Salivary Conditions Research Articles

Dry mouth: saliva substitutes which adsorb and modify existing salivary condition films improve oral lubrication

ObjectivesThe aims of this study are to assess different saliva substitutes for their efficacy to lubricate the oral cavity, and to relate this oral lubrication to the ability of saliva substitutes to adsorb on and change the structure of the existing salivary conditioning film (SCF).Materials and methodsQuartz crystal microbalance with dissipation was used to study the capability of saliva substitutes to interact with natural SCF and the ability to change the secondary SCF (S-SCF). A tongue-enamel friction system mimicking xerostomic conditions was used to assess the relief and relief period expected from these substitutes under set circumstances.ResultsSaliva Orthana spray, Biotène spray and Gum Hydral gel had an immediate effect on a SCF, increasing its structural softness. BioXtra gel, Biotène gel, Gum Hydral gel and Glandosane spray changed the S-SCF by increasing salivary protein adsorption, while others showed no sign of interaction. With respect to relief, only 2 out of the 16 saliva substitutes tested (Saliva Orthana spray and Gum Hydral gel) performed better than water. Overall, relief period correlated positively to structural softness change, whereas a positive correlation was seen between relief and mass adsorption.ConclusionsThe majority of saliva substitutes did not adsorb on the SCF, thus did not enhance lubrication. Only saliva substitutes containing carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose, pig gastric mucin, xanthan gum and carbomer performed better in enhancing oral lubrication.Clinical relevanceThis objective assessment will help clinicians and patients make better choice of saliva substitutes. This study provides a scientific basis for future improvement in saliva substitutes.

Relationship between the state of tongue hygiene and the number of residual teeth in convalescent-ward inpatients, cross- sectional study

BackgroundThe changed disease landscape in Japan because of an increasing aging population has contributed to an increase in convalescent inpatients, warranting important considerations of their oral care needs. However, information on the oral state of these inpatients is scarce. We evaluated the correlation between the number of residual teeth and tongue hygiene state in these inpatients.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included convalescent-ward inpatients, aged 34–100 years. The study was conducted between April 2017 and March 2018 in Kitakyushu, Japan. Data regarding age, sex, number of residual teeth, odontotherapy requirement, medications with oral side effects, and the reason for hospitalization, were collected. Oral hygiene level was assessed using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). The correlation between each element of OHAT and the number of residual teeth was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis. The risk of a remarkable tongue state was analyzed using binominal logistic regression analysis.ResultsCorrelations were observed between the number of residual teeth and OHAT subscales, including tongue, saliva, and dentures. A significantly higher percentage of inpatients with ≤19 teeth had a tongue state score of 1 or higher, compared with those with ≥20 teeth. (78.6% vs 57.7%, p = 0.047). In inpatients with ≥20 teeth, the remarkable saliva state significantly increased the risk of the remarkable tongue state by 10.49-fold (95% confidence interval = 2.86–38.51), after adjusting for potential confounders.ConclusionPoor tongue hygiene is associated with the number of teeth and salivary state in convalescent-ward inpatients. Inpatients with ≤19 teeth had a higher risk of poor tongue hygiene, regardless of the salivary condition, as assessed using OHAT.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Botulinum Toxin (BTX); Can Paralysis Be A Bless?

Botulinum toxin (BTX) commercially known as Botox is produced by Clostridium Botulinum, it has many different subtypes. It is a relatively safe agent with very few local and systemic adverse effects, and is currently used in a wide range of medical, dental and cosmetic procedures. BTX has the potential for an expanding range of applications in the future. In this article we review the mechanism of action, and all the well documented applications of BTX with a specific focus on its usage in the treatment of hyper-salivation and drooling. We propose a combination treatment for the above mentioned salivary gland conditions, which consists of BTX and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF); a well-known potent polypeptide that promotes healing and repair. EGF is secreted though many bodily fluids including saliva. This combination treatment aims to prevent the atrophy of salivary glands that accompanies treatment with BTX. We aim to provide answers to the question whether BTX induced paralysis is a burden or bless? Our proposed combination treatment (BTX + EGF) will hopefully obtain the best of both worlds; the therapeutic effect of BTX and the healing potential of EGF. This will maintain the salivary glands‟ integrity and will allow for long term treatment with BTX with minimal side effects. Key words: Epidermal growth factor, Botulinum toxin, Clostridium, Salivary glands, Wound healing.

