warranted.

Effects of hyaluronic acid on bleeding following third molar extraction.

Objective To explore the effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) on bleeding and associated outcomes after third molar extraction.Methods Forty patients who had undergone molar extraction were randomly divided into two groups; 0.8% (w/v) HA was applied to the HA group (n=20) whereas a control group (n=20) was not treated. Salivary and gingival tissue factor (TF) levels, bleeding time, maximum interincisal opening (MIO), pain scored on a visual analog scale (VAS), and the swelling extent were compared between the two groups.Results HA did not significantly affect gingival TF levels. Salivary TF levels increased significantly 1 week after HA application but not in the control group. Neither the VAS pain level nor MIO differed significantly between the two groups. The swelling extent on day 3 and the bleeding time were greater in the HA group than in the control group.Conclusions Local injection of HA at 0.8% prolonged the bleeding time, and increased hemorrhage and swelling in the early postoperative period after third molar extractions.

Salivary levels of interleukin-8 and growth factors are modulated in patients with geographic tongue.

The aim of the study was to determine the levels of salivary epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as interleukin-8 (IL-8) in patients with geographic tongue (GT), as compared to control subjects. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of IL-8, EGF and VEGF in whole saliva samples collected from 34 patients with GT and 38 control subjects. The patients and controls were grouped and matched according to age, gender and the presence of systemic diseases, which are factors that may influence the levels of salivary biomarkers. All patients with GT displayed significantly higher levels of IL-8 than the controls (P<0.001). The young female patients also showed reduced levels of EGF (P<0.05) and VEGF (P<0.05), as compared to the young male patients where no such differences were observed. Interestingly, high levels of IL-8 (P<0.001) and VEGF (P<0.05) were detected in the patients with GT who also suffered from hypertension. We consider IL-8 an inflammatory mediator, which contributes to the acute inflammatory response found in GT. EGF and VEGF also seem to be involved in the pathophysiology of GT.

Salivary tissue factor concentration and activity in patients with oral lichen planus

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the tissue factor (TF) concentration and activity in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) under oxidative stress. MethodsTwenty patients with OLP were selected from the patients who were referred for treatment to the Marmara University, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department. Twenty healthy subjects from faculty staff and their family members were selected for the study. Salivary TF concentration and TF activity; total oxidant capacity; total antioxidant capacity; total thiol, malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations; and oxidative stress index were measured in saliva samples. ResultsSalivary total oxidant capacity, oxidative stress index and malondialdehyde and TF concentration and activity were significantly increased in the patient group compared to those in the control group. Total thiol and glutathione concentration and total antioxidant capacity were significantly decreased in the patient group. ConclusionImpaired oxidant-antioxidant balance and inflammatory features of OLP might cause an increase in the salivary TF concentration and activity. As TF factor plays a critical role in inflammation progress, the use of an antioxidant agent in OLP may decrease the salivary TF concentration by decreasing oxidative stress. The findings of this study might represent a novel approach to OLP monitoring and treatment in terms of TF as the measurement of TF is easy and cost-effective.

Voluntary exercise increases IgA concentration and polymeric Ig receptor expression in the rat submandibular gland.

Salivary IgA-a primary factor in local immunity of the oral cavity-plays an important role in maintaining local immune function in the oral cavity and prevent upper respiratory tract infections. Oral IgA levels are known to fluctuate in an exercise-dependent manner; thus, we investigated the effects of voluntary exercise on salivary IgA secretion in rats to better understand the mechanism by which this occurs. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were placed in individual cages with or without access to exercise wheels for three weeks. Notably, animals who engaged in voluntary exercise demonstrated significant increases in IgA concentration in saliva and submandibular gland tissue, as well as a markedly higher salivary IgA flow rate. Moreover, active rats also exhibited elevated polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) mRNA expression in submandibular gland tissue. Collectively, these results suggest that voluntary exercise may increase salivary IgA concentration and boost immune function in the oral cavity.

Effects of acute exercise on salivary free insulin-like growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 in sportsmen.

Saliva analysis is rapidly developing as a tool for the assessment of biomarkers of sports training. It remains poorly understood whether a short bout of sport training can alter some salivary immune biomarkers. To investigate the effect of acute exercise using football training session on salivary flow rate, salivary free Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Saliva samples were collected before and immediately after a football session. Salivary flow rates, salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 (using ELISA) were determined. Data was analyzed and compared using Related Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank test (non-parametric test). Relationships between salivary flow rate and levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 were determined using Spearman correlation test. There were 22 male footballers with a mean age of 20.46 years. Salivary flow rate reduced significantly (p = 0.01) after the training session while salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 did not show any significant change. Also, there were no correlations between salivary flow rates and salivary levels of free IGF-1 and IL-10 before and after exercise. These findings suggest that acute exercise caused significant reduction in salivary flow rate but no change in the levels of salivary free IGF-1 and IL-10.

Comprehensive assessment of xerostomia in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer

Purpose: Xerostomia is a well known complication of radiation for head and neck cancer. It causes significant impairment of Quality Of Life (QOL).Comprehensive assessment is possible with the help of scintigraphy, Dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters as well as QOL questionnaire. Methods: Thirty patients of head and neck cancer undergoing radiation were assessed for xerostomia. Scintigraphic assessment of parotid gland function was done before and at six weeks after radiation. QOL questionnaire was administered before, during, and at six weeks after radiation as well as at two years of follow up. Dose received by parotids were correlated with scintigraphic and QOL outcomes. Results: Mean parotid gland volume and dose received were 24.9 cc and 45.3 Gy respectively. Mean Salivary Excretion Factor (SEF) decreased from 54.1 to 12 at six weeks after radiation. QOL scores worsened from first week (mean value: 2.37) of radiotherapy (RT) to fourth week (mean value: 15.50, p < 0.0000) , remained same till completion of RT (mean value: 17.57, p = 0.1063) and at six weeks after radiation (mean value:16.10, p = 0.2519 ). There was a significant decrease in QOL scores between post RT six weeks versus two years follow up (p < 0.0000). Mean parotid dose and QOL scores correlated at six weeks (p < 0.0000), whereas no correlation was found between SEF and QOL. Conclusion: Comprehensive assessment of parotid gland function with Scintigraphy, QOL questionnaire and its correlation with dose volume parameters is helpful in quantifying xerostomia. Even though radiation induced xerostomia persisted for a long time after radiation, it did not translate to decreased QOL.