Selected salivary antioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged 20-22 years in Baghdad, Iraq

Background: Obesity and periodontal disease are diseases of multifactorial etiologyclosely related to dietary habits and sociodemographic background of theindividuals. The aim of this study was the assessment of selected salivaryantioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged20-22 years in comparison with normal weight females.Materials and methods: The study group included 40 obese females, with an agerange 20-22 years old. The control group included 40 normal weight females ofthe same age. Body weight was assessed by using the Body Mass Index (BMI).Collection of unstimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardizedconditions. Plaque and gingival indices were used for recording the oral hygieneand gingivitis. Salivary flow rate was measured then salivary samples wereanalyzed to determine the concentration of salivary antioxidants (total protein anduric acid).Results: The data analysis of the present study found that the level of salivary totalprotein was lower among the obese females compared to the normal weightfemales with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01), while salivaryuric acid was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese than thenormal weight females (p<0.01). Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivaryflow rate was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese females(p<0.01).The mean values of plaque index and gingival index were lower among obesefemales compared to the normal weight females with statistically highlysignificant difference for plaque index (p<0.01).Conclusions: The result of this research revealed that salivary antioxidant (uric acid)and salivary flow rate were higher among obese females than normal weightfemales which may play a role in protection oral tissue from oral diseases inaddition to the oral cleanliness effect.

THE EFFECT OF GIVING EDUCATION ABOUT RHEOLOGICAL SALIVA TO POTENTIAL QUALITY OF MOUTH SALIVA IN MENOPAUSE WOMEN

TITLE THE EFFECT OF GIVING EDUCATION ABOUT RHEOLOGICAL SALIVA TO POTENTIAL QUALITY OF MOUTH SALIVA IN MENOPAUSE WOMEN ABSTRACT One change in salivary secretions is fluctuating and the condition of a decrease in salivary quantity can cause complaints to someone. This decrease in salivary secretion is often associated with xerostomia or dry mouth perception caused by local oral cavity factors and systemic factors such as hormonal changes, such as the climacterial period in women. This salivary hypofunction in postmenopausal women not only causes a decrease in salivary volume but may affect the overall level of viscosity and salivary saliva or rheological pH. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the salivary rheological conditions of postmenopausal women to the health status of the oral cavity. This type of research is quasi-experimental with an observational analytic approach. The study population was all female patients aged 40-58 years that met the criteria of the study sample. The study sample was research subjects who met the criteria of the study sample and had approved the research procedure and signed consent information for 100 respondents. Bivariate analysis was carried out to identify whether there was influence of independent variables. The statistical test for normality used is the Kolmogorov test - Smirnov Test. Then the analysis of the Pre and Post Difference Test is continued by using Wilcoxon. The results showed that there was a tendency that there was no difference in the number of dental hygiene at the time of pre-post in both the treatment and control groups because the significance value was greater than 0.05. good post because it is found that there is a significance value greater than 0.05. While in the group of respondents who were treated, there was a tendency for a significant difference between the salivary conditions at the time pre-post in the pH and saliva buffer groups because the significance value was smaller than 0.05 . This shows that with the provision of education to maintain dental health at the age of menopause, it affects the potential for salivary quality in the event and saliva buffer

Dental, periodontal and salivary conditions in diabetic children associated with metabolic control variables and nutritional plan adherence.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has manifestations other than alterations in endocrine regulation or in metabolic pathways. Several diseases of the oral cavity have been associated with diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2 in young people according to their evolution. Scarce information exists regarding the role of diabetes and its association with the oral health status in paediatric diabetic patients. The aims of the study were to assess the quality of saliva, saliva acidogenicity, dental caries experience, fluorosis and periodontal status in diabetic patients and to evaluate their relationship with metabolic control variables and nutritional plan adherence. The study population consisted of 60 paediatric patients with both types of diabetes mellitus. Saliva testing included stimulated flow, pH (using pH indicator strips), buffer capacity and Snyder's Test. DMFT/dmft and dental caries experience were determined on the basis of ICDAS II codes. The periodontal status was assessed by PI and GI and fluorosis by FI. Nutritional plan adherence was established from the subscale "Dietary Control" of the Diabetes Self-Management Profile questionnaire. Medical Data was retrieved from the clinical registers in the Diabetic Clinic. We describe the main characteristics of the oral cavity related variables of our population that might guide the clinical practice in similar settings; we found a dmft/DMFT of 1.71 ± 1.74 and 0.64 ± 1.03, PI of 1.91 ± 0.75, GI of 0.50 ± 0.56 and a fluorosis prevalence of 61%. We identified several correlated variables, which indicate strong associations between the nutritional habits of the patients and co-occurrence of oral cavity physiopathological alterations. Several correlations were found between acidogenic activity of the saliva (Snyder Test) and the percentage of adherence to the nutritional plan and to the dmft index. Furthermore, a significant correlation between the buffering capacity of the saliva and the glycemic control of the participants was found. Neither an association nor a difference among means was found between treatment regime and the plaque index. The results of the present study concluded that there was a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus and an increased prevalence of oral cavity related diseases in the paediatric population. These are also associated with a poor adherence to the nutritional plan.

Influence of residential characteristics on the association between the oral health status and BMI of older adults in Indonesia.

To assess the possible effects of residential characteristics on the association between oral hygiene and body mass index (BMI) of elderly people in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved 186 participants (87 males, 99 females) aged ≥60years who were randomly recruited from 8 community health stations for the elderly people. Dentition status, oral hygiene index (OHI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed in accordance with WHO guidelines. Salivary condition was assessed through the unstimulated whole saliva collection method. Education status and oral health behaviours were evaluated using a standardised questionnaire. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared. Participants were grouped in accordance with their OHI status (poor, moderate or good) combined with their residential characteristic (rural or urban) to assess the independent effect of OHI and residential characteristic on BMI through linear regression analysis with confounder adjustment. In the crude model of linear regression analysis, the poor OHI group is associated with low BMI regardless of their residential characteristic (rural/urban) when compared to the "good OHI, urban" group with P-values of .045 and <.01 and regression coefficients (β) of -2.1 and -4.5, respectively. However, in the adjusted model, only the "poor OHI, rural" group showed a significant association with low BMI when compared to the "good OHI, urban" group (β=-3.4; P<.01). Low BMI is significantly associated with poor OHI and rural residential characteristic among elderly people in Indonesia.

Improved therapeutic potential of tapentadol employing cationic exchange resins as carriers in neuropathic pain: evidence from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics study

Current investigation was endeavoured to overcome problem of poor palatability and bioavailability of centrally acting analgesic, tapentadol (TAP) by formulating controlled release drug-resin complexes (DRCs). The technology encompassed in preparation of DRCs involved chemisorption of TAP to weak cationic resins (KyronT-134 and Tulsion335) by batch method. Various formulation variables like drug-resin ratio, pH, resin activation and swelling time were optimized to achieve maximum drug loading in DRCs. FT-IR, DSC, pXRD, in vitro release study under bio-relevant condition of mouth and in vivo sensory taste evaluation established formation of taste masked DRC whereas dissolution study assured prolonged drug release behaviour of optimized DRC. Among DRCs, TAP-KyronT-134 complex exhibited higher drug loading (80.89 ± 4.56%), stability and prolonged release profile (10 h) without any detectable amount of drug release under salivary conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies in wistar rats revealed increased Tmax (2.67-fold), MRT (1.94-fold), elimination half-life (2.79-fold) and relative oral bioavailability (2.62-fold) of TAP on oral administration of optimized formulation compared to TAP solution. Furthermore, pharmacodynamics study confessed higher potential of DRC in attenuating chronic injury induced tactile allodynia for prolonged duration. In conclusion, the method developed is easily scalable and holds potential for commercialization with an evidence of obtaining more efficacious neuropathic pain management therapy.

Fluctuating Amylase in a Female Child with Epilepsy and Global Developmental Delay and Absence of Pancreatitis

Amylase is an enzyme produced by both the pancreas and salivary glands to digest carbohydrates. The enzyme is used as a marker for acute pancreatitis however amylase may also be raised in salivary gland disease and other intra-abdominal conditions. We report a case of raised and fluctuating amylase concentrations in the absence of pancreatic or salivary gland disease. Whilst amylase levels fluctuated, serum lipase remained in the normal range and radiological investigation showed no evidence of pancreatitis.

Anatomical Variation Of The Submandibular Gland Duct. A Unreported Anomaly

Background: The submandibular gland is the second largest major salivary gland and weighs 7–16 gr. The gland is located in both sides of the face, at the same level of the body of the jaw, in the submandibular triangle, The submandibular duct or Wharton’s duct exits anteriorly, coursing deep to the lingual nerve and medial to the sublingual gland, the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland, whose diameter is of 2 to 3mm and approximately 4–5 cm long. It empties lateral to the lingual frenulum through a papilla in the floor of the mouth behind the lower incisor tooth. The purpose of this study is determine the morphologic features and describe an unusual anatomical variation of the path of the submandibular duct.&#x0D; Methods and Findings: A total of 17 cadavers were used for this study in the Morphology Laboratory at the University of Pamplona. In a cadaver were findings: The excretory duct of the left submandibular gland had an external location that ascends and crosses vertically off the body of the mandible, in its termination it is divided in four ducts that had separate openings into the oral cavity upon a small papillas independent, opposites to the first and second lower molar Crown.&#x0D; Conclusions: Awareness of potential variations of the excretory ducts of the salivary glands can aid in the accurate diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary conditions as well as help surgeons avoid further complications or duct lacerations during surgical procedures.

Weather conditions: a neglected factor in human salivary cortisol research?

There is ample evidence that environmental stressors such as extreme weather conditions affect animal behavior and that this process is in part mediated through the elevated activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis which results in an increase in cortisol secretion. This relationship has not been extensively researched in humans, and weather conditions have not been analyzed as a potential confounder in human studies of stress. Consequently, the goal of this paper was to assess the relationship between salivary cortisol and weather conditions in the course of everyday life and to test a possible moderating effect of two weather-related variables, the climate region and timing of exposure to outdoors conditions. The sample consisted of 903 secondary school students aged 18 to 21years from Mediterranean and Continental regions. Cortisol from saliva was sampled in naturalistic settings at three time points over the course of a single day. We found that weather conditions are related to salivary cortisol concentration and that this relationship may be moderated by both the specific climate and the anticipation of immediate exposure to outdoors conditions. Unpleasant weather conditions are predictive for the level of salivary cortisol, but only among individuals who anticipate being exposed to it in the immediate future (e.g., in students attending school in the morning shift). We also demonstrated that isolated weather conditions or their patterns may be relevant in one climate area (e.g., Continental) while less relevant in the other (e.g., Mediterranean). Results of this study draw attention to the importance of controlling weather conditions in human salivary cortisol research.

Dental and periodontal health, and microbiological and salivary conditions in patients with or without diabetes undergoing haemodialysis

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the dental and periodontal health, as well as the microbiological and salivary conditions, of patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) who are receiving haemodialysis. One-hundred and fifty-nine haemodialysis patients were included and divided into groups according to the pre-existing diabetes status: DM or no DM. The oral examination included dental findings and assessment of the periodontal situation. The periodontal condition was classified as healthy/mild, moderate or severe periodontitis. Subgingival biofilm samples were analysed using the polymerase chain reaction. The salivary diagnostics included measurement of unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow, pH and buffer capacity. Statistical analyses used Fisher's test, the t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test (α = 5%). The dental findings showed no significant difference between patients with and without DM (P = 0.44). The prevalence of periodontitis was high (96% in patients with DM and 97% in patients who did not have DM) and there was no significant difference between the groups (P = 0.71). There was a higher prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Parvimonas micros, Eubacterium nucleatum and Capnocytophaga spp. in patients without DM (P < 0.05). The salivary pH was significantly higher in patients without DM (P < 0.01). While differences in the prevalence of periodontal pathogenic bacteria and in the salivary pH were detected between the groups, the dental and periodontal status was comparable between patients with and without DM. Accordingly, DM appears to have no decisive influence on the oral health in patients treated with haemodialysis who have well-controlled diabetes.

Efficacy of Stannous Ions on Enamel Demineralization under Normal and Hyposalivatory Conditions: A Controlled Randomized in situ Pilot Trial

The study aim was to investigate the effect of antierosive agents on enamel under normal and hyposalivatory conditions. This double-blind crossover in situ pilot study evaluated 4 toothpastes: placebo (0 ppm F), sodium fluoride (NaF, 1,450 ppm), stannous/sodium fluoride (SnF/NaF, 1,450 ppm F^-, 1,090 ppm Sn²⁺), and sodium fluoride, stannous chloride and chitosan (NaF/Sn/Ch, 1,450 ppm F^-, 3,500 ppm Sn²⁺, 0.5% Ch). Twenty participants were assigned to 2 groups (n = 10 each): normal and low salivary flow. Participants wore palatal appliances holding 4 bovine enamel specimens previously eroded in vitro (D1) for 20 min prior to an in situ phase after which they were eroded again (D2). Surface microhardness was determined at baseline (BL), after D1, in situ phase and D2 to assess hardness loss (%SMH), residual hardness loss (%RHL) and erosion resistance (%RER). Additional specimens were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy after the in situ phase. ANOVA and a factorial analysis for between-subject effects were performed. Sn-based toothpastes showed the best effects (p < 0.05). Under normal flow, SnF/NaF showed higher efficacy, with a significant difference compared to NaF/Sn/Ch, NaF, and placebo (p < 0.05). Under low flow, SnF/NaF and NaF/Sn/Ch were comparable (p > 0.05); NaF and placebo were statistically similar. Comparing salivary conditions, there were significant differences for SnF/NaF for %SMH after the in situ phase (%SMH_total)), %RHL and for all toothpastes in case of %RER. Factorial analysis revealed interactions between toothpaste and saliva flow for %SMH_total and %RHL. Salivary flow can influence the efficacy of the antierosive toothpastes; however, Sn²⁺ preparations show even under low salivary flow conditions the highest efficacy in the prevention of enamel erosion.

Assessment of Changes in Nickel and Chromium Levels in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid during Fixed Orthodontic Treatment.

Various components of appliances used in fixed orthodontic treatment are fabricated from materials that are highly resistant in nature and have high strength and biocompatibility. Corrosion of materials occurs inside the oral cavity due to numerous environmental or oral factors that act on them. These factors include temperature, pH variation, salivary conditions, mechanical loads, microbiological and enzymatic activity, and various food components. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is the material obtained from the gingival sulcus and might act as a potential source for various biomarkers in the orthodontic setup because inflammatory-induced response is directly related to orthodontic forces in GCF. In the light of above-mentioned data, we planned this study to assess and evaluate the changes occurring in nickel and chromium levels in the GCF during fixed orthodontic treatment. This study included assessment of 30 patients who underwent fixed orthodontic treatment. Three samples were taken from the GCF of the patients giving a total of 90 samples. The samples were collected at the following time intervals: At baseline (pretreatment time), 1 month after the start of orthodontic treatment, and at 6 months after the commencement of orthodontic treatment. Cellulose strips were used for isolation of the tooth region. For GCF collection, a standardized cellulose acetate absorbent strip was used. Placement of the strips was done in the sulcus for 60 seconds for the collection of the samples. Refrigeration of the specimen bottles was done for a minimum of 7 days and was then sent to a laboratory where specimens were transferred for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. At 1 month, the mean value of nickel and chromium in GCF was found to be 4.5 and 4.9 ug/gm of GCF respectively. While comparing the mean nickel levels between 1 and 6 months and between baseline and 6 months, significant results were obtained. Significant results were also obtained while comparing the mean values of chromium in GCF between baseline and 6 months and between 1 and 6 months. Gingival health index of the patients was found to be associated with increased inflammation with the progression of time of orthodontic treatment. Levels of nickel and chromium might show considerable elevation in the GCF with time along with an increase in the severity of inflammation in the gingival health in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Regular oral prophylaxis of the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment should be done to avoid tox-icities caused by the release of nickel and chromium and for maintenance of good oral hygiene and oral health.

Salivary Free Testosterone and Gingival Health Condition among a Group of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Salivary Free Testosterone and Gingival Health Condition among a Group of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Evaluating of oral and salivary conditions of two specific groups of workers

Introduction and Objective: Tooth decay is one of the most common chronic oral diseases found in industrial countries and is a multifactorial disease which has sugar as a key dietary factor. The amount of saliva concentration and presence of cariogenic bacteria will favor the development of caries. Because of this, the aim of this study was to collect and analyze data on oral alterations referred to tooth decay, oral pH changes, and changes of the oral microbiota in two distinct groups of workers. Material and methods: 30 individuals belonging to two different groups of workers: group A (GA) – workers who maintain daily contact with the confectionery; group B (GB) – workers who do not have such contact. Saliva collection was done by analysis of the salivary pH in both groups, as well as cultivation of Lactobacillus spp and S. mutans. We also evaluate the dental status of individuals belonging to the two groups through the DMFT index. Results: After the examinations of 30 workers (17 from the GA [9 men and 8 women] and 13 in the GB [7 men and 6 women]), the mean DMFT of the individuals in the group A and group B, was 7.41 (SD 5.14) 7.08 (SD 5.56), respectively, without statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05). The count of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp, was not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant relationship between presence of dental caries and the fact that workers are in contact with sugar because they work on candy food industry, but new studies are needed for more precise research.

Stability and bioaccessibility of EGCG within edible micro-hydrogels. Chitosan vs. gelatin, a comparative study

Micro-hydrogels are very promising systems for the protection and controlled delivery of sensitive bioactives, but limited knowledge exists regarding the impact of this encapsulation on their bioaccessibility. In this work, two different hydrogel-forming biopolymers (gelatin and chitosan) were compared as wall materials for the microencapsulation of a model flavonoid, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Results showed that gelatin was more adequate as wall material for the encapsulation of EGCG than chitosan, achieving higher encapsulation efficiencies (95% ± 6%), being more effective in delaying EGCG release and degradation in aqueous solution and exhibiting a 7 times higher bioaccessibility of the bioactive compound (in terms of antioxidant activity) after in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion. A very low bioaccessibility of EGCG in chitosan was observed, due to the neutralization of the carbohydrate in the basic simulating salivary conditions, thus precluding subsequent flavonoid release. Moreover, gelatin micro-hydrogels also hindered dimer formation during in-vitro digestion, thus suggesting greater bioavailability when compared with free EGCG.

Evaluating of oral and salivary conditions of two specific groups of workers

Tooth decay is one of the most common chronic oral diseases found in industrial countries and is a multifactorial disease which has sugar as a key dietary factor. The amount of saliva concentration and presence of cariogenic bacteria will favor the development of caries. Because of this, the aim of this study was to collect and analyze data on oral alterations referred to tooth decay, oral pH changes, and changes of the oral microbiota in two distinct groups of workers. Material and methods: 30 individuals belonging to two different groups of workers: group A (GA) – workers who maintain daily contact with the confectionery; group B (GB) – workers who do not have such contact. Saliva collection was done by analysis of the salivary pH in both groups, as well as cultivation of Lactobacillus spp and S. mutans. We also evaluate the dental status of individuals belonging to the two groups through the DMFT index. Results: After the examinations of 30 workers (17 from the GA [9 men and 8 women] and 13 in the GB [7 men and 6 women]), the mean DMFT of the individuals in the group A and group B, was 7.41 (SD 5.14) 7.08 (SD 5.56), respectively, without statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.05). The count of S. mutans and Lactobacillus spp, was not statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant relationship between presence of dental caries and the fact that workers are in contact with sugar because they work on candy food industry, but new studies are needed for more precise research.

Rational Design and Characterization of a Nanosuspension for Intraoral Administration Considering Physiological Conditions

The oral cavity displays an attractive route in drug administration that is not associated with gastric transit and hepatic first-pass metabolism. However, limiting factors for an efficient transit of drugs through the oral mucosa are poor water solubility and permeability. Hence, various strategies exist to enhance solubility. Specifically, nanotechnology has attracted much research interest in the past decade. This study aimed at developing a stable nanosuspension of the model compound phenytoin via wet media milling. The nanosuspensions were carefully characterized regarding hydrodynamic particle sizes, crystallinity, and dissolution characteristics under nonphysiological or physiological (salivary) conditions. The permeability of bulk phenytoin and nanophenytoin through a buccal in vitro and ex vivo model was investigated, and the apparent permeability coefficients were determined. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies were conducted. The addition of Tween 80 as stabilizer resulted in a stable crystalline nanosuspension (330 nm). The solubility characteristics significantly increased under salivary conditions, which further impacted the permeability, as the steady state appearance rate of nanosized phenytoin was 1.4-fold higher. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that bulk-/nano-phenytoin exhibited no harmful effects. It can be concluded that the salivary environment (i.e., ionic strength, pH) strongly impacts the solubility and consequently the permeability of crystalline nanosuspensions across the buccal mucosa.

The effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride paste (CPP-ACPF) on oral and salivary conditions of patients undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundOral and saliva conditions of patients undergoing chemotherapy is often affected by the medication they receive. Up to now, no appropriate medication that possesses the positive effects of chemotherapy without presenting oral complications has been introduced.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the clinical effects of CPP-ACPF paste on the oral and salivary status of patients undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsFrom October 2013 to April 2014, 20 patients in chemotherapy treatment plans and who met the inclusion criteria enrolled in this randomized parallel single-blind controlled clinical trial in Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Patients were divided into two groups: 1) patients received their daily medication of cancer therapy center (group 1, control); 2) patients applied CPP-ACPF Crème (MI paste plus, GC USA) twice a day as instructed (group 2). The baseline status of oral conditions of patients (mucositis, dry mouth, infection, diminished tasting sense, difficulty in food intake, burning sensation of mucosa, saliva and dental plaque pH, rest and stimulated saliva, buffering capacity of saliva) were recorded and reevaluated after 21 and 42 days. The data were analyzed with a Mann-Whitney U-test.ResultsA total of 20 patients were allocated randomly to groups 1 and 2. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed that application of CPP-ACPF paste twice daily did not cause any significant difference in oral complication of the subject group compared with the control group (p>0.05). Among salivary signs, resting and stimulated saliva rates and saliva buffering capacity had significantly altered in the CPP-ACPF group in day 21 and 42 in comparison with those of the control group (p<0.05).ConclusionApplication of CPP-ACPF paste before and during chemotherapy can improve the salivary status of patients undergoing this treatment.